'L(DF ^WAHIT

THE

JOUENAL OF BOTANY;

CONTAINING

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS

SUCH PLANTS AS RECOMMEND THEMSELVES BY THEIR NOVELTY,
RARITY, HISTORY, OR USES ;

TOGETHER WITH

BOTANICAL NOTICES AND INFORMATION,

OCeASIONAL PORTRAITS AND MEMOIRS OF DECEASED
BOTANISTS;

SIR W. J. HOOKER, K.H., LLD., F.R., A., & L.S.,

*'**" ETa, ETC., ET&

AND BEQIUS PROFESSOE OF BOTANY IN THE ITNIVEBSITY OF GLASGOW.

VOL. II.

LONDON:

LONGMAN, ORME, & CO., and WILLIAM PAMPLIN, Jun.

EDINBURGH: A. & C. BLACK.

HBCCCXL.

GusGovi t— EBVfXHTj Kbuu, Printer to the UnivcMUy.

JOURNAL OF BOTANY.

I — Musci Indici ; or List of Mosses collected in the East
Indies by Dr Wallich; with references to the Figures of the
new Species published in Hooker's Icones Plantarum, vol. I.
tabs. XVII— XXIV; by the Honorable W. H. Harvey:
to which are added those collected by Dr Royle in the north-
ern part of India, by 3. D. Hooker, M.D., Assistant-Sur-
geon and Botanist in Her Majesty's Discovery Ship Erebus.

A * placed before a species, implies that it is in the collectiona of both Dr Wal-
lich and Dr Royle ; — |- denotes that it is contaiaed in Dr Koyle's collection only.

* 1. Gymnostomum xanthocarpum. Hook. Muse. Ex. 1. 153.
— Wall. Cat.n. 7546.

Hab. Nepal and Himala. — Dr Royle's collection contains
3 very distinct varieties of this plant, only one of which, the
var. /., exists in Dr Wallich's ; they are the following : —
f a. Stems long, leaves narrow, capsule cylindrical. — f /3.
Stems short, leaves secund broad, capsules elliptical. — y.
Stems long, leaves narrow, capsule globose.

2. G. pyriforme. Hedwig,Sp. Muse. I. p. 27. — Hab. Nepal.

3. G. rufescens. Schwaeg. Suppl. t. 206. Wall. Cat. n. 7547.
Hook. Icon. Plant, t. XVII. fig. 3. sl, plants, nat. size ; b, leaf;
c, section of do., showing the recurved margin ; d. capsule, with
annulus partly removed; e, operculum : — magnified. — Hab.
Nepal.

* 4. G. involutum. Hook. Muse. Ex. t. 154. — WaU. Cat. n.
7545.

Hab. Nepal and Himala. — The apices of the leaves appear
usually to be serrulate, a character which has been overlooked
Journ. ofBot, Vol. II. No. 9. Feb. 1840. b

MUSCI INDICI.

in the figure and description given in the Muse. Exot. — In
general aspect, this plant much resembles- the Tortula angns-
tifolia. Hook, et Grev.; but the stems are longer, the setae
shorter, and the leaves are broader and slightly serrate.

5. G. cylindricum {Hook, in Wall. Cat. n. 7548); eaule
elongate, foliis late oblongis obtusis submucronulatis undu-
latis margine involutis apice serrulatis, capsula cylindracea,
operculo subulato. — Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XVII. Jig. 2. a,
plants, nat. size ; b, upper leaf; c, lower leaf; d, point of lea f ;
e, capsule : — magnified.

Hab. Prome. — Stems densely tufted. Leaves dull green,
the upper ones much larger than the lower, and of a more
elliptic shape, slightly involute when moist, strongly so and
crisped when dry, minutely serrulate at the point. Capsides
abundantly produced, pale brown. Seta yellow. — Nearly
related to Gymnostomum involiitum, from which it diiFers more
in general appearance than by any evident characters.

6. G. spathulatum {Harv.); caule brevi, foliis involutis ob-
ovato-spathulatis obtusis integerrimis, capsula cylindracea,

operculo subulato Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XVII. fig. 1. a, nat.

size; b, leaves; c, point of leaf ; d, capsule: — magnified.

Hab. Nepal. — A smaller plant than either of the two pre-
ceding, and suflBciently characterized by the shape of its
leaves, much smaller capsule, and shorter seta.

7. G. vernicosum {Hook, in Wall. Cat. n. 7549); caule
brevi subramoso, foliis pellucidis caulinis ovato-oblongis
obtusis integerrimis seminerviis, ramorum subrotundatis, cap-
sula ovata erecta nitidissima, operculo longe rostrato

Hook. Ic. Plant, t. ^V II. fig. 4. a, nat. size; b, leaf of the stem;
c, c, leaves of the innovations; d, capsule; e, operculum: —
magnified.

Hab. Prome — Spreading in wide dense patches of a dark-
green colour. S^fmsshort, branched with innovations. Leaves,
of the fertile stems, ovate, obtuse, of the innovations roundish
or obovate, very blunt. Capsules abundant, dark glossy-brown.
— Well distinguished by its very blunt pellucid leaves, and
shining brown capsules.

MUSCI INDICI. 3

8. Lyellia crispa. Br. in Linn. Tr. v. 12. p. 562. Hook.
Muse. Ex. t. 161. Wall. Cat. n. 7550.— Hab. Nepal.

* 9. Polytrlchuin aloides. Hedw. St. Crypt, v. 1. ^ 14. ffali.
Cat. n. 7551. — Hab. Nepal and Himala.

* 10. P. urnigerum. Hedw. Sp. Muse, t. XXII. Wall. Cat.
n. 7552. — Hab. Nepal and Himala.

* 11. P. microstomum. Brown. — Schw. Suppl. t. 154. Wall.
Cat. n. 7553, and P. juniperinum, Wall. Cat. n. 7554.

Hab. Nepal and Himala. — This species appears too nearly
allied to P. urnigerum to be considered specifically distinct.

12. P. contortum. Schw. Suppl. t. 96. Wall. Cat. n. 7557

Hab. Nepal and Sylhet.

13. P. patulum (^Harv.); caule simplici, foliis distantibus
lanceolatis serratis planis siccitate strictis patentibusque, cap-
sula brevi subturbinata erecta, operculo rostrato. Hook. Ic.
Plant, t. 'KW III. Jig. 1. a^plants^nat. size; h^leaf; c, point of
ditto; d, capsule: — magnified.

Hab, Nepal. — Stems 1-3 inches high, simple, slender, often
naked below. Leaves laxly set, spreading when dry. Nerve
strong and well defined.

* 14. P. undulatum. Hedw. Muse. Frond, t. XVI. and
XVII. — y. subserratum. — Wall. Cat. n. 7556; foliis subinte-
gerrimis, apicera versus serratis. — Hab. Nepal and Himala.

f 15. Y . semilamellatum {Hook, fil.) ; caule brevi simplicius-
culo, foliis lanceolatis concavis integei'rimis subcoriaceis laxe
imbricatis siccitate contortis, nervo superne latiore lamellato,
lamellis undulatis, seta caulibus longiore, capsula inclinata
subcylindracea, operculo longirostrato. — Hook. Ic. PI. t
CXCIV. h.Jig. 1. planis, nat. size; f. 2. single plant; f. 3, 4.
leaves : — magnified.

Hab. Himala mountains. — Only a few specimens, and those
in too young a state for a very satisfactory determination,
exist in Mr Royle's collection. It may, however, be readily
distinguished at first sight, by the relative size of its foliage,
which is smaller than in any of its congeners.

4 MUSCI INDICI.

16. Tortu]a Jlavescens. Hook, et Am. in Edin. Journal, v. I.
p. 297. t. \2.—T. fuscescens. Wall, Cat. n. 756T.— Hab.
Nepal.

17. T. Indica. Hook. Muse. Ex. U 135. Wall. Cat. p. 7565.
Hab. Walls of the Calcutta Botanic Garden.

18. T. angustifolia. Hook, et Grev. I. c. Wall. Cat. n.'7566.
Hab. Nepal.

19. T. tenuirostris. Hook, et Grev. I. c. Wall. Cat. n.7568.
Hab. Nepal.

20. Trichostomum subsecundum (Hook, et Grev. mss.) ;
caule elongato ramose, foliis secundis ovatis acuminatis
integerritnis margine reflexo apice diaphanis, nervo excur-
rente, capsula erecta oblongo-ovata. — Hook.Ic. Plant. t.X.yil-
fig. 5. a, plant, nat, size; b, leaf; c, point of ditto; d, capsule,

with operculum removed; e, portion of the peristome: — mag'
nified — Hab. Nepal.

21. Didymodon? Tortula, Harv.; foliis subsecundis ovato-
lanceolatis serratis marginibus reflexis siccitate crispatis con-
tortis, capsula oblonga erecta, (peristomii dentibus subtorqua-
tis). — Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XVllI.yS"^. 2. a, plants nat. size; b,
leaf; c, capsule; d, occasional appearance of peristome ; e, portion
of peristome ,• — magnijled.

Hab. Nepal — We are doubtful to what genus this ought,
with most propriety, to be referred. The long slender teeth
of the peristome, which are often slightly twisted in a spiral
direction, indicate a close affinity with Tortula; while the
foliage and habit of the plant agree better with Didymodon or
Trichostomum. — Our specimens do not possess either calyptra
or operculum.

22. D. sphagnoides. Schw. Suppl. t. 182. — (Syrrhopodon
candidus.) Wall. Cat. n. 7572 Hab. Singapur.

* 23. D. purpureum. Hook, et Tayl. Muse. Brit. t. XX.
Wall. Cat. n. 7573.— Hab. Nepal and Himala.

24. D. squarrosum. Hook. Muse. Ex. 1. 150; — Wall. Cat.n.
7570. — Hab. Nepal and Kamoon.

MUSCI INDICI. 5

25. D. vaginatum {Hook, in Wall. Cat. n. 7571); foliis sub-
ulatis, falcato-secundis siccitate crispatis involutis vaginalis,
vagina latissima oblonga, capsula cylindracea, operculo ros-
trato. — Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XVIII. Jig. 4. a, not. size; b, b,
leaves; c, capsule; d, portion of peristome: — magnified.

Hab, Nepal. — 2-3 inches high. Leaves variously twisted
when dry, distant, patent, their long sheaths clasping the stem.
Teeth of the peristome combined at the base.

26. D. cirrhifolium [Harv.); foliis longissimis subulatis
flexuosis patentibus siccitate crispatis basi vaginalis, vagina
ovata, capsula oblonga, operculo conico-acuminato. — Hook. Ic.
Plant, t. XVIII. Jig. 5. a, not. size; b, b, leaves; c, capsule;
d, portion of peristome: — magnified.

Hab. Nepal. — Nearly allied to D. capillaceum, but easily
distinguished by the much crisped and curled leaves when dry.

f 27. Grimmia laxifoUa [Hook.fil.); caulibus elongatis caes-
pitosis, foliis mollibus lurido-virescentibus oblongo-lanceolatis
carinatis integerrimis acutis siccitate crispis, seta elongata, cap-
sula elliptica oblonga brevi Hook. Ic. Plant, t. CXCIV. B.

fig. \. plantf nat. size; f. 2. plant, magnified; f. 3, 4. leaves;
f. 5. capsule laid open, showing the columella : — magnified.

Hab. Himala mountains. — Very dissimilar in general ap-
pearance from any known species of Grimmia, although a care-
ful examination of the peristome has induced us to refer it to
that genus. — Stems very lax, somewhat branched. Leaves
flaccid and laxly set. Setcs springing from short lateral
shoots. Capsules red-brown, with large, angular reticulations.
Teeth short, yellow above, red beneath. Columella large, sub-
clavate.

28. Dicranum hryoides. Swartz Fissidens, Hedw. Sp. Muse.

I. p. 164. Wall. Cat. n. 7580.— Hab. Nepal.

29. D. taxifolium. Swartz. — Fissidens, Hedw. Sp. Muse. t.
XXXIX./. 1-5. WaU. Cat. n. 7581.— Hab. Nepal.

30. D. polypodioides. Hedw. St. Crypt. III. t. 27. Fissi-
dens, Wall. Cat. n. 7582 Hab. Nepal.

b MUSCI INDICT.

31. Ti. glaucum. Hediv.—Musc. Brit. t. XXI. Wall. Cat.
n. 75T8. — Hab. Nepal.

32. D. megalophyllum. Raddi Wall.Cat. n. 7579. — Sphag-
num, Brid. — Hab. Singapur, Nepal.

33. T>. phascoides. Hook. Bot. Misc. vol. 1. t. 21. — Hab.
Sylhet.

34. D. fragile. Hook. Muse. Ex. t. 134. Wall. Cat. n. 7576.
— Hab. Nepal.

35. D. scoparium. Hedw. — Muse. Brit. t. XVIH. Wall.
Cat. n. 7574.— Hab. Nepal.

36. D. dicarpon. Brown. — Schw. Suppl. t. 251.

Hab. Nepal. — Our specimens well agree with Schwaegri-
chen's characters, but the leaves are more dense than repre-
sented in his figure.

37. Thysanomitrion^ea:«05MOT. Hedw. Musc.t. XXX VIU.
/ 1-6. (Dicran. flexuosum.)— ^fa//. Cat. n. 7575.— Hab.

Nepal.

38. T. uncinatum {Harv.) ; caule elongate, foliis longissimis
subulatis falcato-secundis, capsula erecta ovata laevi, operculo
rostrato. — Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XX II. Jig. 5. a, nat. size; b,
leaf; c, capsule; d, tooth of peristome: — magnified.

Hab. Nepal 2-3 inches high, robust. Leaves very long,

setaceo-subulate, falcato-secund, with a very broad nerve, and
a narrow, somewhat sheathing base. Seta spirally twisted.
Teeth o{ ^h^ peristome 16, cleft nearly to the base.

39. We\s%\diflaccida[Harv.); caespitosa, caule brevi ramoso,
foliis flaccidis reticulatis ovatis obtusis patentibus, nervo attin-
gente, capsula erecta ovata. — Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XVlll.fig. 3.
a, nat. size; h, lower leaf ; crupper leaf ; A, capsule; e, portion
of peristome : — magnified.

Hab. Nepal — Tufted, half an inch high, full-green. Stems
weak, branched with innovations. Leaves very flaccid, thin
and pellucid. — We have neither seen an operculum nor a per-
fect peristome ; on one or two capsules we find a few short
teeth, mixed with broken ones, which appear to be those of
a Weissia.

MUSCI INDICI. 7

40. Trematodon ambiguus. Wall. Cat. n. 7583. — (Dicra-
num.)—Hedw. Muse. Frond, t. XXXVL— Hab. Nepal, and
mountains of Ava.

41. Octoblepharum albidum. Hedw. Muse. Frond, t. VI

Wall. Cat. n. 7563. — Hab. Singapur, &c.

42. Orthodon serratus. Br id. Muse. Suppl. I. p. 86. Wall.
Cat. n. 7564 — Octoblepharum,i5roo^. in Trans. Linn.Soc. IX.
t. XXVI./. 2.-HAB. Nepal.

43. Zygodon obtusifolius. Hook. Muse. Ex. t. 159. Wall.
Cat. n. 7568.— Hab. Nepal.

44. Sch\oihe\m\a. sulcata. Hook. Muse. Ex. t. 156.— Wall.
Cat. n. 7586 Hab. Nepal.

45. Orthotrichum Nepalense. Hook, et Grev. in Edin. Journal,
V. \.p. 117. t. IV. Wall. Cat n. 7585.— Hab. Nepal.

46. O. Moorcroftii. Hook, et Grev. I. c. Wall. Cat. n. 7584.
— Hab. Nepal.

47. Syrrhopodon Gardneri. Hook, et Grev. I. c; (Calym-
peres). Wall. Cat. n. 7558 Hab. Nepal.

48. S. Taylori. Schw. ; — Hook, et Grev. I. c.~Wall. Cat.
n. 7560.— Hab. Nepal.

49. S. spieulosus. Hook, et Grev. I. c. ; — Wall. Cat. w. 7561.
— Hab. Singapur.

50. S. rufescens. Hook, et Grev. I. c. — Wall. Cat. n. 7559.
— Hab. Penang.

51. S. /asciculatiis. Hook, et Grev. I. c. — Wall. Cat. n. 7562.
— Hab. Singapur.

52. S. repens [Harv.) ; caule repente efFuso, ramis erectis
brevibus, foliis oblongis undulatis obtusis mucronulatis mar-
ginatis serratis, apice integerrimis. Hook. le. Plant, t. XXII.
fig. 4. a, a, leaves magnified; b, base of a leaf to show the pel-
lucid cellules: — magnified.

8 MUSCI INDICI.

Hab. Penang ; on the bark of trees, over which it creeps
in wide patches. — Upright, branches very short, densely
crowded, fastigiate, thickly clothed with leaves which are
spirally twisted when dry. Leaves oblong, elliptical, ciliato-
dentate, with pellucid bases and a distinct margin, which is
broadest in the lower part, becoming gradually narrower up-
wards, and terminating a short way beneath the apex ; apex
often involute. JViertJe running into a short mucro. Capsule
unknown. — The structure of the leaves in this beautiful little
plant is so completely similar to what occurs in the other
species of Sprrhopodon, that we feel no hesitation, although
ignorant of the fruit, in referring it to that genus.

* 53. Funaria calvescens. Schwaegr. Suppl. L 65. Wall. Cat,
n. 7606.— Hab. All over India.

* 54.. Bartramia fontana. Swartz.—Musc. Brit. t. XXIII.
Wall. Cat. n. 7607 — * ^.falcata. B. falcata. Hook, in Linn.
Trans, v. 9. t. 27. Wall. Cat. n. 7608.— Hab. Nepal.

t 55. B. Turneriana. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. CCXXXVIII.
Herb. Boyle.— Rab. Himala mountains.

t 56. Glyphocarpa? Boylii {Hook, fil.); foliis lanceolato-
subulatis longissime acuminatis, nervo piliformi serrato excur-
rente, areolis oblongis, capsula depresso-globosa laevi. — Hook.
Ic. Plant, t. CXCIV. C. fig. 1. plant, nat. sizes f. 2. ditto,
magnified; f. 3. leaves; f. 4. cellules of ditto; /. 5. apex of a
^^«A" /• 6. capsule: — magnified.

Hab. Himala mountains — Well distinguished from the
other species of the genus by the form of the capsule, which
is globose and vertically compressed, smooth, and slightly
sulcated only in age, the mouth is very small, and destitute
of a peristome in the somewhat imperfect specimens we ex-
amined.

• 57. Bryum julaceum. Schrad.—Musc. Brit. t. XXVIII.
—Hab. North of India.

MUSCI INDICI. 9

* 58. B. argenteum, Linn.— Muse. Brit, t XXIX. Wall.
Cat. n. 7604 Hab. Nepal.

* 59. B. ccBspititium, Linn Muse. Brit. I. c. — Hab.

North of India.

60. B. coronatum, Schwaegr. SuppL t. 1\. Wall. Cat. n.
7600.— Hab. Throughout India.

61. B. cellulare. Hook, in Schwaegr. SuppL t. 214.. Wall.
Cat. n. 7601.— Hab. Nepal.

62. B. teretiusculum (Hook, in Wall. Cat. n. 7597) ; caule
breviusculo ramoso, foliis subconcavis ei'ectis ovato-lanceolatis
integerrimis marginibus recurvis, nervo altingente, capsula
inclinata ovata.— ^oo^. Ic. Plant, t. XX. Jig. 1. a, nat. size;
b, leafs c, apex of ditto; d, capsule : — magnified.

Hab. Nepal — Nearly allied to B. turbinatum, but different
in the shape of the capsule.

63. B. nitens (Hook, in Wall. Cat. n. 7592); caule elon-
gato subramoso, foliis ovatis acutis reticulatis serrulatis, nervo
crasso attingente, capsula oblonga cernua, operculo conico-
acuminato.— -ffoo^. Ic. PL t. XIX. ^g. 6. a, plant, nat. size;
b, leaf; c, portion of ditto, to show the cellules; d, capsule; e, f,
portions of the outer and inner peristomes.- — magnified.

Hab. Nepal — An inch in height, of a brilliant shining
green. Leaves reticulated, with square cellules.

* 64. Vohlia. elongata, Hedw.—Bryum, Muse. Brit L XXX.
— var. Nepalense, Hook, in WalL Cat. n. 7590.— Hab. Nepal.

65. F. Jlexuosa (Hook, in Wall. Cat. n. 7591); foliis
lineari-subulatissubintegerrimis,nervoattingente,setaflexuosa,
capsula inclinata cylindracea, operculo rostrato. — Hook. Ic.
Plant, t. XIX. Jig. 5. a, plants, nat. size; b, leaf; c, point of
ditto; d, scarcely mature capsule: — magnified.

Hab. Nepal. — Stems very short. Seta flexuose.

66. P. turbinata. Schwaegr. SuppL t. CXCIV. Wall Cat. n.
7602.--HAB. Nepal.

67. Brachymenium hryoides. Hook, in Schw. SuppL t. 135.
WaU. Cat. n. 7588.— Hab. Nepal.

Vol. II._No. 9. c

10 MUSCI INDICI.

68. B. Nepalense, Hook. I. c. t. 135. Wall. Cat. n. 758T.
— Hab. Nepal.

69. B. acuminatum (^Harv.) ; caule breviusculo subramoso,
foliis strictis (siccitate erectis) ovato-acuminatis acutis con-
cavis integerrimis, nervo attingente, capsula erecta oblongo-
pyriformi, operculo conico. — Hook. Ic. Plant, t. ^IX.^g. 3.
a, plants, nat. size; b, leaf; c, capsule; d, peristome and an-
nulus : — magnified.

Hab. Penang. — Stems half an inch high, branched with in-
novations ; barren shoots long, erect. Leases ovato-lanceolate,
delicately membranaceous, with large cellules.

70. B. microstomum {Harv.) ; caule breviusculo subramoso,
foliis lanceolatis acutis subserratis erectis (siccitate strictis),
nervo attingente, seta longissima, capsula erecta ovata ore an-
gusto, operculo piano. — Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XIX. fig. 4. a,
plants, nat. size; h. leaf; c, capsule; d, mouth of ditto; e, f,
portions of inner and outer peristomes: — magnified.

Hab. Nepal. — Habit of the last, but differs in the subulate
leaves, the shape of the capsule, the remarkably flat depressed
operculum, and the great length of the seta.

71. B. Weissia {Hook, mss.); caule gracili breviusculo,
foliis subulatis serratis strictis, nervo attingente, capsula erecta
ovata, operculo conico. — Hook. Ic. Plant, t. X^IH. fig. 1. a,
plants, nat. size; b, leaf; c, capsule; d, operculum with an-
nulus; e, portioji of peristome: — magnified.

Hab. Nepal. — The smallest and slenderest of the genus.

72. B. splachnoides {Harv.); caule elongato subramoso,
foliis imbricatis appressis ovatis concavis integerrimis reticu-
latis, nervo attingente, capsula erecta ovata vel pyriformi. —
Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XVK.fig.,2. a, plants, nat. size; b, leaf;
c, apex showing the cellules; d, capsule with imperfect peri-
stoma ; — magnified.

Hab. Nepal. — Stems densely tufted; leaves closely imbricat-
ed and appressed, broadly ovate, pale, with large lax cellules,
the nerve red. Capsule ovate, with an apophysis. We have
not seen a perfect peristome.

MUSCI INDICI. H

* 73. Mnium giganteum^ Hook. Bot. Misc, t. 20. Wall. Cat.
n. 7598 — Hab. Nepal, and Himala.

74. M. roseum, Schreb. — Bryum, Muse. Brit. t. XXIX.
Wall. Cat. n. 7596 Hab. Nepal.

75. M. rostratum^ Schrad. — Schwaegr. Suppl. t. LXXIX.
Wall. Cat. n. 7595 Hab. Nepal.

76. M. heterophyllum, Hook, in Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 1 59. Wall.
Cat. n. -2599 Hab. Nepal.

77. M. lycopodioides, Hook. I. c. t. 160. Wall. Cat. n. 7605.
— Hab. Nepal.

78. M. ramosum. Hook, in Linn. Trans, vol. IX. p. 318.
Hook. Ic. Plant, t. ^X.jfig. 2. a, plant, nat. size; b, leaf; c,
apex of ditto; d, capsule: — magnified,

* 79. M. rhyncophorum (Hook, in Wall. Cat. n. 7594); sur-
culis repentibus, caule erecto breviusculo robusto, foliis ob-
longo-ellipticis vel obovatis obtusis undulatis marglnatis serru-
latis, nervo crasso attingente, capsula ovata cernua, operculo
rostrato. — Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XX. fig. 3. a, plant, nat. size;
b, b, leaves ; c, capsule and operculum: — magnified.

Hab. Penang, and North of India. — Stems half an inch
high, throwing out long, creeping, barren shoots. Leaves
very large, patulous and obtuse.

* 80. Sclerodontium strictum, {Harv.) ; caule repente
nudo, ramis erectis subsimplicibus, foliis lanceolatis acutis con-
cavis integerrimis (marginibus "reflexis) erectis enervibus
striatis(siccitateslrictis), capsula erecta ovata. — Hook. Ic. Plant.
t. XXL fig. 2. a, plant, nat. size; b, leaf: — magnified.

Hab. Northern India Stems creeping, throwing up sub-
simple branches. Foliage dark brown, the apices of the
branches golden yellow. Leaves straight, directed towards
every side ; the upper ones occasionally inclining to secund,
much longer than in the following species.

* 81. S. secundum {Harv.); caule procumbente nudo, ramis
erectis subramosis, foliis acuminatis ovatis acutis concavis
enervibus striatis secundis integerrimis marginibus reflexis,
capsula erecta ovata. — Hook. Ic. Plant, t XXI. fig. 1. a, plant,

12 MUSCI INDICI.

nat. size; b, leaf; c, portion of ditto; d, portion of peristome. —
magnijied.

Hab. North of India.

82. Pterogoniuni ambiguum. Hook, in Linn. Trans, vol. IX.
p. 310. t. 26. f 4. Wall. Cat. n. 7610.— Hab. Nepal.

* 83. P. flavescens. Hook. I. c. p. 314; — Muse. Ex. t. 155.
Wall. Cat. n. 7611.— Hab. North of India.

84. P. macrocarpum {Harv.) ; caule repente pinnate, foliis
angusto-ovatis acutis striatis enervibus marginibus patulis
integerrimis, seta brevi, capsula (minuta) oblonga cernua. — ■
Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 'KX.lV.Jig. 12. a, plant, nat. size; b, leaf;
c, capsule and seta ; d, mouth of capsule, showing the remains
of peristome; e, calyptra from an unripe capsule : — magnified.

Hab. Nepal. — Spreading in extensive, dull green, matted
patches. We have not been fortunate enough to discover a
perfect peristome ; all the capsules in our specimens being
old and the opercula having fallen.**

* 85. Neckera myura. Hook. Muse. Ex. t. 148. {Ptero-
gonium.) Wall. Cat. n. 7620 Hab. North of India.

* 86. N. aurea. Hook. I. c. t. 147. {Pterogonium.) Wall.
Cat n. 7612 Hab. North of India.

87. ^.julacea. Hook, in Schwaeg. Suppl. 1 245. ( Pterogonium.)
Wall. Cot. n. 7609 — Hab. Hilly parts of India.

88. N. tenuis, Hook, in Linn. Trans, vol. IX. p. 315.
Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 108. Wall. Cat. n. 7618.— Hab. Nepal.

89. N. cladorrkizans, Hedwig, t. 47. Wall. Cat. n. 7620.
— Hab. Nepal.

90. N. tumidula. Hook, in Wall. Cat. n. 7613 Hab.

Nepal.

91. N. fuscescens, Hook. Muse. Ex. t. 157. Wall. Cat. n.
7615.— Hab. Nepal.

92. N. Jilamenfosa, Hook. I. c. t. 158. Wall. Cat. n. 7697.
—Hab. Nepal.

• 93. N. crispatula. Hook. I. c. t. 152. Wall. Cat. n. 7617.
—Hab. North of India.

MUSCI INDICI. 13

04. N. acuminata, Hook. I. c. t. 151. Wall. Cat. n. 7616.
— Hab. Nepal.

95. N. dendroides, Hook. I. c. t. 69. Wall. Cat. n. 7628.—
Hab. Nepal.

96. N. exserfa, Hook, in Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 244. a. Wall.
Cat. n. 7626 Hab. Nepal.

97. N. crenidata (Harv.); caule decumbente pinnato,
ramis compressis, foliis oblongo-ovatis concavis erecto-pa-
tentibus bifariis obtusis apice crenulatis (siccitate undatis),

nervo tenui ultra medium evanescente Hook. Ic. Plant, t.

XXI.^I^r, 6. leaf. — magnified.

Hab. Nepal. — Stems 3-6 inches long, pendent, irregularly
pinnate. Leaves distant, flexuose when dry, remarkably
curved at the insertion, bifariously disposed, but not strictly
distichous. Capsule immersed in a fimbriated perichaetium,
composed of many subulate spreading leaves.

98. N. fimhriata {Harv.) ,- caule decumbente subpinnato,
ramiscompressis,foliisovato-oblongisobtusisobliquiscrispatulis
patentibus bifariis, nervo apicem versus evanescente, capsula

immersa, operculo conico-rostrato Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XXI.

fig. 4; a, plant, nat. size; b, leaf; c, point of ditto; d,
perichcetium ; e, capsule ; magnified.

Hab. Nepal. — Stems 3-6 inches long, pendent, irregularly
pinnate. Leaves distant, flexuose when dry, remarkably
curved at the insertion, bifariously disposed, but not strictly
distichous. Capsule immersed in a fimbriated perichaetium,
composed of many subulate spreading leaves.

99. N. subserrata, (Hook, in Wall. Cat. p. 7624); caule
erecto nudo, apice pinnatim ramoso, ramis compressis, foliis
elliptico-ovatis subacutis planiusculis bifariis apicibus serratis,
nervo crasso subattingente. — Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XXI. fig. 7.
a, plant, nat. size ; b, leaf; c, point of ditto: — magnified.

Hab. Nepal. — Stems erect, 2 inches high, dendroid, rising
from creeping, naked fibres. Leaves bifarious, their nerve
very thick, disappearing just below the point. Pruit un-
known.

14 MUSCI INDICI.

100. N. lancifolia {Harv,) ; caule basi subnudo, apice
fasciculatim ramoso, ramis compressis, foliis lanceolato-ovatis
serni-serratis enervibus, inferioribus ovatis acutis subinteger-
rimis — Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XXI. Jig. 5. a, upper leaves; b,
lower leaf: — magnijied.

Hab. Nepal. — Stems erect, straggling, 2-4 inches long,
subsimple below, irregulai-ly branched above. Leaves closely
imbricated, very straight when dry, narrow-oblong, acute,
conti-acted and subconcave at the base, flat above, the upper
half sharply serrate. Lower leaves much shorter and less
serrate than the upper. Fruit unknown. This species
appears to grow on the ground and to inhabit moist boggy
spots ; our specimens were entwined among Dicranum glau-
cum and megalophyllum.

101. ^.flexuosa {Harv.) ; caule decumbente ramosissimo,
ramis pinnatis vel bipinnatis flexuosis apicibus involutis, foliis
orbicularibus obtusissimis imbricatis concavis ultra medium
nervosis marginibus reflexis, capsula immersa. — Hook. Ic. PI.
t. XXI. Jig. 3. a, plant, not. size; b, leaf; c, capsule and
perichcBtimn : — magnijied.

Hab. Nepal. — Stems pendent, 4-6 inches long, slender, dif-
fusely branched, very flexuose, of a rich brown colour. Leaves
orbicular, very concave, with revolute margins.

102. N. blanda {Harv.) ; caule decumbente ? bipinnato,
foliis ovatis acuminatis laxe imbricatis (siccitate incurvis)
serratis marginibus reflexis, nervo subattingente, seta brevi,
capsula ovata, operculo conico rostrato recto. — Hook. Ic. Plant,
t. XXI I., Jig. 1. a, plant, nat. size ; b, leaf of a branch ; c,
leaf of stem ; d, capsule : — magnijied.

Hab. Nepal.— a very pretty little species, resembling N.
crispatula in miniature; but well distinguished by the broadly
ovate, acuminated, strongly nerved leaves, incurved when dry
(never secund), by the shorter and broader capsules and the
straight operculum. The leaves of the lower portion of the stem
are broadly ovate at the base, with a very sudden subulate
ncuminalion; those of the upper part are more gradually
tapering.

MUSCI INDICI. 15

103. N. cordata (Hook, in Wall. Cat. n. 7623) ; caule pen-
dulo flexuoso pinnato, pinnis brevibus involutis, foliis late
cordatis acutis rigidis patentibus serratis, nervo ante apicem

evanescente, seta brevi, capsula ovata Hook. Ic. Plant, t.

XXII. ^g. 2. a, plant, nat. size ; b, leaf of stem; c, leaf of a
small branch; d, capsule: — magnified.

Hab. Nepal. — Stems 6-8 inches long, straggling, flexuose,
mostly simple.

*I04. N. squarrosa (Hook, in Wall. Cat. n. 7619) ; caule
pendulo flexuoso pinnato robusto, foliis ovato-acuminatis
rigidis maxime reflexis serrulatis marginibus undatis, nervo
ultra medium evanescente. — Hook. Ic. Plant. ?. XXII. fg. 3.
a, plant, nat. size; b, b, leaves: — magnified.

Hab. North of India. — Stems 8-10 inches long, very robust
and flexuose, irregularly pinnate; leaves remarkably squarrose
and deflexed, very rigid, spreading on every side; fruit un-
known. A very remarkable plant, apparently common in .
Nepal, as it occurs in almost every collection we have received
from that country.

105. Hookeria acutifolia, Hook, in Schioaegr. Suppl. t 163.

Wall. Cat. n. 7631 Hab. Nepal.

* 106. H. rotulata, Smith.— WalL Cat. n. 7632. Leskea,
Hedw. Sp. t. XXI.— Hab. North of India.

107. H. prostrata (Harv.); caule simpliciusculo prostrato,
foliis oblongo-ovatis acutis imbricatis erecto-patentibus integ-
errimis, nervo tenui ultra medium evanescente, capsula ovata
cernua, operculo conico papillato. Hook. Ic. Plant, t. "KX-fg.
5. a, plants, nat. sizes b, branch; c, c, leaf and portion of ditto
to show the cellules ; d, mouth of capsule with operculum ; e, f,
outer and inner peristomes : — magnified.

Hab. Sylhet. — ^S^ew* about an inch long, creeping through-
out. Leaves reticulate at the base. Colyptra unknown.

108. H. obtusifolia {Harv.); caule simpliciusculo prostrato,
foliis oblongo-ovatis subacutis (vel obtusis mucronulatis)
planis imbricatis patentibus integerrimis, nervo crasso ante
apicem evanescente, capsula oblonga cernua. Hook. Ic. Plant,

16 MUSCI INDICI.

XXIV. Z^-. 11. a, plant, nat. size: h,leaf; c, point of ditto ; d,
capsule : — magnijied.

Hab. Nepal. — Stems 1-2 inches long, creeping along the
ground, slightly branched. Calyptra unknown. Larger than
the last, with a differently shaped leaf and a stronger and
longer nerve. Perhaps these two species belong more pro-
perly to the genus jRacopilum of Palisot de Beauvois.

109. Leskea aurea, Harv — Pterogonium aureum. Hook.
Muse. Ex. t. 14.7. — Hab. North of India.

110. L. longirostris, Hook, in Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 290, a.
Wall. Cat. n. 7640.— Hab. North of India.

111. 1j. polyanthai Hediv. var. Indica. ilook. Ic. Plant, t.
XXI 1 1. ^5^. 3. a, plant, nat. size; b, leaves; c, apex of ditto ;
d, capsule; q, peristome : — magnified.

112. 1j. fulva {Harv.); caule repente vage ramoso, foliis
ovato-lanceolatis imbricatis erectis strictis subcarinatis apice
serrulatis marginibus recurvis seminervibus, capsula ? — Hook.
Ic. Plant, t. XX III. ^^. 2. a, plant, nat. size; b, leaf; c, apex
of ditto : — magnified.

113. L. secunda, (Hook, in Wall. Cat. n. 7635); caule
repente pinnato, pinnis erectis falcatis, foliis ovatis acuminatis
planiusculis integerrimis imbricatis secundis basi binervibus,
capsula? — Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XXIII. ^^f. 1. a, plant, nat. size;
b, branch, magni/ied; c, apex of ditto.

Hab. Nepal,

114. L.? curvirostris [Harv.); caespitosa, caule adscendente
vage ramoso, foliis imbricatis erectis strictis lanceolatis acutis
integerrimis enervibus, marginibus recurvis, capsula cernua
ovata, operculo curvato longe rostrato. — Hook. Ic. Plant, t.
XX. ^gf. 4. a, plants, nat. size; b, leaf; q, perichcBtial leaf ; d,
capsule; e, peristome: — magnified.

Hab. Nepal — Stems an inch or two long, suberect, tufted.
— In habit, and in the inclined capsule, this species differs from
most others of the genus; but the inner fringe is that of a true
Leskea, consisting of 16 robust cilise, alternating with the teeth
of the outer peristome.

MUSCI INDICI. 17

115. L. pterogonoides (Harv.) ; caule repente, ramis vagis
subfasciculatis curvulis, foliis imbricatis erectis elliptico-ovatis
submucronatis concavis carinatis marginibus reflexis integer-
rimis,nervo ultra medium evanescente,capsu]a erecta oblonga,
operculo conico acuto. — Hook. Ic. Plant, f. XXIV. ^g. 8. a,
leaf; b, capsule; c, mouth of ditto, showing remains of peri-
stome: — magnijied. — Hab. Nepal,

116. Hypnum abietinum, Hedw. Muse, frond, t. XXXII.
Wall. Cat. n. 7654 Hab. Kamoun.

*117. H. spinaforme, Hedw. Muse, frond, t. XXV. Wall.
Cat. n. 7651. — Hab. Penang, and N. of India.

118. H. Wallichii, Hook, in Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 219. Wall.
Cat. n. 7647. — Hab. Nepal.

*119. H. minutulum, Hedw. Muse, frond, t. XX XIV.
Wall. Cat. n. 7641. — Hab. Frequent in India.

*120. H. proliferum, L Muse. Brit. t. XXV. Wall. Cat,

n. 7643. — Hab. India, frequent.

121. H. Fabronia. (Helicodontium,) Hook, in Schwaegr.
Suppl. t.29\. Wall. Cat. n. 7634 Hab. Nepal.

122. H. albescens. Hook. I. c. t. 226, b.— Hab. Nepal.

123. H. Nepalense, Hook. I. c. t 226, a. Wall. Cat. n. 7649.
— Hab. Nepal.

124. H. ruscfolium. Neck Muse. Brit. t. XXVI. Wall.

Cat. n. 6T44.— Hab. Nepal.

125. H. aureo-nitens, Hook. I. c. t. 221. — Hab. N. of
India.

126. H. tomentosunty Hedw. — Pal. Beauv. Mem. Linn, Sac.
Paris, part I. t. IX. fg. 6 Hab. N. of India.

127. H. cupressiforme, L. Muse. Brit. t. XXVIl.— Hab.
N. of India.

*128. H. Buchanani, Hook, in Linn. Trans, vol. ix. p. 320.
Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 224, a. Wall. Cat. n. 7645.— Hab.
Nepal.

129. H. alopecurum, L. — Hook.Musc. Brit. t. XXV. — Hab.
Nepal.

Vol. II.— No. 9. D

18 MUSCI INDICI.

130. H. serpens, L — Muse. Brit. t. XXV. Wall. Cat. n.
7646 Hab. Nepal.

131. H. elegans, Hook, in Schwaegr. Suppl t. 282, a. Wall.
Cat. n. 7648 Hab. Nepal.

132. VL. punetulatum (Harv.) ,- caule repente vage pinnato,
foliis ovato-ellipticis acutis concavis serrulatis enervibus dorso

minutissime punctulatis, capsula' ovata cernua Hook. Ic.

Plant, t. XXlU.Jig. 10. a, plant, not. size; b, leaves ; c, cap-
sules : — magnified.

/3. caulibus foliisque minoribus, capsula nutante.
Hab. Nepal. — Sfe/ws creeping in wide patches; foliage very
pale.

133. H. papillatum {Harv.) ; caule subpinnato tenui, foliis
ovato-lanceolatis longe acuminatis subserratis concavis ener-
vibus dorso papillosis, capsula ovata cernua ^. tenuissimum ;

foliis cirrhato-acuminalis subserratis concavis enervibus dorso

papillosis, capsula ovata cernua Hook. Ic. Plant. t.XXlll.

fig. 8. a, naf. size ofa;h, var. jS; c, leaf of a; d, leaf of ^i c,
capsule of a : — magnified.

Hab. Nepal — Stems irregularly pinnate, foliage pale.
Nearly related to the preceding, but a much slenderer plant,
with lanceolate, often linear-acuminate leaves, which are
distinctly papillose on their under surface.

134. H. microcarpum (Hook, in Wall. Cat. n. 7657);
caule repente vage ranioso subpinnato, foliis lineari-lanceolatis
acuminatis enervibus integerrimis concavis patentibus, seta
brevi, capsula minuta oblonga cernua.— ^ooA. Ic. Plant, t.
XX HI. fig. 4. a, nat. size; b, b, leaves; c, capsule.

Hab. Nepal. — Foliage fulvous, silky. Capsule very
smooth ; seta short.

J 35. H. curvulum {Hook. Mss.) ; caespitosum, caule
erecto vage ramoso, foliis falcato-secundis ovatis acuminatis
integerrimis enervibus apice incurvis, capsula ovato-oblonga
cernua, operculo rostrato.—^ooA. Ic. Plant. XXIH. fig. 7.
a, nat. size; b, leaves; c, capsule: — magnified.

Hab. Nepal.

MUSCI INDICI. 19

136. H. retrojlexum (Hook, in Wall. Cat. n. 7656);
caule repente pinnato, ramis erectis, foliis ovatis acuminatis
squarrosis patentissimis planiiisculis enervibus, siccitate re-
curvis, capsula ? — Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XXIII. Jig. 6. a, nat.
size; b, leaves : — magni^ed.

137. H. cyperoides (Hook, in Wall. Cat. n. 7653) ; caule
repente pinnato, ramis patentibus compressis, foliis subdis-
tichis patentissimis ovatis acutis planiusculis minutissime
serrulatis basi sub-binervibus, capsula ovata horizontally
operculo curvirostrato. — Hook. Ic. Plant, t XXIII. ^g. 5.
a, nat. size; h, b, leaves; c, capsule: — magnified.

Hab. Nepal. — Pale green. Stems closely and regularly
pinnate.

138. H. propinquum [Harv.) ; caule repente pinnato, ramis
compressis, foliis falcato-secundis lanceolatis apice incurvis
enervibus, capsula inclinata cylindracea, operculo e convexo
longirostro. — Hook. I. c. t. XXIV. a, leaf ; h, capsule: —
magnified.

Hab. N. of India.

139. H. humile {Harv.) ; caule repente pinnato, pinnis
erectis, foliis undique imbricatis ovato-lanceolatis concavis
enervibus marginibus patulis integerrimis, capsula oblonga
horizontali. — Book. I. c. t. XXllI. fg. 9. a, nat. sizes b,
leaves; c, capsule: — magnified.

140. H. Tavoyense (Hook, in Wall. Cat. n. 7655); caule
repente prostrato vage ramoso, foliis bifariis subdistichis
ovatis acutis planis flaccidis patentibus integerrimis semi-
nervibus, capsula horizontali oblonga, operculo conico. —
Hook. I. c. t. XXIV. Jig. 1. a, plant, nat. size ; b, b, leaves;
c, capsule; d, portion of the peristome: — magnijied.

Hab. Tavoy and Penang. — Stems prostrate j foliage bright
grass green. Capsule very small. Interior peristome as in
Stereodon, Brid. — A very handsome species.

14.1. H. Kamounense {Harv.) ; caule repente vage pinnato,
ramis curvatis, foliis imbricatis ovatis erectis longe acumina-
tis subconca vis striatis serrulatis seminervibus, capsula ovato-
oblonga cernua, operculo conico, seta laevi — Hook. Ic. Plant.

20 MUSCI iNDicr.

t. XXlV.^g. 10. a, leaf; h, point of ditto ; c, capsule; d,
portion of inner peristome.
Hab. Kamoun.

142. H. infexum {Harv.) ; caule tenui repente vage pin-
nate, pinnis secundis erectis involutis brevibus, foliis ovatis
acuminatis inibricatis integerrimis enervibus (siccitate ad-
pressis apicibus patentibus), capsula ovata cernua. — Hook. Ic.
Plant, t. XXIV. ^^. 6. a, leaf; b, capsule ; c, portion of inner
peristome : — magnified.

Hab. Nepal — Habit o^ Neckera julacea i but much smaller,
with more acuminate leaves, and the inner peristome proper
to the genus Hypnum, and the subgenus Stereodon of Bridel.

143. H. vagans (Harv.); caule debili vage pinnato, foliis
ovatis acutis planis serratis subcarinatis distantibus patent-
issimis subbifariis, nervo ultra medium evanescente, capsula
oblonga cernua, operculo longirostro. — Hook. Ic. Plant, t.
XXlV.fg. 2. (H. remotifolium. Hook. Mss., not of Grev.
and Schwaegr.) a, leaf; b, capside :— magnified.

Hab, Nepal.

Ut. H. amhiguum {Harv.); caule repente pinnato, pinnis
erectis, foliis ovatis acutis planiusculis erecto-patentibus serru-
latis marginibus patulis, nervo brevi, capsula sphaerica horizon-
i^W.—Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XXIV. /. c.fig. 4. a, leaf; b, capsule :
— magnified.

Hab. Nepal.

145. H. cordatiim {Harv.); caule adscendente vage pin-
nato, foliis cordatis acutis serratis distantibus erecto-patenti-
bus marginibus basi patulis, nervo ante apicem evanescente,
capsula ovata cernua. — Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XXIV. Jig. 7. a,
leaf; b, capsule : — magnified.

Hab. Nepal.

146. H. alopecuroides {Hook. Mss.); caule repente, divi-
sionibus erectis dendroideis pinnatim ramosis, foliis ovato-
oblongis ultra medium contractis patentibus undique insertis
(siccitate intortis) marginibus reflexis integerrimis, nervo ante
apicem evanescente — Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XXIV. fig. 5. a,
rln>,f, nnt. size; !>. /eaf; c, poinf of r/itto: -magnified.

GARDNER ON MOURIRIA, &C. 21

Hab. Nepal.

147. H. Haplophynemum Leskea microphylla. Hook, in

Wall. Cat.n. 7638. — Haplophynemum microphyllum. Schwaegr.
Suppl.t. 271.

Hab. Nepal.

148. H. nervosum {Hook. Mss.) ; caule debili vage bipin-
nato, foliis cordato-subulatis crassis papillosisserrulatis'paten-
tibus squarrosis, nervo incrassato attingente, capsula cernua

ovata Hook. Ic. Plant, t. XXIV. fig. 3. a, plant^ nat. size ;

b, leaves ; c, capsule : — magnified.

Hab. Nepal.

n. — On the establishment of the genus Mouriria, Juss., as the
type of a new Natural Order; together with notes and observa-
tions On the structure of the genera Lygodisodea, Cassytha,
and Carludovica. By Mr George Gardner, Surgeon.

[With 3 Plates.]
Botanists seem to be uncertain as to what Natural Order the
genus Mouriria ought to be placed in, although it is agreed
that its characters, so far as hitherto known, give it an inter-
mediate station between Myrtacece and Melastomacece. Such,
according to De Candolle, is the opinion of Brown and
Meyer; and De Candolle himself places it in Memecylece, pro-
visionally, from his being unacquainted with the structure of
the seeds. Having recently found in one of my excursions
in this neighbourhood a species* of the genus in flower and
with seeds sufficiently matured to ascertain their structure,
I am inclined to consider it, from reasons shortly to be given,
as the type of a new Natural Order ; and with the assistance of
De Candolle's generic description, I have drawn up the
following character of the tribe.

* This appears to be a new species, so far as my necessarily limited library
enables me to judge. It differs from all those described in De Candolle's
Prodromus, in having obtuse apiculate leaves, with the vencB arcuatm
forming a well marked marginal vein. Like M. cauliflora, DC., its
flowers are produced from the tnmk and branches. It is M. Pusa, Gard.
MSS. and No. 1608 of the Collections from the Province of Ceara.

22 GARDNER ON MOURIRIA, &C.

MOURIRIACEiE.

Calyx bibracteolate at the base; tube adhering to the ova-
rium; limb urceolate, 5-toothecl. Petals 5, broad at the base,
inserted into the summit of the tube of the calyx, and alternat-
ing with its segments, contorted in aestivation. Stamens 10,
subunequal, inserted immediately below the ^peiSiXs i—Jilaments
curved downwards in aestivation : — anthers oblong-triangular,
infractuose at the base, opening laterally at the apex by two
slits. Ovarium subglobose, 5-celIed, each cell containing one
ovule. jS^y/e filiform. .S^j^'wa capitate. irmYa subglobose fterry,
crowned by the persistent limb of the calyx, 1 rarely 2-celled,
cells 1-seeded. iilw^ryo erect, exalbuminous. Cotyledons Xa-rge^
plano-convex, ^arfic/e inferior, straight. P/w/wM^e inconspicu-
ous. — Trees or shrubs of America, glabrous; branches nodose.
Leaves opposite^ exstipulate, entire, coriaceous, with elevated
dots, penninerved, and, in one species, at least, having the venae
arcuatae forming a distinct marginal vein. Flowers axillary,
pedunculate, white, yellow, or rose coloured.

The nearest affinity of this small tribe of plants is evidently
wiih MyrtacecB and Melastomacece, but it cannot be placed in
either of these families without very materially weakening
their characters. With Myrtacece it agrees in habit, in the
nature of its leaves, which have elevated dots, and, in one
instance, marginal veins, and somewhat in the structure of
its fruit, which, however, in Myrtacea is very variable. It
differs essentially from this Order in the contorted, not quin-
cuncial, sestivation of the petals, and in the dehiscence of the
anthers. With Melastomacece it corresponds in the aestivation of
the petals and filaments, and in the dehiscence of the anthers,
which, however, is not by pores but by slits ; but is abundantly
distinct from that order in the calyx having a perfect union
with the ovarium, in its definite ovules, and in the leaves
being destitute of parallel veins, and having elevated dots.
From Memecylece it is distinguished by its erect, not pendu-
lous, embryo, by its fleshy plano-convex, not foliaceous con-
voluted, cotyledons, and by its inferior, not superior radicle.
According to Lindley {Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. p. 41, in note,}

Vol.JT.raAf.

m^/fk/^^^J^

GARDNER ON MOURIRIA, &C. 23

the Order MemecylecB has been reduced to MelastomacecB in
Linncea, X. 217; but the affinities of the genus Mouriria, at
least, are much greater with Mi/r(acece than with Melastomaceoe.
In the lineal arrangement of the orders, Mouririacece must
hold an intermediate station between these two orders, and
will thus form the transition link that unites them.

The species, above noticed, from vihich Mr Gardner has drawn up his
remarks, is an entirely new one. We therefore adopt his name, and
would thus distinguish it ;

M. Pusa, (Gardn, mst.) ; foliis ellipticis cum mucronulo coriaceis
Isevissimis impunctatis tenui-cartilagineo-marginatis nervis obsoletissimis,
umbellis pauci — (2 — 3) floris e ramo vetusto ortis, pedicellis calyce longi-
oribus, antherse calcare brevissimo (Tab. I.)

Hab. Dry hilly plains near Crato, in the province of Ceara, where the
fruit is much esteemed, and called by the natives Pusa. {Gardnei;
1608.) This, Mr Gardner remarks, is a small tree, with an upright stem,
and horizontal branches ; about ten feet high. Leaves exactly elliptical,
with a short mucro, remarkable for their very thick, coriaceous substance,
perfectly smooth on both sides, not in the least dotted, and having a very
narrow cartilaginous margin. The intra- marginal nerve which Mr
Gardner alludes to in his note, is, in the dry state at least, and even
when soaked in water, extremely indistinct, as are the transverse lateral
nerves. The flowers are thrice the size of those of M. Guianensis, and
almost as large as in my Guildingia, Bot. Misc. vol. i. p. 122, t. 30,
(^Oltsbea, De Cand., who doubtfully refers it to Rhizophorece,) a genus
indeed which only differs from Mouriria in the mode of rupture of the
calyx. In M. Pusa, Mr Gardner describes the ovary as five-celled, the
cells with one ovule. I find, in two ovaries which I examined, three cells,
each cell with three closely compacted ovules, arising from a small fleshy
receptacle at the base. The fruit is as large as that of the common wild
cherry, obliquely globose, crowned with the persistent segments of the
calyx.

Tab. I. Jig. 1, flower. ^^. 2, anther. ^^. 3, fruit, nat. size. Jig. 4, section
of the ovary ; each cell having three erect closely placed ovules. Jig. 5,
ovules on their receptacle from the bottom of the cell : — magnijied. — Ed.

The original species of the genus may be thus characterized : —

M. Guianensis, foliis ovato-acuminatis subcoriaceis emarginatis distincte
venosis utrinque minute elevato-punctatis, umbellis pauci — (2 — 3) floris in
ramos juniores axillaribus, pedicellis calyce multo longioribus, antberae
calcare elongato.

Mouriria Guianensis. Aubl. Guian. i. p. 453. t. 180. Petaloma Mou-
riri, Sw.

24 GARDNER ON LYGODISODEA, &C.

Hab. Guiana, Aubkt. Brazil ; common along the shore from Maccio
to the mouth of the San Francisco. Mr Gardner, («. 1310.)— "Flowers
tinged with pink. Berries scarlet," about the size of a pea.

A new species exists in Mr Schomburgk's collection from Guiana,
which may be thus distinguished : —

M. brevipes ; foliis late ovatis acuminatis coriaceis opacis immarginatis
nervis omnino obsoletis utrinque minute impresso-punctatis, costa supra
canaliculata, umbellis paucifloris congestis sessilibus 2 — 3-floris in ramos
juniores axillaribus terminalibusque, peilicellis calyce brevioribus, antherae
calcare elongate.

Hab. Guiana, Mr Schomburgh, (n. 690). — Flowers much crowded in
very short fascicles. The leaves are singularly opaque on the surface,
exhibiting no trace of nerves whatever. From the three above species, M.
grandiflora, (Mart, in De Cand.) seems very distinct, though I judge
from an imperfect but authentic specimen in my Herbarium.) — Ed,

LYGODISODEA, JRuiz et Pavon.

This curious genus has been made the type of a new Natural
Order, by Bartling^, which is adopted by Lindley and Marlius,
while De Candolle places it in his tribe PaderiecB of the Order
Ruhiacece. Both Banling and De Candolle seem to liave
made their observations on the structure of the genus from
the same source, viz. specimens in the herbarium of Haenke;
the former altogether erroneously, the latter with his wonted,
almost unerring sagacity. The description which De Can-
dolle gives quite corresponds with the structure of the re-
cent fruit of a new species, which I have lately added to
my collections. It was out of flower, but the following are
the notes which I made from the fruit and seeds: — Fruit
indehiscent, oval, compressed, shining, crowned by the per-
sistent teeth of the calyx. Tube of the calyx at length separ-
ating completely from the carpels, fragile, bursting irregularly
from the bottom. Carpels two, oval, compressed, winged,
applied to each other by their flattened internal surfaces, each
suspended by a slender free cord, which arises from the
bottom of the calyx, and passes upward along the middle of
their backs to their apices. Embryo erect in the centre of a
thin horny albumen. Radicle inferior, long, cylindrical.

Cotyledofis cordate, foliaceous. Plumule inconspicuous.

Vo7.jr.TaiJI.

9^ J / ^ ■'

'MJ/J.

GARDNER ON LYGODISODEA, &C. 25

It is quite obvious, that what Bartling considers to be the
pericarp, is nothing more than the calyx which at length separ-
ates from the carpels, the shining appearance of which is owing
to the falling off of the epidermis, and that his two pendulous
seeds are the two carpels. This, together with the inferior
radicle, not (superior as stated by Bartling,) and the distinct
existence of albumen, completely annihilates Bartling's Order,
and proves the correctness of the situation in which the
genus lias been placed by De Candolle.

(The species of Lijgodisodea above alluded to, is, it must be confessed,
■very nearly allied to the original L. fcetida of Ruiz and Pavon, a native
of woods in Peru. But when we come to consider the widely separated
locality of the two plants, and the different form of their leaves, it will be
safer perhaps to look upon them as distinct, and we may call Mr Gardner's
species — .

L. Brasiliensis ; foliis cordato-ovatis acutis supra glabris subtus in
axillis hirsutis, dentibus calycinis valde inaequalibus. — (Tab. II.)

Hab. Among bushes at Serra de Araripe ; only two specimens could be
found, Mr Gardner, fn. 1698.^ It is to be regretted that Mr Gardner
did not find any flowering specimens, although from the very immature state
of some of the fruit, it would appear that the corolla had only recently fallen.
A striking difference is observable between this very young and the mature
fruit, the former having a softish wrinkled dark-green covering, crowned
with the very unequal teeth of the calyx, of which two or three are very
long, the other two or three extremely short, while the ripened fruit is smooth
and glossy, chestnut-brown, and only terminated by very short, though yet
unequal teeth, a difference that cannot be accounted for except by what Mr
Gardner mentions above, " the falling off of an epidermis." The ripened
fruit is then surrounded by the calyx which has parted with its epidermis,
and this calyx is marked by five lines or striae, five corresponding with and
five alternating with the teeth of the limb. The tube itself, glossy and
membranaceous, splits irregularly from the base, falls off, and leaves two
flat, black, broad, oval carpels, placed face to face, each surrounded by a
broad membranaceous wing, and attached to the bottom of the calyx by an
erect cord or slender stalk, from the top of which it is pendent ; each carpel
has besides another cord springing from the base of the carpel, and fixing
it to the base of the calyx. Upon the surface of the carpels are several
very minute white scales or short thickened hairs. Within is a very thin,
soft, and fleshy albumen, in which lies the large pure white embryo, of
which the cotyledons are flat, thin, 3-nerved, broadly cordate. Radicle
inferior.

Tab. II. Jig, 1, young fruit with its epidermis. Fig. 2, ripe fruit, tb«
Vol. II No, 9. E

,:26 , GARDNER ON CASSYTHA, ScC.

calyx bursting from below and about to fall off. Fig. 3, the two carpel*,
the calyx having separated. Fig. 4, single carpel, inner view. Fig. &i
transverse section of a carpel. Fig. 6, embryo : — magnified.) Ed.

CASSYTHA. Linn.

Hitherto included in the Natural Order Lauracece, this
genus has recently been separated from that tribe, and con-
stituted a distinct Order by Dr Lindley, chiefly from it be-
ing " too violent a shock to our ideas of resemblance, to
include in the very same order a plant like our wild Ctiscuta^
and the noble forest-trees of which the majority of Lauracece
consists." (Li/idl. Nat, Syst. 2d ed. p. •202.) The char-
acter which he gives of the Order, is taken from Nees Von
Esenbeck, who ranks it as a section of Lauracece; and in Dr
Lindley's opinion it seems to contain sufficient distinctions,
independent of habit, to define Cassythacede as a peculiar
Order. An examination of the recent flowers and fruit of a
species of this genus, which I have lately found near this
place, exhibits a very different structure from that given by
Nees Von Esenbeck as adopted by Lindley. This species
grows on the ascent of the Serra de Araripe, twining prin-
cipally on the stems and branches of a tall fruticose species of
(Enothera, and the stems of a species of Lisianthus. It
agrees with the character of Cassytha pubescens, R. Br., as
given in Sprengel's Systema Vegetabilium, and is probably
the same species. The following note was made at the time
of examination: — Tube of the calyx free, globose; limb
6-parted, converging, the segments in two rows, those of the
external row much smaller than those of the internal; stamens
9, inserted on the tube of the calyx in three circles, the ex-
ternal and internal row alternating with the large calycine
segments, the middle row opposite to them. External to the
three inner stamens, there is a row of three small yellow
glands, and internal to them another row of three also ;
anthers 2-celled, the cells of the two external rows opening in-
wards, from the base to the apex by permanent valves, those
of the inner row open outwards in the same manner; ovarium

GAUDNER ON CARLUDOVICA, &C. 27

superior, l-celled; ovule 1, suspended. Style 1. 5%ma simple.
Caryopsis free, included in the fleshy perianth, black, slightly
rugose, crowned by the persistent style; secrf exalbuminous ;
etyibryo inverted; cotyledons plano-convex, peltate at the base;
radicle superior, short, included ; plumule conspicuous, 2-
leaved.

In the character of Cassylhacece^ as adopted by Lindley, the
want of glands at the base of the inner stamens appears to
me to be the sole circumstance in which the Order differs
from LauracecE; and as they certainly exist in the only species
which I have had an opportunity of examining, it is to be
inferred that they exist in all. The Order then has nothing
to distinguish it from Laurace<B^ but its leafless twining
parasitical habit, a character certainly not of sufficient im-
portance to constitute the establishment of a distinct Order.
If habit alone, without a well marked difference in the organs
of fructification, is to be taken as a sufficient ordinal distinc-
tion, there will be no end to the creation of new groups at
the expense of the old. Many Orders as at present con-
stituted, and conceived to rest on solid grounds, contain as
anomalous genera as does Lauracece, with Cassytha retained
in it ; take for example Euphorhiacea^ CactacecB^ Asclepia-
dacece, Urticacece, and even OrchidacecB. l( Cassythac fee had
characters as well marked as those of Illigeracece to separate
it from LauracecB, it would be well to keep them distinct;
as it is, it must still be retained as a section of the latter
Order.

CARLUDOVICA. Ruiz et Pavon.

A species of this genus, (C Gardneri,) which grows in damp
shady ravines on the mountains in this vicinity, has afforded me
an opportunity of examining the structure of its fructification
also, which, judging from the generic character given by
Sprengel, in his Systema Vegetabilium, the only book on the
subject which I can at present consult, seems to be very ill
understood. He considers the genus monoecious, and gives
the male flowers a many-toothed calyx, and, to the female,

28 GARDNER ON CARLUDOVICA, &C.

one of 4 sepals. Lindley in his Natural System, adopts the
character of the tribe to which it belongs — CyclanthacecB, from
Schott, who considers the whole order monoecious or poly-
gamous, with the male and female flowers arranged alternately
in spires. Nothing, however, can be more certain than that
the flowers are hermaphrodite, and destitute of floral enve-
lopes in the species which 1 have examined, and from which
the following note was made : — Spat/ia 4-leaved. Spadix cy-
lindrical, densely floriferous. Flowers hermaphrodite, desti-
tute of floral envelopes, spirally arranged. Stamens numer-
ous, borne upon four flat membranous bodies (longer than
the ovarium) and which arise from a narrow membrane that
surrounds the superior part of it. Anthers 2-celled. Ovarium
inferior, 1-celled, crowned by a concave cruciform body which
seems to be an operculum, for it has no connexion with the
internal economy of the ovary. Styles 4, long, flattened
above, deciduous, attached by their base to the inside of four
broad obtuse fleshy scales, which are situated above the ova-
rium, and immediately before each bundle of stamens. Stig-
mas small, 2-lobed, turned downwards so as to give the tops
of the styles a hooked appearance. Fruit a fleshy quadran-
gular, 1-celled berry, crowned by the persistent scales and
cruciform organ already mentioned. Seeds numerous, small,
flat, attached horizontally to four parallel placentae, which
are protruded inwards so as to give them the appearance of
being free, and nidulating in a glutinous pulp. Inflorescence
axillary.

(In the view Mr Gardner has been led to take of the character of this
genus, he has considered the four separate scales bearing stamens, which
he finds to surround each female flower, as belonging to that flower, con-
sequently as affording an example of hermaphrodite blossoms ; but if vie
look carefully into the structure of these male scales, it will be more cor-
rect to consider them as separate male flowers : for although they are

flat and membranaceous below, they expand upwards into a cup-shaped
perianth, the edge being fringed with stamens (those at the back, or the
edge not directed to the pistil, reduced to abortive glands), and within
having 2 or 3 series of stamens. The filaments are short ; anthers oblong,
2-celIcd ; cells opening at the two opposite margins ; this edge of the cup is

ToULTakllLIV.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 29

nearly entire. Poeppig describes this perianth as having two series of lobes.
— The pistil, or female flower, is short, subtetragonal, united, for half the
length from the base, with four broadly obovate scales (the perianth),
rather longer than the pistil, having a tubercle near the apex with a scar,
whence we presume the curious flattened filaments have fallen, which we
believe are common to all the species of the genus, these Mr Gardner
describes as being deciduous, and they seem to have entirely disappearcil
from our specimens: Mr Gardner has looked upon them as the stvles.
Style, in reality, there is none. Stigma large, peltate, cruciform, the lobes
alternating with the four scales just described. Ovary as shown in Bot.
3Iaff.t.295\, I -celled, with four parietal lobes to which the ovules are
attached. Mr Gardner's species seems to be distinct from any yet de-
scribed. We would call it

C. Gardneri; foliis obovatis in petiolum attenuatis ultra medium bifidis
lobis erectis oblongo-ovatis acuminatis, pedunculis axillaribus, spadice
florum cylindracea. (Tabs. III. IV,)

Hab. Moist rocky places in shady ravines, Serra de Araripe, Brazil.
Mr Gardner, n. 1866,

Tabs. III. IW.Jig. 1, male flower, back view. Fig. 2, the same, front
view. P^^. 3, stamen. Fig. 4, female flower. Fig. 5, scale separated
from the female flower, showing the scar near the apex, whence the long
flattened filament had fallen : — magnified.)— Ed.

Villa bo Crato, Sertaoof the

Province of Ceara, B&Azit,

December 1, 1833,

III.— BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

^UNIO ITINERARIA.

[We have received the following account of this valuable
Society, translated by Mr William Pamplin, jun., (the Lon-
don agent for these collections,) from the German circular
transmitted by Dr Steudel.]

The Members of the Wurtemberg Natural History Tra-
velling Society, and all friends to Natural History, especially
Botany, are informed, that satisfactory tidings have recently

30 BOTANICAL INFORMATIOBT.

been received respecting William Schimper's interesting
travels in Abyssinia. ^

We proceed to give some details, extracted from a letter. -;
just arrived.

In the close of February last, this enterprising traveller
reached Massova on the Red Sea, bringing with him the
bulk of his valuable collections, a small part only having
been necessarily left at Adoa. During the month of May of
the preceding yeai', M. Schimper had visited the mountains of
Semen, where he spent the summer in investigating the Flora
of those very high alpine regions, and where he suffered
severely from frequent rain and snow, accompanied with
much cold. Thence he directed his steps in September to
Tackatze, and adding the collections of these different dis-
tricts together, he returned to his starting-point, Adoa,
in October. Our traveller despatched the first portion of
his treasures by Massova to Djedda, and we may soon look
for their arrival by way of Suez and Alexandria. The
remainder, including the collection left at Adoa, it is M.
Schimper's intention to bring home himself; but first, he
desires to devote a short time to a thorough investigation of
the botanical productions of the lower coast, inhabited by a
people called Schocho, so that he may be able to amass and
lay before the naturalists of Europe a complete Flora of
Abyssinia.

M. Schimper's collections will thus contain: —

I. The principal part of the coast vegetation, to the alti-
tude of 4000 feet above the sea.

II. The Flora of the vicinity of Adoa, from 4000 to 8000
feet above the sea.

III. The plants of the Alpine district of Semen, extend-
ing to a height of 12,000 feet.

IV. The vegetation of the Tackatze, a river, which, descend-
ing from the Abyssinian Alps, empties itself at length into
the Nile.

That these collections are of immense importance to
science is evident; and we cannot doubt that the respected

BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 31

members of the Unio Jtmeraria, will cheerfully contribute
towards defraying the heavy expenses which must still be
incurred in bringing them to Europe, as well as remunerating
the enterprising traveller, who, braving dangers and hard-
ships that few could have endured, and still fewer would have
chosen to endure, has amassed these treasures in a little known
and most perilous country.

Of course, those friends to the cause who desire to possess
the largest and most complete shares which can be formed
from the whole mass, must, in addition to their customary
subscriptions, make, if required, a proportionate advance of
money; and we now mention what has been already stated
on former occasions, that such members as have subscribed
for a less sum than 90 florins, will be charged higher, in
proportion, than those whose contributions exceed that sum.
The prerogative thus secured to subscribers of 90 florins and
above, will, however, cease if their remittances are delayed
till after the arrival of the collections in Esslingen. Thus,
the earlier our friends come forward, the more advantageous
will it be for themselves, as well as for the interests of the
expedition, since the money advanced by M. Dunreicher of
Alexandria, the gentleman who has provided our travellers
with the necessary supplies, must be promptly refunded to
liquidate the expenses. Judging from the information re-
ceived, the number of species now collected may amount to
from 1500 to 2000; and if matters turn out favourably, if
few of the specimens are damaged, and if M. Schimper's
expenses in conveying himself and his luggage home to
Europe, do not exceed our calculations, then we may reckon,
as formerly, that these plants will cost the subscribers 15
florins the hundred, provided we receive a sufficient number
of orders. Our friends can make their arrangements accord-
ingly, and must also perceive how greatly they are likely to
be advantaged by early application and aid.

From thus announcing the approaching and successful close
of Schimper's Travels, we pass on to intimate that two expe-
ditions of a similar nature have been set on foot by us. One

32 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

of them consists in a journey, closely bearing in its object and
place of destination on that of M. Schimper, and the individ-
ual employed is M. Kotscky, who visited last year the terri-
tories of Sennaar, Fasokal, Cardofan, and the Free Negroes,
having been sent thither by the government of Austria to
make botanical collections, which were transmitted to Vienna.
This courageous and most industrious young man, already
well skilled in collecting specimens of natural history, and
especially aufait in what regards the preservation of plants,
has offered to supply our Society with the productions of the
above-named countries, which he is now visiting for the
second time. As we have agreed to his terms, and are ex-
pecting an arrival from him this present autumn, so we now
invite all naturalists to subscribe from 30 to 60 florins, the
price of the plants being the same as those of Schimper from
Abyssinia, and forming a very desirable adjunct to that col-
lection, whether for elucidation or comparison.

The other expedition is even now well known to the botani-
cal world, as being confided to Dr Welwitsch from Vienna,
who has already started in order to explore the Cape de Verd
and Azores Islands. It is true, that these first islands have been
already visited by M. Brunner of Berne, and the latter by M-
Gruthwick and M. C. Hochstetter, and these gentlemen
returned last year with highly interesting botanical collections.
But their stay was too brief to admit of a thorough research of
the vegetable productions of these islands, while the success
that attended their investigations was so encouraging, as to
promise very important results to future travellers, especially
when viewed as throwing light on that interesting subject
— the Geographical Distribution of Plants.

The Flora of the Cape de Verd Islands, touching as it
were, on one side, that of Senegambia, and on the other,
that of the Canaries, is important, as ofFerinfy to view the
vegetation that prevails in the extreme western limit of tlie
Temperate Zone in this our hemisphere. For this reason, it
is Dr Welwitsch's desire, should circumstances prove favour-
able, to explore TeneriflTe, the loftiest island of the Canary

BOTA.NICAL INFORMATION. 33

group, and to enrich his collection with the rarer and more
peculiar productions of these islands. For this journey, each
single share must be paid in advance, 24 florins; and those
who wish to secure complete sets, will do well to take double
or quadruple shares.

Lastly, we state that the selection from the Georgio-
Caucasian Flora is still proceeding; but as soon as a sixth
delivery appears, then the earlier portions can no longer be
obtained.

Floiins.

I. The fourth delivery of 120 species, . . 15

II. The fifth do. .200 ... 23

III. Collection of the several prior selections, amount-
ing altogether, to . 300 species . . 40

Do. do. 400 ... 50

Of the Arabian Plants, there remains one century at 15
Of the N. American ... 200 .24

Do. do. . . . 100 . 12

We request that letters and money sent to us, be either
transmitted postage free, or that such a sum may be added as
will cover the charge.

Professor HOCHSTETTER.
Doctor STEUDEL."

EssLiNGEN, August, 1839.

(Since the above was transmitted, that is in Dec. 1839, Mr W. Pamplin has
received further intelligence from Dr Steudel respecting Mr Schimper's
Abyssinian Collections, namely, that one half of them, in 16 cases, were
(on the 4th Dec. last,) actually on their passage from Alexandria to
Trieste, and it is expected they will be ready for distribution early in the
present year, (1840.) Dr Steudel recommends that those subscribers who
have not already done so, should advance a deposit of not less than 90
florins, (£9 9s. sterling,) on such portions of the collections as they may
wish to take ; and that those who desire to secure one entire share, 1300
to 2000 species, say at IS florins per century, amounting to 300 florins,
should advance not less than 180 florins (.£18 18«. sterling.) He also
invites subscribers for the seeds Mr Schimper has collected in Abyssinia,
and offers collections of 100 species for 20 florins, or £2 2s. sterling.
Subscriptions are also received for Kotschy's Sennaar(S. Nubia) Pianta,
Vol. II.— No. 9. F

34 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

and for WelwUsch's Azores collections, at 60 florins. These will be valued
at the same rate as those of Abyssinia, namely, 15 florins (£1 lis. 6c/.
sterling,) the lOO^species.) — Ed.

MR GARDNER'S COLLECTIONS.

(A press of original papers compels us to omit, in the present number,
much interesting miscellaneous botanical . information with which we are
provided, and which we shall reserve for our future pages. We must,
however, devote a little space to the most recent intelligence received
from Mr Gardner. In the Annals of Nat. Hist. v. iii. page 327, are de-
tailed the particulars of his travels as far as Crato in the province of Ceara,
where he arrived the end of the year 1838. His two last letters are from
Oeiras, the capital of the province of Piauhy, a district which Dr Von
Martius recommended to the investigations of our enthusiastic traveller, as
likely to yield a richer harvest of novelty to the botanist, than almost any
other part of Brazil ; and our expectations have not been disappointed.
The valuable collections both of Ceara and Piauhy are already safely
arrived, each consisting of upwards of 400 species, in the most perfect state
of preservation possible, and they are placed in the hands of Mr W. Pamplin,
9, Queen Street, Soho, London, for the purpose of being distributed to the
respective subscribers. There will be a few sets remaining to be disposed of
after this distribution, to be had by applying to Mr Pamplin. The whole of
Mr Gardner's Brazilian collections now amounts to the number of 246S
species. The following extracts from the two letters just alluded to, will
give some idea of the difi&culties Mr Gardner has to contend with, and of
his great anxiety to further the cause of botany, by adventuring still further,
into the provinces of Minas Geraes and Goyaz.) — Ed,

City of Oeiras, (Capital of Piauhy,)
May 20, 1839,

I avail myself of an opportunity of sending letters from
this place to Bahia, all communication being cut off, owing
to the state of the country between Oeiras and Maranham.
You are already informed, that it was my intention to pro-
ceed from hence to the Rio Tocantins, a tract of country
entirely unknown to the botanist, and then to descend by it
to Para; but I am sorry to say it is somewhat doubtful if
this plan can be carried into execution. About the time that
I arrived in Oeiras, rumours were afloat that a band of rob-
bers had organized themselves in the neighbourhood of
Cachias, a large and flourishing villa situated on the Rio

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 35

Itapicura, on the road between this city and Maranham.
Since then, every arrival from that quarter brings intelligence
of the rapid increase of their numbers and the nature of their
designs. A short while ago, a body of about 100 soldiers
were sent from Maranham to disperse them, the whole of
which by some mismanagement were made prisoners, and
their lieutenant-colonel and captain put to the sword. It is
but a few days since an express was despatched from Cachias
to the Baron de Parnahiba, entreating him to send all the
troops to the former place, (and the said troops are sadly few
in number and present a most unsoldierly appearance,) at
the same time communicating the following alarming news :
— These brigands (they call themselves patriots !) are en-
camped about 100 leagues below Cachias, and are said now
to number nearly 2000 men, abundantly supplied with arms
and ammunition. Their leader, a man of colour, is reported
to be a most blood-thirsty wretch, and only an instrument in
the hands of the party opposed to the present government
in Maranham. As might be expected, all the vagabonds in
the country are hastening to join the rebels, who are expected
to make an attack shortly on Cachias, where there are no
forces to resist them. In Europe, 2000 men would be con-
sidered as nothing, but in these thinly peopled and thickly
wooded countries, it will cost much difficulty to get the
better of them, especially as there are almost no troops in the
north of Brazil, the greater part being occupied in quelling
the revolution that has broken out in the province of Kio
Grande do Sul. The last post from Cachias to Campo
Maior, was made prisoner and all the letters examined ; but
as he carried no official despatches, he was permitted to pro-
ceed. More recently still, a young man, a native of this
place, who is established as a merchant in Cachias, was coming
up from Maranham in a large canoe, with about £2000-worth
of goods, he was made prisoner, and robbed of all his pro-
perty. He is still, if yet alive, in their hands, but his friends
fear the wretches may have destroyed him. Such being the
state of the country, I shall wait as long as possible where I

36 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

am, and if compelled to remove, shall return to Pernambuco,
collecting by the way. I am now engaged packing up my
plants, which amount to between 300 and 400 species, many
of them very fine things, but how I shall get them to the
coast is the diflSculty, as they certainly cannot go by way of
Maranham. The vegetation about Oeiras is not very varied,
but I believe hardly any thing in flower has escaped me.
LeguminoscB are abundant, but I have found only one
orchideous plant — a Hdbenaria. I have collected noble
specimens of a large yellow-flowered Qualea, which appears
to be new, two very small species of Eriocaulon, a beautiful
new annual Gloxinia, and an extremely fine Anemia.

It is exactly three years to-day, since I quitted Britain,
and I am happy to say that I never enjoyed better health,
though the hardships I have encountered exceed any thin<T
that can be imagined by those who have not essayed the same
kind of travelling in a similar country. Still, the real delight
I feel in forming my collections, and in hearing that they
give satisfaction to those for whom they are destined, more
than counterbalances the trials I am obliged to undergo. I
have also received much kindness from all the respectable
inhabitants of the different places I visit, and real friendship
from many individuals in this city, where my knowledge of
medicine and surgery also enables me to afford some relief to
many of my suffering fellow-creatures. Some operations I
have lately performed, have brought me no little fame, espe-
cially the depressing of a cataract on the eyes of a very
respectable shopkeeper who had been blind for twelve months,
but is now fast recovering his sight. I had to make the in-
strument myself, which I did by filing a needle to the proper
shape. A few days ago, I also similarly operated on a poor
man who has been blind for years, but I cannot yet pro-
nounce on the result.

The rains have now ceased, and the climate at this season
is delightful. In a few months again, the heat will be so
intense as to burn up every particle of vegetation .—not a
vestige of verdure will then be seen.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 37

CiTT OF Oeieas, (Capita!, of Piauhy,)
July 6, 1839.

My last letter, sent by way of Bahia, informed you of the
distressing predicament in which I was placed, owing to the
revolution which broke out in the province of Maranham,
and by which any intercourse with other parts of the coun-
try was rendered difficult and uncertain. These disturbances
have since increased so much as to compel me to relinquish
my plan for investigating Tocantins, the intermediate coun-
try being in the hands of the insurgents. This city is now
filled with rustic troops, who are undergoing the necessary
process of being drilled, preparatory to sending them to the
succour of the town of Cachias, a place that for two months
has been closely invested by the rebels. The inhabitants are
in a state of starvation, and great fears are entertained, lest
the rebels, whose numbers now amount to 5000, should force
an entrance, and put all the Portuguese inhabitants at least,
to the sword. The massacre and extermination of foreign-
ers is one of their articles of war. In the villa of Pastos
Bons, of which they are masters, they killed five Portuguese
merchants, and one Brazilian.

Had it not been for circumstances which necessarily delay-
ed me here, I should have been myself at the above-mentioned
villa, when it fell into the rebels' hands. Till a few days ago,
I had intentions of returning to Pernambuco, in company
with Don Casimirio Jose de Morals Sarmiento, a young
Brazilian who has shown me much kindness since my arrival
here ; but I have since changed my mind, and now intend to
proceed up thi'ough this province to those of Goyaz and Minas
Geraes, and from thence descend to Rio de Janeiro. This
route cannot be expected to yield me so many novelties as
the one by the Tocantins would have done, but it promises
better than returning to Pernambuco. The collections I
have been making in this district are to go by Don Sarmi-
ento to Pernambuco on one of my own horses, and I expect
they will be despatched in about an hour.

Of late I have been much at a loss for want of paper in

38 schomburgk's guiana plants.

which to deposit my dried specimens, but have to-day ob-
tained a supply of old newspapers from a friend here. The
pleasures of expeditions such as these are certainly great, but
the vexatious diflficulties which frequently arise, are enough
to drive one mad. Owing to the brief period which has
elapsed between my altered plans and Don Sarmiento's de-
parture, I have not yet been able to make an abstract of my
journal to send you. I am truly glad that such an oppor-
tunity has offered of despatching my collection to the coast,
as owing to all communication being cut off between this dis-
trict and Maranham, it is impossible to divine when they
might otherwise have been forwarded ; and I can feel no
doubt about their now travelling in safety and good condition.
Whenever an opportunity offers of sending to the coast,
I shall write from time to time, during my journey from this
place to Rio; but I fear that I must be long deprived of the
satisfaction of hearing from Britain.

George Gardner.

IV — Contributions towards a Flora of South America,— Enu-
meration of Plants collected by Mr Schomburgk in British
Guiana. By George Bentham, Esq., F.L.S.

Mr Schomburgk in his later journeys into the interior of
British Guiana, has added considerably to the catalogue of
species already given in Taylor's Annals of Nat. Hist. Vol.
II., &c. These it is desirable to incorporate with the former
list, which will thus constitute a Flora of upwards of 1400
species collected by this distinguished naturalist and traveller
amidst his numerous geographical and other important scien-
tific occupations.

COMPOSITE.
Tribe Vernoniaceje.

1. Sparganophorus Vaillanti, Goertn Benth. in Ann. N.

Hist. II. p, 107.— Bank of the Courantine and Currasawaak.
Schomburgk, n. 154 and 206.

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 39

2. Vernonia (Vanillosma,) opaca (n. sp.) ; ramis teretibus
petiolisque fulvo-tomentosis, foliis oblongo-ellipticis acumi-
natis basi angustatis integerrimis coriaceis supra glabris
subtus fulvo-tomentosis, capitulis glomeratis sessilibus axil-
laribus petiole brevioribuspluri(8 — 10) floris, achaenio trigono
glabro, pappis setis subaequalibus. — Serra May, Schomburgk,
n. 1016. — This species resembles in habit V. splendens^ LesSr
DC. Prodr. V. p. 18, (Gardner's No. 59, and in several
other Rio collections); but the leaves are not shining above,
and are longer, and the heads of flowers and pappus are
different. It is evidently near V. axillaris, Less. {DC,
I. c. p. 1 9), but there are certainly no short external setEe to
the pappus. It differs from V. isotrichia, {DC. I. c. p. 18),
chiefly in the number of flowers in each head. The plant I
have received from Martius, (with the No. 199 of his Herba-
rium Florce Brasiliensis, where (p. 126) that number is given
to V. isotrichia,) has, it is true, as many as fifteen or twenty
flowers to the head ; but this plant differs, in so many respects,
from De Candolle's character, especially in the pedicellate
heads, which bring it near V. umbellata, that I presume there
was some mistake in the distributing of this number.

3. V. dichocarpha, Less. — DC. Prodr. V. p. 23. — Roreima
mountain, British Guiana. Schomburgk.

4. V. odoratissima, H. B. K.—DC. Prodr. V. p. 38.

Benth. in Ann. N. Hist. II. p. 107 Rocky places in savannahs

on the Rupunoony. Schomburgk, No. 97.

5. V. scorpioides, Pers DC. Prodr. V. p. 41. Benth.

in Ann. N. Hist. II. p. 107. — British Guiana. Schomburgk,
No. 258.

6. V. {Lepidoploe, § 3.) ehretifolia (n. sp.) ; herbacea,
caule tereti villoso-tomentoso, foliis breviter petiolatis obovato-
oblongis acuminatis integerrimis margine revolutis basi
longe angustatis subcoriaceis utrinque scabris viridibus
subtus puberulis, cymis scorpioideis aphyllis, pedunculis bre-
vibus tomentosis 3 — 6-cephalis, capitulis circa 15-floris, in-
volucris ovoideis sessilibus squamis acuminatis glabriusculis,
acha^nio pilosiusculo, pappi serie exteriore paleacea brevi. —

40 SCHOMBURGK S GUIANA PLANTS,

Habitus F. scorpioidis^ affinis quoque ex descriptionibus V.
odoratce et V. pellitoB. — Roreima mountain, British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 1035.

7. V. tricholepis, DC.—Benth. in Ann. N. Hist. II. p.
107.— British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 282, and— 13. mkro-
cephala, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis, capitulis parvis. n. 149.
— distinct ?

8. Centra therum muticum. Less Benth. in Ann. Nat. Hist,

11. p. 108. — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 254.

9. Elephantopus Carolinianus, Willd. — Benth, in Ann. N.
Hist. II. p. 108.— British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 413, or
413. — Perhaps identical with E. mollis, nudicaulis and scaber.

10. Elephantosis an^Ms<//o/«z, DC. — Benth. in Ann. N. Hist.
II. p. 108. — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 612.

11. Trichospira menthoides, H. B. K. — Benth. in Ann. N.
Hist. 11. p. 108. — On the Currasawaak. Schomburgk.

12. Pectis elongata, H. B. K. — Benth. in Ann.N. Hist. II.
p. 108. — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 184 and n. 1003.

Tribe Eupatoriace^.

13. Ooclinium viUosum, DC. — Benth. Ann. N. Hist. 11. p-
108. British Guiana. — Schomburgk, n. 798. French Guiana.

14. O. ? clavatum (n. sp.); sufFruticosum ? caule tereti
striato scabriusculo, foliis oppositis distantibus linearibus
trinerviis scaberrimis, paniculae ramis oppositis apice sub-
trifidis ramulis subtricephalis, capitulis subcylindraceis circi-
ter 20-floris, involucri squamis imbricatis appressis striatis
apice obtusis brevissime appendiculatis deciduis, receptaculo

obovato-clavato Benth. Ann. N. Hist. II. p. 108 — British

Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 165.

15. ^np&tor'ium subvelutinum, DC. — Benth. Ann.N. Hist.H-
p. 103. — Savannahs of the Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 76.

16. E. conyzoides, DC, var. foliis subtus glabrioribus.
Benth. Ann. N. Hist. II. p. 108.— Woods of the Paraime
Chain. Schomburgk, n. 72.

17. E. scabrum,Linn. fil — DC. Frodr.V. p. 148. — Roreima
mountain; British Guiana. Schomburgk.

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 41

18. E. suhohtusum^ DC. — French Guiana.

19. E. ixodes (n. sp.) ; fruticosum, glabrum, viscosum,
ramis teretibus, foliis oppositis vel supremis alternis breviter
petiolalis oblongis obtusis integerrimis vel hinc inde sinuato-
dentatis basi angustatis rigidis penninerviis, paniculse ramis
alternis oppositisque apice corymbosis, capitulis sessili-
bus pedicellatisque ovatis 25-30 floris, involucri squamis
4-5-seriatis oblongo-linearibus imbricatis dorso subpuberulis
intimis apice breviter ciliatis, achaeniis ad costas scabridis.
Benth. Ann. N. Hist. II. p. 108.— Savannahs of the Rupu-
noony. Schomburgk, n. 79. — Near E. suhobtusum.

20. E. Schomhurgkii (n. sp.); fruticosum, ramis apice
scabris, foliis alternis petiolatis oblongo-lanceolatis acumi-
natis integerrimis basi longe angustatis glabris penninerviis
supra vix scabriusculis, paniculis terminalibus polycephalis
ramis rufo-scabris, capitulis pedicellatis 15-20-floris, involucri
squamis circa 10 subbiseriatis dorso puberisinterioribus parum
longioribus apice submembranaceis fimbriate- ciliatis.

Folia 2-4-pollicaria, siccitate nigricantia. Capitula parva
numerosa campanulata. Species ex descr. E. erigeroidi DC.
Prodr. \. p. 171. afEnis, sed praecipue foliis diversa. —
Mountains of Mawacca, near the River Padama, Schom-
burgk, n. 1014.

21. Mikania racemulosa (n. sp.); fruticosa, scandens, ramis
teretibus petiolisque pube fusca scabridis, foliis petiolatis late
ovatis acuminatis integerrimis basi obtusis, supra scabris
subtus subvelutino-pubescentibus irregulariter penninerviis
ramorum floralium parvis triplinerviis, panicula composita,
racemis oppositis elongatis terminali longiore, pedicellis
bracteola duplo longtoribus capitulo subaequilongis, involucri
squamis oblongo-linearibus apice fimbriatis, achaenio glandu-

loso. Benth. Ann. N. Hist. II. p. 109 British Guiana.

Schomburgk, n. 480.

22. M. Hookeriana, DC. — British Guiana. Schomburgk,
n. 479.

23. M. dentictdata, Z)C.-^British Guiana. Schomburgk, n.
321.

Vol. II No. 9. G

42 schomburgk's guiana plants.

24. M. convolvulacea, DC. — British Guiana. Schomburgk,
n. 93.

25. M. Parkeriana, DC. — British Guiana. Schomburgk,
n. 310.

Tribe Asteroide^.

26. Baccharis lepiocephala, DC, — British Guiana. Schom-
burgk, n. 129.

27. Pterocaulon spicatiim, DC. Prodr. V. p. 454. — Bac-
charis erioptera, Benth. in Ann. Nat. Hist. II. p. 441. —
Dry savannahs of the Upper Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n.
709.

28. Eclipta erecta, Linn. — British Guiana. Schomburgk,
ri. 331.

Tribe Senecionide^s:.

29. Riencourtia glomerata, Cass. — French Guiana.

30. Latreillea glabrata {n.'sp.) ; caulibus glabris subramosis,
foliis lanceolatis obscure dentatis integerrimisque, petiolis
brevissimis supremis subciliatis, involucri squamis latissime
obovatis paleisque receptaculi obtusis brevissime fimbriatis

glabris. Benth. Ann. N. Hist. II. p. 109 Dry savannahs

British Guiana. Schomburgk,n.247,and n.SGT; notBroteroa
trinervata, as erroneously stated in DC. Prodr. I. p. 293.

A full description of this plant, and character of two new
Brazilian species, are given at v. II, p. 109 of the Annals of
Natural History.

31. Clibadium aspertim., DC — British Guiana. Schom-
burgk, n. 658, and n. 1005. French Guiana. Leprieur.

32. C. erosum^ DC. — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 294.

33. Unxia camphorata, Linn. Jil. — Dry savannahs of the
Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 380.

34. U. hirsiita, Rich. — French Guiana, Leprieur.

35. Acanthospermum xanthioides, DC. — British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 663.

36. Wedelia hispida, H. B. K.—DC. Prodr. V. p. 539.
Swampy and stony places about Annay-y, British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 812.— Chorillo Bay, Peru. Macrae.

BCHOMBUUGk's GUIANA PLANTS. 43

37. W. scaberrima (n. sp.); caule fruticoso, ramis tlivarica-
tis hispidis, foliis petiolatisovatis acuminatis serratis, basi obtu-
sis, supra scaberrimis hispidis, subtus scabro-pubescentibus
triplinerviis, pedicellis 1-3 axillaribus terminalibusque folio
brevioribus monocepbalis hispidis, involucri squamis exteri-
oribus ovali-oblongis extus hispidis, interioribus subtequi-
longis obovato-obtusis ciliatis, ligulis 6-8 bifidis, achcenio
puberulo calyculo subbicorni fimbriato-cihato. Bentli. Ann.
N. Hist. II. p. 110. — Skirts of woods, British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 128.

38. W. discoidea. Less. — British Guiana. Schomburgk,
n. 650.

39. Wulfia platyglossa, DC. Prodr. V. p. 5G3?— Tilesia
capitata. Metj. Prim. Fl. Esseq. 252. DC. Prodr. V. p.
549. — Dry savannahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 185
and 705.

40. Oldens bipiniiataf Linn. — British Guiana. Schomburgk,
n. 455.

41. Cosmos caudatus, H. B. K. — French Guiana. '

42. Lipochaste scaberrima (n. sp.) ; fruticulosa ? ramis
scabris, fohis breviter petiolalis ovato-lanceolatis acutis basi
cuneatis remote subserratis utrinque scaberrimis penninerviis,
capitulis plurimis laxe corymbosis, involucri ovati squamis
exterioribus obtusiusculis interioribus acutis disco brevioribus.
AfEnis ex descr. L. umbellata:, DC. Prodr. V. p. 610. Folia
2-3 pollicaria opposita, achaenia radii trigona triaristata,
arista altera achsenio subeequilonga, duabus brevissimis; disci
compressa oblonga inaequaliter biaristata et inter aristis
squamellis pluribus brevissimis aucta, ut in Leighia et
Viguiera. Ab his vero generibus plane differt ligulis fer-
tilibus. — A single specimen from the Roraima mountain.
Schomburgk.

43. Verbesina helianthoides. H. B. K.—DC. Prodr. V. p.
613 A single specimen from the Pacaraima chain. Schom-
burgk. Organ mountains, Brazil. Gardner, n. 508.

44. Spilanthes Poppigii, DC. Prodr. V. p. 622 ? — Aban-
doned fields, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 890. A Brazil-

44 schomburgk's guiana plants.

ian plant answering to the character of S. Lundii, DC. ap-
pears scarcely different from this one, which is probably not
an uncommon and a variable plant, published under different
names from diflferent parts of S. America.

45. Porophyllam latifolium (n. sp.); herbaceum, erectum,
foliis longe petiolatis lato-ovatis obtusis grosse sinuatis ad sinus
pellucido-glandulosis, involucri squamis mucrone calloso
acuminatis. Benth. Ann, N. Hist. II. p. 441 — Dry savan-
nahs on the Upper Rupunoony. Schomburgk.

46. Galea divaricata (n. sp.); fruticosa divaricato-ramosa,
ramulis angulatis canescentibus, foliis breviter petiolatis
ovatis obtusissimis integerrimis subcrenatisve uninervibus vel
obscure trinervatis crassiusculis glabris, pedunculis brevibus
in ramulos breves axillares solitariis monocephalis, involucri
ovoidei imbricati squamis exterioribus brevibus lato-ovatis
interioribus oblongis obtusis omnibus glabris, ligulis pluribus,
paleis receptaculi acutiusculis, pappi paleis achaenio hirsute
dimidio brevioribus. — Frutex 8 — lO-pedalis, diffusus. Folia
vix semipollicaria aromatica. Pedunculi folia parum super-
ant. Flores radii et disci lutei odorati Near the Roraima

mountain. Schomburgk.

47. Geissopappus ca/eoJ</es. — Schomburgkia caleoides. DC.

Prodr. VII. p. 294. Coll. Mem. IX. p. 28. t. 9 British

Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 474.

A short time before the publication of the seventh volume
of the Prodomus^ a fine Orchidaceous genus, was dedicated to
Mr Schomburgk, by Lindley in the second part of his Sertum
Orchidaceum. It has become therefore necessary to change
De Candolle's name for the present plant, and I have de-
rived that of Geissopappiis from the overlapping paleae of the
pappus.

48. Achyrocline flaccida, DC. Prodr. V. p. 220 The

specimens are precisely similar to those of Salzmann from
Bahia. Woods near the Roraima. Schomburgk, n. 1042.

49. Gnaphalium Americanum, Mill. — British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 573.

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 45

Tribe Mutisiaces.

50. Leria nutans^ DC. Prodr. VIL p. 42. — British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 689.

GENTIANE.E.

51. Schultesia stenophylla^ Mart. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 11. p.
106. t. 182. Griseb. Gent. 126.— Moist savannahs, British
Guiana. Schomburgk.

32. S. brachyptera, Cham — British Guiana. Schomburgk,
n. 789.

53. Coutoubea spicata. Aubl. PI. Guian. I. p. 72. t. 27. —
Banks of the Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 152.

54. C. rejlexa, (n. sp.); caule herbaceo annuo strict© ramoso
teretiusculo, fohis lanceolatis acutis basi angustatis margine
revolutis, spicis axillaribus terminalibusque, floribus oppositis
distantibusjcorollae laciniis reflexis — Moist savannahs, British
Guiana. Schomburgk.

55. C. ramosa, Aubl.Pl. Guian. I. p. 74. t. 28. Griseb. Gent,
p. 132 — Sands, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 989. This
is certainly an herbaceous annual; not shrubby, as supposed
by Grisebach.

56. Schuebleria tenella, Mart. Nov. Gen. II. p. 117. —
French Guiana.

57. S. coarctata (n. sp.) ; caule filiformi subsimplici, foliis
oppositis linearibus, cyma coarctata, coroliae flavescentis
calycem dimidio superantis lobis oblique ovatis acutis tubum
subaequantibus, stigmate lineari-clavato. — Arid savannahs on
the Rupunoony. Schombui'gk, n. 167.

58. Lisianthus (Chelonanthus) brevijlorus (n. sp.) ; caule
herbaceo ramoso subtetragono, foliis petiolatis ovatis acutis
basi inferioribus angustatis superioribus rotundatis, omnibus
membranaceis remote penninerviis, cyma pauciflora semel
dichotoma, corollas (semipoliicaris) tubo vix calyce longiore
fauce late campanulata lobis lato-ovatis obtusis, genitalibus
coroUam non excedentibus. — Folia 1 — 2 pollicaria, tenuia,
concoloria, superiora breviora ovato-lanceolata supremn, tit

46 schomburgk's guiana plants.

in cseteris speciebus hujussectionis, minima remota. [ UmbellcB
V. cymcB sub-5-florae. Flores caerulei latiores quam longi. —
Serra Mey. Schomburgk. A single specimen.

59. L. gracilis, Griseb. Gent, p, 182? or a species closely
allied to it. There is, however, but a single specimen from
Marawaica in Schomburgk's collection, and that has but one
expanded flower. It answers well to Grisebach's description,
except that the style is scarcely exserted.

60. L. uUginosus, (3. Guianensis. Griseb. Gent p. 182. — ■
Moist savannahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 265.
" Flowers light blue."

61. L. chelonoides, Linn British Guiana. Schomburgk.

62. Tolbachia ccerulescens, Griseb. Gent. p. 195. — Lisi-
anthus caerulescens, Aubl. PL Guian. I. p. 207. t. 82. Mart.
Nov. Gen. et Sp. II. f. 99. t. 178. Jig. 2. — Moist savannahs,
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 164.

63. Voyria unifiora. Lam. — Griseb. Gent. p. 207. — On
rotten wood in the Serra Mey. Schomburgk.

64. V. (Leta) acuminata (n. sp.) ; caule brevi ramoso, cor-
ollas albidae lobis ovato-lanceolatis longe acuminatis, ventri-
culo tubi ovoideo-oblongo. — Habitus V. rosea, Aubl., a qua
difFert dentibus calycinus acutioribus et praecipue corollas
lobis longioribus in acumine fere filiformi productis. — In
rich vegetable soil, on the wayside in shady _^woods, in the
Serra Pariraa. Schomburgk.

65. Limnanthemum Humboldtianum, Griseb. Gent. p. 347.
— British Guiana, Schomburgk, n. 826; also in the province
of Ceara, Brazil. Gardner, n. 1763.

SCROPHULARIACE^.

66. Angelonia salicarice/olia, Humb. et Bonpl. PI, JEquin.
11./). 92. /. 108 — Moist savannahs, British Guiana. Schom-
burgk.

67. Stemodia ^/iosa (n. sp.); annua erecta villosa, foliis
breviter petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis oblonfrisve vel infiniis
ovatis serrato-crenatis basi cuneatis utrinque asperis subvillo-
sisj floribus axillaribus breviter pedicellatis in racemos inter-

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 47

ruptos foliosos axillares terminalesque irregulariter dispo-
sitis. — Caulis bipedalis, teres v. obscure angulatus, pube
viscosa et pib's longiuscuHs patentibus villosus, ramosus nunc
ramosissimus. Folia opposita v. 3 — 4-natim verticillata,
1 — 3 pollicaria, internodiis ssepe longiora, rugosa et plus
minusve viscosa, suprema et ramulorum floralium brevia,
ssepe ovata. Pedicelli 1 — 3 lin. longi, axillares et solitarii,
sed ramulis floralibus interdum brevissimis ex eadem axilla
prodeuntibus nonnunquam fasciculum seu pseudo-verticillum
formant. Sepala anguste lanceolata, subulato-acuminata.
Corolla caerulea, subpurpurascens, glabra, tubo calyce incluso,

labio inferiore duplo longiore Savannahs, British Guiana.

Schomburgk — Tropical Brazil, Pohl. — Bahia, Saltzmann,
Lhotsky. Gardner, n. 898. — Pernambuco, Gardner, n. 1093. —
Gardner's n, 1088, from Pernambuco, and Blanchet'sn. 2562,
from the Serra Jacobina, ai'e the Stemodia maritima, Linn.
— Gardner's n. 89, and Tweedie's n. 1172 and 1173, are
S. trifoliata, Reich., a common Rio Janeiro plant. — Gard-
ner's n. 1092, from Pernambuco, and 1378 from Alagoas,
are S. verticillata, Link.; the same collector's n. 1803, from
Ceara, appears to be a new Stemodia.

68. Bacopa aquatica. Aubl. — Herpestes stellarioides, jS.
— Benth. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. II. p. 57. — Swampy
situations on the Essequibo and Rupunoony. Schomburgk,

n. 532.

BACOPA.

Gen. Char. Calyx 5-partitus sepalis imbricativis, postico
maximo foliaceo, 2 anticis pariter foliaceis et minoribus, 2
lateralibus interioribus lineari-carinatis. Corolla subrotata
V. campanulata, aqualiter 5-fida, aestivatione imbricativa.
Stamina 5 aequalia, laciniis corollinis alternantia. Antherm
lineari-sagittatae, biloculares, loculis subparallelis rima longi-
tudinal! dehiscentibus. Ovarium, h\\oc\x\iive. jS/^/ms simplex.
Stigma bilamellatum. Capsula membranacea, vix dehiscens,
bilocularis, dissepimento membranaceo fere per totam super-
ficiem placentifero. Semina numerosissima, horizontalia, ob-
longo-ovoidea, acuminata, testa reticulata; albumine copioso,

48 schomburgk's guiana plants.

erabryone crassiusculo recto; vadicula ad hilum spectante. —
Herbse Americce tropiae, paliidosoe, glabra;. Herpestidibus
plurihus sectionis Bramiae similes. Folia oppusita. Pedun-
culi axillares^ solitarii velfasciculati, wiijlon, bracteis 2 setaceis
audi. Corollae ccerulescenfes vel albce.

1. B. aquatica, {Atibl.) ; foliis lanceolatis, bracteis a calyce
remotis, sepalis exterioribus in peduncidum subdecurrentibus,
coi'ollae calycem subdimidio superantis laciniis ovali-oblongis.

2. B. grandijiora {Mart.)-, foliis lanceolatis, bracteis calyci
approximatis, sepalo postico basi cordato, corollae calycem
duplo superantis laciniis late obovatis. — Near Alegre in the
province of Lower Piauhy. Martius.

69. Herpestes chamcedrifolia, Humb. and Kunth, Nov. Gen.
II. p. 369. — Barcellos on the Rio Negro. Schomburgk.

70. H. gratioloides, Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. II. p. 57.
— Caconapea gratioloides, Cham, et Schl. LinncBa, VIII./>. 29.
Skirts of the Pacaraima mountains. Schomburgk, n. 1033.

71. H. sessilifiora^ Benth. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. II.
p. 58. — French Guiana.

{MecsLvdon'Mxpusilla^ Mart. Nov. Gen.etSp. III. p. I6.t. 208.
has all the characters of the first section of Herpestes, and be-
longs to H. serpylloides, {Cham, et Schl.) — Gardner's n. 1799,
from Ceara, is a new species of the section Caconapea ; his
No. 1089, from Pernambuco, is Hapestes stricta (Schrad.), to
which is to be referred my ff. polyantha ; his n. 214, from
Rio Janeiro, is the H. lanigera, {Cham, et Schl.), and 181, is
H. Monniera. The same collector's numbers 1090, and 1091,
from Pernambuco, and 1797, from Ceara, appear to be so
many new species of the section Bramia.)

72. Beyrichia ocymoides, LinnoEa, III. p. 21. — Sands of the
Essequibo and Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 528.

73. Conobea aquatica, Aubl. Guian.p. 639. t. 258. — Deme-
rara and French Guiana.

74. Vandellia Crustacea, Benth. Scroph. Ind. p. 35. — French
Guiana.

75. V. diffusa, Linn. — Borders of the Essequibo and
Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 516. — " Flowers white, with

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 49

a tinge of rose;" — It is Sieber's n. 305, from Martinico, and
n. 170, from Trinidad; Gardner's n. 1097, from Pernam-
buco, and is also found in Bahia.

76. Torenia parviflora^ Benth. Scroph. Ind. p. 39. — Rich
soil near rivers, in British Guiana ; Schomburgk's n. 335 ;
Gardner's n. 213, from Rio Janeiro. — The three above gen-
era are East Indian, where the species Vandellia Crustacea,
and Torenia parvijlora, are also common.

77. Buchnera palustris, Spreng. — Benth. in Hook. Camp.
Bot. Mag. I. p. 365. — Moist savannahs, British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 419.

78. B. lavandulacea, Linnma, II. p. 589. — Dry savannahs
among rocks, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 99 — Also
Cuming's n. 1 100, from Panama, and perhaps identical
with B. longifolia or B. lithospermifoliai H. B. K.

79. Scoparia dulcis, Linn. — British Guiana. Schomburgk,
n. 622. — Also Gardner's n. 90, from Rio Janeiro; Cuming's
n. 1000, from Lima, and common in tropical America and
West Indies.

80. Escobedia scabrijblia, Ruiz et Pav. Syst. Veg. p. 158.
Paraime mountains. Schomburgk.

81. Gerardia hispidula, Mart. Nov, Gen. et Sp. III. p. 13. t.
207. Benth. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. I. p. 207 — Sandy
swamps, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 674 — French
Guianal. — " Whole plant purplish, calyx deep purpe, and
corolla whitish purple.'*

82. Glossostyles aspera, Linncea, III. p. 22. Benth. I. c.
p. 212. — French Guiana.

LABIATE.

83. Hyptis (Plagiotis) laciniata (n. sp.); annua, erecta,
puberula, foliis pinnatisectis laciniis linearibus inciso-den-
tatis, capitulis axillaribus pedunculatis semiglobosis dense
multifloris, bracteis ovatis, calycibus apice incurvis, ore obli-
quo acute et inaequaliter dentato — Species foliis dissectis
distinctissima ! ceeterum H. uliginosa affinis. Cauliserectus,
semipedalis, laeviter cano-pubescens. Folia pollicaria, inter-

Vol. II.— No. 9. H

50 schomburgk's guiana plants.

dum fere bipinnatisecta, supra glabriuscula, subtus cano-
puberula. Pedunculi folio longiores, tenues, rigidi. Capi-
tulum 4 lin. diametro. Bracteae calyces aequantes, acutius-
culge, ciliatae; calyx fructifer membranaceus, 1| lin. longus,
basi subinflatus, supra medium parum contractus et incurvus,
ore valde obliquo, dentibus brevibus 3 superioribus lanceo-
latis, 2 infimis minimis, omnibus subulato-acuminatis. Cor-
olla calycem floriferum paullo superans, 1 lin. longa, apice
extus pilosa, forma limbi omnino Hyptidum. Carpella
oblonga. — Dry savannahs, near the Pacaraima mountains.
Schomburgk. — It is much to be regretted that there should
not have been specimens enough for general distribution of
this, the only species known in this extensive genus with
dissected leaves.

84. H. recurvata, Poit Benth. Lab. Gen. et Sp. p, 81.

— Sands of the Essequibo, British Guiana. Schomburgk,
n. 605.

85. H. paludosa, St. Hit Benth. I. c. p. 82.— Moist

savannahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 686.

86. H. sp. nova, H. crenatce affinis et foliorum forma
diversa. — Tonpaeging mountains, near the Rio Negro.

Schomburgk, n. 1029 My specimens are unfortunately too

young to enable me to give a specific character of this plant.

87. H. lantancefolia, Poit. — Benth. I. c. p. 101 British

Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 686.

88. H. brevipes, Poit. — var. (5. Benth. I. c. p. 105; forma
capitulis majoribus subsessilibus. — Moist savannahs. Upper
Rupunoony. Schomburgk.

89. H. Parkeri, Benth. I. c. p. 108.— Sands of the Esse-
quibo, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 598.

90. H. spicata, Poit. — Benth. Lab. p. 120 — Abandoned
village of St Jose, on the borders of British Guiana. Schom-
burgk, n. 1006.

91. H. pectinata, Poit— Benth. I. c. p. 127. — French
Guiana.

92. H. membranacea, Benth. Lab. p. 132. — Woods near
Roreima. Schomburgk, n. 1034. — " This is a tree, twenty

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 51

feet or more high, of great beauty from the abundance of its
flowers, and the mixture of the pink on its floral leaves and
calycescontrastingwith the blue of the corolla." Schomburgk.

93. H. simplex, St. Hil. — Benth. Lab. p. 1 38 ? — Savannahs
skirting the Pacaraima mountains. Schomburgk. — The
absence of corollas on the few specimens before me, makes
me uncertain of the species.

94. Marsypianthus ht/ptoides. Mart — Benth. I. c, p. 64. —
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 215.

,VERBENACE^.
Tribe Verbene^.

This Order has been divided respectively by Bartling and
Endlicher into two and three tribes. The former arrange-
ment is the most natural, though it requires some modifica-
tion.

The first tribe, or Verbenece., are closely allied to LabiatcB,
but characterized by their simple spicate inflorescence and
ovules, which are straight, anatropous and erect from the base
of the cells. They are herbaceous or subshrubby, seldom,
if ever arborescent. Leaves often divided, never compound ;
calyx herbaceous or membranaceous, not materially extended
after the fall of the corolla. Cells of the ovary often diverg-
ing at the base, especially during the growth of the fruit, so
as to leave between them a space, either empty in the dry
fruited genera, or filled with pulp in the succulent ones,
which space has been described as two additional empty cells.

The VerbenecB would comprehend, among the genera with
a bilocular ovary; Spielmannia, with axillary solitary flowers:
Cryptocalyx, Lippia, Riedelia, Dipterocalyx, Lantana, and
Camara, with imbricate capitate flowers; and Ahysia, Bouckea,
and Stachytarpheta, with spicate flowers. Of the genera
with a quadrilocular ovary, it would contain Verbena, Dipy-
rena, Chascanum, Tamonea, Priva, Casselia, Monochilus, (?)
and Chloanthes.^

95. Cryptocalyx jiepettB/oiia, (n. sp.)— British Guiana.

52 schomburgk's guiana plants.

Schomburgk, n. 694. — Also from Trinidad, Anderson ; and
from Pernambuco, Gardner, n. 1049. — The following ^re
the characters I propose for this new genus and species.

Cryptocalyx. Cal. membranaceus, tenuissimus, obsolete
dentatus. Cor. tubulosa, bilabiata, labiis erectis, sup. brevis-
simo bifido, inf. elongato, trifido. Stam. 4. didynama, inf.
longiora, omnia antherifera, antheris oblongis bilocularibus.
Ovar. biloculare, loculisuniovulatis, ovulis abasi loculi erectis
anatropis. Stylus inclusus. Stig. obliquum capitatura.
Fruct. sponte bipartitus, pericarpio calyceque subevanidis,
pyrenis oblongis monospermis. Sem. testa duriuscula tenui
exalbuminosa; embryone recto; cotyledonibus magnis.

C. nepetafolia. Herba annua, ramosa, basi procumbens
S8epe radicans, apice adscendens. Rami crassiusculi, obscure
tetragoni, glabri vel pilis appressis paucis onusti. Folia op-
posite, petiolata, ovato-rhombea, grosse dentata, basi cuneato-
truncata et integerrima, 1-1|^ pollicaria, utrinque viridia et
glabra vel pilis appressis paucis pubescentia. Spicae ovoideo-
oblongse, axillares, pedunculatae, solitariae vel glomeratae,
petiolo breviores. Fiores numerosissimi, minuti, sessiies,
seriebus circiter 12 densissime imbricati. Rachis post flores
delapsos cicatrizata. Bracteae cuneatae, acuminata^, mem-
branaceae, complicato-carinatae, margine ciliatae, flores parum
excedentes, calyx corollae tubo dimidio brevior, sub lente
minutissime pubescens. Corolla alba, glabra, vix ultra
semilineam longa. Pyrenes maturitate omnino liberi,
graniformes, ^ lin. longi. — An old plant in herbaria, but not
described among VerbenacecB ; its habit rather resembling
ComposiicB.

96. Lippia microphyUa, Linncea^ VII. p. 226. — Stony
places in savannahs. British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. T5.
— For the characters and affinities of this genus, see Chamisso
and Schlechtendal, in the Linnaa above quoted, and Mr
Bentham's remarks, in Taylor's Annals of Natural Historyi
V. II. p. 446.

97. L. salvicefolia, Jacq. Hort. Schonbr. III. p. 18. f, 285?
— British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 730.

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 53

98. h.annua,h.? — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n.207. —
For remarks on Lanfana, see Mr Bentham's paper in Taylor's
Annals of Natural History, v. II. p. 447.

99. Camara tilicRfolia. — Lantana, Linncea, VII. p. 122.

British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 196. — The character of
Camara Hes in the fruit, as detailed {I. c.)

100. Stachytarpheta elatior, Schrad. — Reich. Ic. Ex. t. 59.
— Swamps of the Upper Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 1001.

101. S. CajanensiSf Fahl. — British Guiana. Schomburgk,
n. 262 and 888. — Also from Trinidad, and both agreeing in

main points with VahVs descriptions The affinities of

Stachytarpheta are fully defined (/. c.)

102. S. mutahilis, Vahl, Enum. 1. p. 209, var. ? bracteis
angustioribus. — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 831.

103. Tamonea spicata, Aubl. PI. Guian. II. p. 660. t. 268.
— British Guiana. Schomburgk. French Guiana. — Bahia.
Gardner, n. 899, and Blanchet, n. 2566.

Tribe Durante^, {vid. Benth. I. c.)

104. Petraea macrostachya (n. sp.); arborea, foliis ovali-
ellipticis breviter acuminatis scaberrimis, raceme elongate,
pedicellis fructiferis tubo calycis brevioribus, calycis laciniis
lineari-oblongis subspathulatis acuminatis aristulatis — Folia
semipedalia. Racemus 1^ — 2-pedalis, pendulus. Calyces
florigeri subsessiles, longiores et tenuiores quam in plerisque
speciebus. — On the brook Currassawaak, British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 158. — Besides Petrcea, the Durantem com-
prehend Citharexylum, Duranta, and Pceppigia {Bert.)

Tribe VixicEiE. {vid. Benth. I. c.)

105. Pyrostoma ternatumj Mey. Fl. Esseq.p.^lQ.—Eritssh
Guiana. Anderson.

106. Vitex capitata, Vahl, Eel. II. /). 50. t. 18. var.—
British Guiana. Schomburgk. — Specimens from Trinidad
coincide with Vahl's description and figure.

107. V. umbrosa, Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. — On the Essequibo,
Schomburgk.

54 schomburgk's guiana plants.

108. i^giphila arhorescens, Willd. — Manabea, Aubl. PI
Guian. I. p. 64. t. 24. — Savannahs, British Guiana. Schoni-
burgk, n. 404.

109. M. laxijUyra (n. sp.) ; frutescens, glaberrima, foliis
brevissime petiolatis ovali-ellipticis obtuse acuminatis basi
angustatis, paniculis laxis terminalibus basi foliatis, calycis
]imbo ampliato breviter quadrifido, corollae infundibuliformis
tubo calyce plus duplo longiore. — British Guiana. Schom-
burgk, n. 772. — Near ^. elata^ Swartz.

110. M. salutaris, H. B. K. — British Guiana. Schom-
burgk. — For remarks on this genus, see Chamisso and
Schlechtendal in the Linncea.

111. M. mollis, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. II. p. 203. t.
130. — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 981.

112. Clerodendi-on/ro5'ra«s, Vent. Malm. t. 70.— "Sandy
soil by the sides of hills, British Guiana." Schomburgk. —
Perhaps an erroneous locality, all the flowers being double
and sterile, and the plant itself not native in America.

Tribe Avicennie^. {vid. Benih. I. c.)

113. Amasonia erecfa, Linn.Jil. Suppl. p. 294. — Taligaka

campestris, Aubl. PI. Guian. II. p. 625, t. 252 Amasonia

punicea, Vahl, Eel. 11. p. 51 Savannahs of the Rupunoony.

Schomburgk, n. 228. — A somewhat variable plant, and the
specimens too much pressed to show whether the ovary be
2 or 4-celled.

LEGUMINOS^.
Tribe LoTEiE, DC.

SUBTBIBE GeNISTEJE, DC.

114. Crotalaria stipnlaria, Desv. — C. Espadilla, H. B. K.

— Savannahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 62 French

Guiana. — Gardner, n. 959.

115. C. genistella, H. B. K.-~C. pterocaula, Desv. — Moist
savannahs of the Rupunoony, British Guiana. Schomburgk.
— Peru. Mathews, n. 1935.

For an enumeration of Brazilian Crotalarice belonging to

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 55

the groups Alatm and Erectce, see Bentham in Taijlor's
Annals of Natural History^ v. III. p. 428-9.

116. C. anagyroides, H. B. K. — Rio Branco. Schomburgk.

117. C. lept(yphylla.) Benth. in Ann. N. Hist. III. p. 430

Savannahs of the Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 788. Rio
Preto, Brazil. Pohl.

SUBTRIBE iNDIGOFEKEiE.

118. \nA\gofitvQ. pascuorum^ Benth. in Amu N. Hist. III./?.
431. — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 96.

SUBTRIBE GALEGEiE. DC.

119. Tephrosia toxicaria, Pers. — Dry savannahs on the
Rupunoony, where it is called *' Yarro conalli," and used
for poisoning the fish "Yarro," which will not eatthe*'Hiarry ."
Schomburgk, n. 173. Panama. Cuming, n. 1170.

120. T. penicillata, Benth. in Ann. Nat. Hist. v. III. p.
431. — Near the brook Akalaurie, on the Upper Rupunoony.
Schomburgk, n. 678.

121. T. {Brissonia?) brevipes, Benth. I. c. p. 432. — Savan-
nahs about Annay-y. Schomburgk, n. Q^.

122. Sabinea^ont^a, DC. Prodr. II. p. 263. — Dry savan-
nahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk.

123. Lonchocarpus ? jf7on6MWc?Ms, Benth. I. c. p. 432. —
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n, 238.

124. L. ? rufescens, Benth. I. c. p. 432. — British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 745.

125. L. ? densiflorus, Benth. I. c. p. 433. — Banks of the
Upper Essequibo, where the pounded stem is used for poison-
ing fish, under the name of " Bastard Hiarry." Schomburgk,

n. 52 The aflanities of this genus, which though containing

many species is but imperfectly known, are fully explained
{I c. p. 433.)

Tribe Hedysare^. DC.

126. jEschynomene sensitiva, L. — British Guiana. Schom-
burgk, n. 603.

66 schomburgk's guiana plants.

127. M. ciliata, Vogel, Linncsa, XII. p. 84 — Pedrero on
the Rio Negro. Schomburgk, n. 875. — Bahia, Saltzraann.
— This species has a wide range in Brazil ; it is probably
the ^. honesta, {JSfees et MarL—DC. Prodr. II. p. 322), and
is scarcely distinguishable from the North American ^.
hispida.

128. M, {Ochqpodium) interrupta (n. sp.) ; frutescens,
ramis glabris v. vix scabro-hirtis, stipulis parvis lanceolatis
acuminatis, foliolis 6 — 8 jugis anguste obovato-oblongis ob-
tusis mucronatis glabris, racemis terminalibus v. axillaribus
folium subaequantibus, rachi scabra, calycibus glabris, legum-
inibus longiuscule stipitatis glabris membranaceis, articulis
2 — 3 latiusculis sinu lato profundo separatis. — Rio Branco.
Schomburgk, n. 803.

129. JE. paniculata, Willd. — Vogel, Linncea, XII. p. 95. —
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 181.

130. M. {Ochopodium) densiflora (n. sp.) ; herbacea v.
suffruticosa erecta, ramis piloso-hispidis et dense puberulis,
stipulis lanceolato-subulatis, foliolis 10 — 15 jugis confertis
oblongo-ellipticis obtusis mucronulatis puberulis ciliatis,
racemis brevissimis, floribus pluribus confertis, calycibus pilo-
sis bracteisque minimis, leguminibus breviter stipitatis pubes-
centibus articulis 2 profundissime partitis. — Folia 1 — Ij poll.>
foliola 2 — 3 lin. longa — Dry savannahs, British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 846.

131. M. {Ochopodium) mucronulata (n. sp.) ; herbacea,
procumbens, caulibus gracilibus ramosis Iseviter pubescenti-
bus, stipulis e basi lata obliquis glabriusculis, racemis pluri-
floris folia subaequantibuspubescentibus, leguminibus breviter
stipitatis subglabris, articulis 2 profundissime partitis. — Folia
^ — I poll., foliola vix 2 lin. longa. — Dry savannahs, British
Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 822.

1 32. M. ( Ochopodium) conferta, Benth. I. c. p. 433. — Bri-
tish Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 187.

133. JEi, hystriXf Poir. — French Guiana.

134. JE. paticijuga, DC. — French Guiana.

135. Zornia reticulata^ Sm. — Arid savannahs of the south

SCHOMBUKGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 57

chain of the Conocon Mountains, British Guiana. Schom-
burgk.

136. Z. latifolia, DC. — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n.
257.

137. Stylosanthes gracilis^ H. B. K. — Dry savannahs, Brit-
ish Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 240.

138. S. GuianensiSj Sw French' Guiana.

139. S. viscosa, Sw. — Savannahs, British Guiana. Schom-
burgk, n. 178 or 278.

140. S. angustifolia^ Vogel. — French Guiana.

141.NicholsoniaC«^ewne«st*,Z)C. — British Guiana. Schom-
burgk, n. 19. — French Guiana. — Perhaps, like N. venustata,
only a variety o^N. harbata.

142. Desmodium pachyrrhizum, Vogel. — British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 657.

143. D. elatunit H. B. K. — British Guiana, Schomburgk.
Gardner's n. 971 from Pernambuco, though less hairy, ap-
pears the same.

144. D. asperum, Desv. — French Guiana.

145. D. rubiginosum, Benth, I. c.p. 434. — Near D. asperum,
but distinct. British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 217.

146. D. ancistrocarpum, DC. — Slightly different from
D. incanum. — French Guiana and Brazil.

147. D. cajancBfoliumf DC. — Hedysarvm^ H. B. K. Nov..
Gen. et Sp. VI. p. 525, t. 598. var. ? — British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 648.

148. Clitoria Poitm, DC. — British Guiana. Schomburgk.
Panama or Western Columbia, Cuming^ n. 1141.

Gardner's n. 1551, from Ceara, is a variety o£ Clitoria
laurifolia, Poit., or perhaps a species differing from it only
in the greater length of the peduncles and the membranous
stipules. Both are remarkable from the close resemblance
of their foliage and flowers with those oi Neurocarpum cajance-
folium, from which they are scarcely to be known but by the
nerveless pods.

149. Neurocarpum longifolium, Mart, in Benth, Ann. Mus.
Vind. II. p, 116. var. — N. frigidulum, ejusd., I. c. — British

^^Journ. ofBot. Vol. II. No. 10. March, 1840. i

58 schomburgk's guiana plants-

Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 58. (fruit specimens, 1839.) — The
above two plants are but varieties of each other : the species
has an extensive range from the Essequibo to the Minas
Geraes in Brazil.

150. N. cojancBfolium, Presl, Symb. Bot. p. XVII. t 9.—
Savannahs at Anna-y. Schomburgk, n. 58. (flowering speci-
mens, 1839). — Common from the Spanish Main to Rio
Janeiro. Pernambuco. Gardner, n. 960.

151. N. Jlagellare (n. sp.); caulibus procumbentibus v,
volubilibus apice rufo-hirtis, foliolis 3 oblongo-lanceolatis
obtusis mucronulatis subcoriaceis utrinque villosulis, pedun-
culis 1 — 2-floris folium subsequantibus. — Ramus centralis
pedalis, rigidus, laterales elongati flagelliformes. Pili '"
partibus junioribus rufescentes. Petiolus 1 — 1^ poUicaris.
Foliola 1 — 2 pollicaria. Stipulae et bracteae lato-lanceolatae,
acuminatae, bracteol^e parum latiores, slipellae angustiores.
Flores perfecti in ramo centrali magnitudine ^, elUpticii
calyce villoso, corolla purpurea, vexillo basi carinaque flaves-
cente. Flores fceminei in ramis lateralibus apetali, calyce

abbreviato legumine juniore ad nervos piloso Rio Branco.

Schomburgk.

152. Cenlrosema.veriiciUatum ; cauleherbaceo glabro, ramu-
lis junioribus pedunculisque puberulis, foliolis oblongo-ellip-
ticis ovalibusve obtusis, pedunculis petiolo longioribus apice
racemosis paucifloris, bracteolis ovalibus amplis calyce triple
longioribus extus puberulis, calycis dentibus superioribus
brevissimis — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 373.— Feli-
cia 2 — 4-pollicaria. Stipellae setaceae. Bracteolae 10 lin.
longae. Vexillum sesquipollicare, latissimum.

153. C. Brasiltanum, Benth. in Ann. Mus. Find. II. P' H^'
— British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 239. — Gardner's n. 1558,
from Ceara, is a new species very near C. arenarium, which
may be thus distinguished,

(C. rigidtdum; caulefrutescente? ramis duriusculis pubescen-
tibus, foliis lanceolato-ovatis oblongisve obtusis mucronulatis
subcoriaceis glabris v. subtus leviter puberulis, pedunculis
axillaribus terminalibusve petiolo subaequilongis apice pauci-

schomburgk's gliana plants. 59

floris, bracteolis ovatis obliquis acuminatis calyce sublongi-
oribus, calycis dendbus superioribus tubo parum brevioribus,
infimo longissimo.)

154. C. macrocarpum ; caule juniore pedoHsque pilosis
demum glabrato, foliolis ovatis breviter acuminads vix cori-
aceis supra vel utrinque glabris, pedunculis pedolum subae-
quandbus apice dense plurifloris, bracteolis dentibus caly-
cinis subbrevioribus, calycibus latissimis 4-fidis, laciniis tubo
longioribus divaricatis, suprema bidentata, inferioribus ap-
proximatis. — British Guiana. Schomburgk. — Different from
C. grandijlorum, by its thinner and nearly glabrous leaves.
The beans are eaten by the Indians, according to Schomburgk,
and called Commawissi. He adds that the pods are uncom-
monly large; in the single specimen sent by him, the young
ones are nine inches long. — Gardner's n. 173, from Rio
Janeiro, is Centrosema decumhens, Mart.; his n. 356, from
the Organ Mountains, is a new species belonging to the same
division, and characterized in Taylor's Annals of Nat. History,
V. II. p. 436.

155. C. pascuorum. Mart. — Benth. Ann. Mus. Find. II. p.
120. — (3. brevipes, pedunculis petiolo dimidio brevioribus,
stipulis majoribus. — Dry savannahs. British Guiana. Schom-
burgk, n. 821. — Gardner's n. 1553, from Ceara, and Blan-
chel's n. 2721, from the Serra Jacobina, are a slight variety
of Periandra dulcis. Mart., and* the latter's No. 2555, from
the same chain, is P. coccinea, Benth.

156. Stenolobium c<^ruleum, Benth, in Ann. Mus. Find. II.

p. 125 British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 218. — A widely

diffused and apparently common plant ; besides being found
in various parts of Brazil, it is a native of St Vincent's, and
of central America. It is Cuming's n. 1097, from Panama,
and Gardner's n. 1564, from Ceara. A fourth species of
Stenolobium {S. velutinum, Benth. in Toy I. Ann. Nat. Hist p.
437) was gathered at Bahia by Saltzmann.

157. Galactia velutina; volubilis, mollissime viliosa, foliolis
3 ovalibus obtusis basi subcordatis supra vcludno subtus

60 schomburgk's guiana plants.

sericeo-villosis, pedunculis brevissimis paucifloris, laciniis caly-
cinis tubo subtriplo longioribus corolla parum brevioribus. —
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 649.

158. Collaea rosea; caule suiFruticoso erecto? tomentoso-
villoso, foliolis 3 ovali-ellipticis utrinque obtusis submucron-
atis coriaceis supra pubescentibus subtus molliter villosis,
pedunculis folio subbrevioribus interrupte racemosis, calycis
villosi laciniis lanceolatis tubo parura longioribus, veKillo glabro»
leguminibus cano-velutinis. — British Guiana. Schomburgk,
n. 261. — Near C. Neesii, and C. Martii, but not agreeing
exactly with these species ; the flowers much smaller than in
the former, and racemes much shorter. Gardner's n. 1556
is Collcpa glaucescenSy Benfh.t and his 1552, from Ceara, is a
Camptosema {Bionia, Mart.,) Campt. coccineum, (^Bionia cocci-
nea of my memoir) ; but differing in the form of the leaves
and pedicellated flowers. It may be thus characterized :

{C. pedicellatum ; fruticosum, canescens, foliis unifoliolatis
foliolo obovato oblongo v. elliptico vix acuminato coriaceo
supra glabro subtus sericeo, pedunculis folio brevioribus, pedi-
cellis dimidium calycis longitudine attingentibus longiori-
bus ve.)

159. Dioclea lasiocarpat Mart. — Benth. I. c. p. 133.^ —
Gardner's n. 970 from Pernambuco, and 1563 from Ceara,
and perhaps DoUchos comosus of Meyer's Essequibo Flora.

160. D. Guianensisy Benth. L c. p. 134. — British Guiana,
Schomburgk, n. 83 — ^.villosior; foliolis supra pubescentibus
subtus dense sericeis venis petiolisque rufescentibus. British

Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 629 Gardner's n. 1557, from

Ceara, appears to be my Dioclea rostrata, and his n. 1559 a
new Dioc/ea closely allied to D. grandi^ra, (Mart.) His
n. 353 from the Organ Mountains is Cleobtilia multifiora,
(Mart.); and n. 1562 from Ceara is Cratylia nitens, Benth.,
but with much longer racemes then in Pohl's specimens.

161. Cymbosema roseum (gen. nov.) — Rio Branco. Schom-
burgk, n. 850. — This genus is allied to Dioclea, from which
it differs in the vexillary stamen being entirely free, in the

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS- 61

oblong flowers and falcate pod. Its characters are therefore
nearer to those of the Euphaseoka, but it has entirely the
habit of Dioclece.

Chab. Gen. Cymbosema. Cal. tubuloso-campanulatus,
4-j5dus, laciniis imbricatis, suprema latiore bidentata, intus
subglobosa. Corollaepetala breviterunguiculatasubaequilonga.
Vexillurn erectum, oblongo-ovatum, coraplicato-carinatum,
ecallosum, basi marginibus inflexis biappendiculatuni. Alae
oblongae. Carina petala alls conformes dorso supra medium
connata. Stamen vexillare liberum, caetera connata. Antherae
uniformes. Discus breviter vaginifer. Ovarium subsessile
pluri-ovulatum. Stylus incurvus apice truncatus, stigmata
terrainali. Legumen oblongo-falcatum, plano-compressum,
crassiusculura, coriaceura, stylo apiculatura. Semina (non-
dum matura) transversa, compressa, hilo lineari. — Species
C. roseum. Caulis herbaceus, volubilis, pilis reflexis villosis,
demum glabratus. Foliola 3, ovali-oblonga, 3-pollicaria,
obtusa, lateralia basi subobliqua, supra et subtus ad venas
birtella. Pedunculus pedalis supra medium florifer, nodi
floriferi sessiles. Pedicelli breves. Bracteolae ovatse minutse.
Flores fere bipollicares. Calyx semi poll icar is adpresse pu-
berulus v. fere glaber. Corolla rosea, vexillo glabriusculo.
Legumen (nondum maturum) 1| — 2 poll, longum, | poll,
latum, adpresse pilosum, acumine longo rigido. — Gardner's
n. 355, from the Organ mountains, is Canevalia picta^ (Mart.)
var — Cuming's n. 1204, from Panama, is a slight var. of C.
obfusifolia, DC. — Blanchet'sn. 2748, from Utinga in the pro-
vince of Bahia, is C. Brasiliensis (Mart.), which species is
also in Saltzmann's Bahia collection.

162. A single specimen of a very fine Phaseolea, allied to
Canavalia, and somewhat to Vexillaria, perhaps a new genus,
bat too imperfect for description.

163. Phaseolus iasiocarpus, Mart, in Benth. l. c. p. 140 —
British Guiana. Schomburgk.

164. P. longipednnculatus, Mart, in Benth. I.e. p. 141, var.
a. et ^. — French Guiana.

62 schomburgk's guiana plants.

165. P. linearis, H. B. K. ? — Arid savannahs at the foot
of the Conocon Mountains. Schomburgk.

] 66. P. gracilis, Popp. in Benth. i. e. ? — Arid savannahs
about Anna-y. Schomburgk. The specimens of the three
last Phaseoli very imperfect.

167. Eriosema rufum. — Rhynchosia (Eriosema) riifa DC.
Frodr. 11. p. 388.— British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 828.

168. E. lanceolatum; caulibus basi procumbentibus appresse
pilosis apice ascendentibus rufo-barbatis, stipulis in unum
lanceolatum oppositifolium connatis, petiolis brevissimisfoliolo

•unico late lanceolato obtuso mucronato basi subcordato
supra glabro subtus ad venas appresse ferrugineo, racemis
brevibus paucifloris. — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 651.
French Guiana. — " Flowers yellow." Schomburgk.

169. E. violaceum. Rhynchosia {Eriosema) violacea, DC.
— Cytisus, Aubl. PL Guian. II. p. 766. t. 306.— British
Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 642.

170. E. crinitum. Rhynchosia {Eriosema) crinita, DC. —
Glycine, H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. VI. p. 421. t. 573.—
British Guiana. Schomburgk. Ceara, Brazil. Gardner,
n. 1549.

171. Ya. pulchellum. Rhynchosia {Eriosema) ptilchella, DC
— Glycine, H.B.K. I. c. p. 422 ? — Both the last species num-
bered (perhaps erroneously) 245, by Schomburgk.

Tribe Dalbergie^,

After my memoir of this tribe in the Vienna Annals^ had
been sent to press, a second paper of Vogel's appeared in the
LinncBQ, in which were described two new genera as belong-
ing to the tribe, viz. : — Sphinctolobium and Platy podium. Of
these, the latter is the same as my Callisemcea^ of which I
had not then seen the fruit. Owing to the delay in the pub-
lication of my memoirs, Vogel's name has the priority, and
should be substituted for mine.

The other genus, Sphinctolobium, differs only from Lon-
chornrpns in the fruit, which is thick and coriaceous, instead

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 63

of being thin and membranous, as described by Kunth from
the Lonchocarpus Domingensis and latifoUus, The Z. sericeus
belongs to Sphinctolobium, and perhaps some other species
published as Lonchocarpus. In both genera the fruit is in-
dehiscent, which I have ascertained since I published the three
species in the former part of this enumeration, and in this
respect they would both belong to Dalbergiece ; whilst on the
other hand the complete monadelphous stamens, and the
alae adherent to the wings, connect them with the frutescent
Tephrosm and other Galegem.

I had overlooked in my memoir the Semeionoiis of Schott
{LinncBtt, Littbl. v. VI. p. 55.) which he says is allied to
Dalbergia and NissoUa. But his character is so imperfect,
that the genus must yet remain among the doubtful ones.

The Lonchocarpus pferocarpus, {DC Prod. II. p. 260), is a
distinct genus, in which the fruit is membranous as in Platy-
miscium and Miscolobium, but with the addition of a wing
along the vexillary suture. I believe it to be the same plant
to which M. Riedel of Rio Janeiro has given the ms. name
of Phyllocarpus.

In a fine set of near 200 LeguminoscB, gathered by M. P.
Claussen in the neighbourhood of Caxociras do Campos, near
the Rio Francisco in the province of Minas Geraes, and com-
municated to me by Baron B. Delessert, is a second species
of the curious genus, Cyclolobiunif which enables me to com-
plete, as follows, the generic character.

Cyclolobium. Calyx late campanulatus 3-dentatus. Co-
roUse vexillum patens, unguiculatum, orbiculatum, emargi-
natum, alis parum longius; alae oblongse; carina oblonga,
subrecta, alis parum brevior, petalis dorso appressis vix
concretis. Stamina 10, vexillare liberum, caetera breviter
connexa. Antherae oblongas medifixae, loculis longitudinaliter
dehiscentibus. Ovarium stipitatum, pluriovulatum, ovulis
anatropis. Stylus subulatus, incurvus. Stigma terminale,
truncatum. Legumen stipitatum, orbiculatum, plano-com-
pressum reticulatum merabranaceum indehiscens, sutura
utfoque convexa, vexillari anguste alata, carinali nuda.

64 schomburgk's guiana plants.

Semi na 2-3 transversa,embry one recto. — FruticesBrasilienses.
Folia alterna, petiolo apice unifoliolato. Racemi axillares
V. laterales, subsimplices, solitarii v. fasciculati. Bracteae

parvae. Bracteolae minutae deciduae Species 1. C.Brasiliense

{Benth.in Ann. Mus. Vind. II./>.92); foliis(l-l^ pollicaribus)
ovato-oblongis basi rotundatis angustatisve subtus ferrugineo-
puberulis. 2. C. Clausseni (sp. n.) ; foliis (3-6-pollicaribus)
ovato-lanceolatis basi subcordatis utrinque glaberrimis.

172. Ecastophylluin Momtaria, DC, Prodr. II. p, 421.
— var. foliis 3-5-pollicaribus, acumine subpoUicari retuso.—
Frutex sarmentosus, floribus albis. — British Guiana. Schom-
burgk, n. 492. French Guiana. Herb. Richard. — This va-
riety, remarkable for the size of its leaves, was considered by
the elder Richard as a distinct species under the name of
E, mucronatum.

Ecastophyllum pubescens, of which I have received from the
Paris Museum fine specimens, gathered in Cayenne by
Martin, has the inflorescence of E. Monetaria, 9 stamina, of
which one is free and the remainder equally diadelphous, the
leaflets smaller than in most species, and the pod thin as in
E. Monetaria. Allied to it in foliage is the following new
species from the same collection : — E. foliosum; ramulis
petiolisque ferrugineo-puberulis, foliolis 5-7 alternis ovatis ob-
longisve glabris, inflorescentia subcymosa, leguminibus crassis
ovato-orbiculatis glabris. The specimens are in fruit only.

Of the next genus, Moutouchia (Aubl.), I have now ex-
amined the flowers of M. Draco, and seen the fruit of M-
Draco, M. suberosa, and a third species or variety allied to
M. suberosa, but apparently with a larger and less rugose
fruit and narrower leaflets. They are all three in the Guiana
collections in the Paris Museum, The following corrections
should be made to my description of the wings of the fruit.
" Suturavexillaris anguste coriaceo-alata, carinalis exalata, in
membranam coriaceam alaeformem expansa." It still ap-
pears desirable to separate the genus from the Asiatic
Pterocarpi, of which the African Echinodini may be a mere
section.

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 65

173. Amphymenium Rohrii, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. II. p.
380.— Pterocarpus Bohrii, Vahl,DC. Prodr. II. p. 4>IS.~-Phel-
locarpus Jioridus, Benth. in Ann. Mus. Find. II. p. 106. — Falls
of the Essequibo, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 34.
Demerara, Parker. French Guiana, Martin. Woods on the

Rio Madeira near Boiba in Brazil. Herb. Mus. Petrop

Para. Sieber, On the Amazon River, Poppig. — Amongst the
numerous specimens I have seen, mostly without fruit, it is
possible there may be more than one species ; but at present
I have not materials to distinguish them.

From not having seen the fruit, I had referred three plants
to the genus Phellocarpus, which are probably all Amphymenia:
1st. my P.^onrfMS quoted above; 2d. P. acutus, which I have
not since met with; and 3d. my P. laxiflorus from Rio Janeiro,
which is Pterocarpus {Amphymenium) violaceus. Fog. Linmea.
XI. p. 416. The latter species cannot, however, retain
Vogel's specific name, as the flowers are yellow, not violet ;
nor can it be Aublet's Acouroa violacea, which latter appears
to me to be an Ecastaphyllum. The Rio plant may therefore
take the name of Amphymenium laxifiorum.

174. Centrohbimn robustum. Mart. — Benth. Ann. Mus. Vind,
11. p. 95. — British Guiana. Schomburgk (a few pods only).
Near Rio Janeiro, Martius. Ubatuba, province of St Paul.
Guillemin.

Having now examined complete specimens of this and
another new species, I here subjoin their generic and specific
characters.

Centrolobium. Calyx incurvus, oblique turbinato-campa-
nulatus, fere ad medium 4-fidus, lacinia suprema latioreintegra
vel eniarginata. Petala subaequilonga; vexillum orbiculatum,
reflexum; alee falcato-oblongae; petala carinalia alls subcon-
formia, apice dorso connata. Stamina monadelpha, vagina
supra fissa, vexillare basi liberum. Ovarium sessile, oblongum,
obtusum, villosum, 2 — (aut 3-?) ovulatum, ovulis amphitropis.
Stylus lateralis, incurvus, hispidus, subulatus. Stigma minu-
tum terminale. Legumen subsessile, ovatum v. globosum,
spinis obtectum, sutura vexillari brevi nuda apice stylo

Vol. II._No. 10. K

66 schomburgk's guiana plants.

persistente subspinescente mucronata, carinali convexa apice
in alam oblongam v. ovato-cultriformem legumine ipso
longiorem producta, intus fungosum uniloculare. Semen
unicum, oblongo-subreniforme, radicula brevi incurva. —
Frutices scandentes, elati. Folia alterna, ampla, iinpari-
pinnata. Paniculas terminales amplse. Bracteae et bracteol®
lineares, V. subulatae. — 1. C. robustum, {Mart.); foliis glabrius-
culis, foliolis IS-IT ovato-oblongis basi oblique rotundatis
supra laevibussubtus glanduloso-punctatis, leguminibus longe
spinosisj ala falcato-oblonga. — 2. C. tomentosum, [Guillem.
Ms.); foliolis 13-17 ovato-oblongis basi oblique truncate- cor-
datis supra pubescentibus subtus rachi et panicula dense
ferrugineo-tomentosis, leguminibus breviter spinosis, ala late
falcato-ovata. — Brasilia, Guillemin. Caxoeiras do Campos,
P. Claussen.

175. Drepanocarpus inundatus, Mart. — Benih. Ann. Mus.
Find. II, p. 96. — Falls of the Essequibo and Rupunoony.
Scbomburgk, n. 520, also n. 327, the specimens in fruit,
not those in flower. French Guiana, Perottet. On the Rio
Negro. Martins. On the Amazon. Poppig.

176. D. ferox, Mart.—Benth. Ann. Mus. find. II. p. 96.—
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 267. — In these specimens,
as in Martius', the leaflets are above an inch long, and under
twenty in number.

The D. lunatus, of which I have specimens both from the
West Indies and from tropical Africa, belongs to my first
section, not to the second where I had erroneously placed it-

177. Machserium affine, Benth. Ann. Mus. Vind. II. p. 98.
— A tree from thirty to forty feet high. Woods near the
Parime and Conocon mountains. Schomburgk, n. 78.

No. 357, of Gardner's Organ mountain collection, is a
MachcBrium, allied to M. sericijhrum, {Vog.); but apparently
new.

178. M. kiophyllum, Benth. I. c.p. 100. — Nissolia leiophylla,
DC. Prodr. W.p. 258. — Sides of rivers, British Guiana ; where
it is known by the name of Boheery DiCf or Bat-flower.
Schomburgk, n. 482. French Guiana, Perrottet. — The pod

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 67

is much more falcate in this than in most species, and is an
approach to that of Drepanocarpus.

179. M. Schomburgkii (sp. n.) ; ramis petiolisque glabris,
stipulis sub-persistentibus muticis, foliolis quinis oblongis
obtuse acuminatis mucrone subulato deciduo appendiculatis
coriaceis glaberrimis v. subtus sparse pilosulis, racemis densis
brevibus subramosis, bracteis calycibus vexilloque dense seri-
ceis. — A large tree known by the name of Stikerrituribally,
furnishing a valuable wood for furniture; the flowers smell
like violets. British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 327. — Leaf-
lets two, three, or four inches long, the lateral nerves distant
and reticulate. Flowers nearly those of M. Brasiliense,
and M. erianthum.

180. M. nervosum^ Vogel^ Linneea^ XI. p. 186? — This
answers to Vogel's description in most points; yet in the
specimens before me the flowers ai'e rather large for the
genus, and the sheath of the ovarium is not so long as he
describes — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 579.

Gardner's n. 24, from Rio Janeiro, is M. ohlongifolium,
{F^')> his No. 1539, from Ceara, is a new and very distinct
species, thus characterized. M. macrocarpum ; foliolis 5 — 7
lato-ovatis retusis basi subcordatis reticulato-venosis coriaceis
glabris, panicula ramosa laxa petiolisque canescentibus, caly-
cibus pedicellatis turbinatis glabris, petalis glabris, ala carina
breviore, legumine glabro longiuscule stipitato crasso sutura
vexillari valde convexa, ala cultriforrai. — Floras primo intuitu
fere BowdichicB. Legumen cum stipite fere 4-poIlicare.

In the collections of Claussen and of the Petersburgh
Academy, are several Machceria which appear to be new, but
I have not at present sufficient materials for comparing them
with some of Dr Vogel's species.

181. Trioptolemea rjjoarm, Mart.^Benth. Ann. Mus. Find.
11. p. 103. — Cymae nunc axillares, nunc terminales panicu-
latas. — Banks of the Rio Negro. Schomburgk, n. 907.

182. T. ovata, Mart Benth. I. c, var.? foliolis angusti-

oribus. — Pirarara, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 801. —
As I have not seen the fruit, I am uncertain whether the

68 schomburgk's guiana plants.

specimen before me belongs to T. ovata, or T. montana, or
whether it may not be distinct from both, not exactly agreeing
with either in foliaofe.

Gardner's n. 1537, from Ceara, is a new species allied to
T. myriantha, but distinguished as follows : — T. pubescens,
foliolis 6 — 9 lato-ovatis obtusis retusisve coriaceis supra
glabris nitidis, subtus ad nervos petiolis rachi et ramulis fer-
rugineo-pubescentibus, cymis axillaribus paniculatis multi-
floris — This is the first, out of hundreds of specimens of
various species, in which I have seen the young fruits with the
flowers that produce them. I now perceive that I was mis-
taken in considering the genus as unisexual, the fertile flowers
being precisely similar to those which from their constant
abortion I had considered as males.

M. Guillemin has ascertained that it is chiefly the several
species of Trioptolemea, which are known in Brazil under the
name of Jacaranda, and furnish the Rosewood of our cabinet-
makers.

Of the genera Miscolobium and Platymiscnim, I have as yet
seen no Guiana specimens ; but it is probable they may both
be hereafter detected in that country, as the former has an
extensive range in Brazil, and is also found in tropical Africa,
from whence M. Guillemin has communicated to me three
Senegambian species; and I have seen Platymiscia, generally
very bad specimens, from the West Indies, as well as from
various parts of Brazil. Vogel's genus Platypodium {Callis-
ema of my memoir), appears to be confined to Brazil.

183. Deguelia scandens, Aubl. PI. Guian. II. p. 750. t. 300.

DC. Prodr. II. p. 422 On the high banks of the Quitaro.

Schomburgk, n. 564 These specimens, being in flower

only, cannot further elucidate the affinities of the genus. I
have however a specimen with ripe fruit gathered by Mr
Parker in Demerara, which has so nearly the foliage and in-
florescence of Aublet's plant, that although perhaps specifi-
cally distinct, it appears to be a congener; and if that be the
case, Deguelia is scarcely to be distinguished from my second
section of Andira.

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 69

184. Andira laurifolia, Benth. Ann. Mus. Find, II. p. 109.
— On the Rio Quitaro, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n,
587. Serra Jacobina, province of Bahia in Brazil, Blanchet,
n. 2723. Amongst Martin's Cayenne plants is Andira retusa,
(Kunth), to which is to be referred the Geoffroya pubescens^
(Rich.). Gardner's n. 1538, from Ceara, is a new species of
Andira. Blanchet's n. 2650, from the Serra Jacobina, and
Gardner's n. 964, from Pernambuco, and 1911, from Ceara,
are the Geoffroya superba, ( H. B. K.) The Geoffroyce, as now
limited, appear to be really distinct from Andira, by the
form of the calyx, the simple racemose inflorescence, the
yellow colour of the flowers, and the alternate arrangement
of the leaflets. Amongst Martin's Cayenne plants is the fol-
lowing new species. G. discolor ; foliolis 7 — 9 ovali-oblongis
acuminatis v. obtusiusculis basi obliquis glabriusculis supra
viridibus subtus canescentibus, racemis calycibusque ferru-
gineo-tomentosis, vexillo extus pubescente. Folia adulta
pedalia, foliolis 2 — 3 pollicaribus. Ramuli et petioli juniores
ferruginei, adulti glabrati.

185. Dipteryx opposiiifolia^ Willd. — DCProdr. II. p. 477.
—Taralea oppositifolia, Aubl. PI. Guian. II. p. 745. t. 298. —
A tree of fifty or sixty feet, beautifully covered with lilac
blossoms, the wood uncommonly hard. On the Rio Quitaro,
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 559. — Dipteryx pterotOy
(Mart.) is the same species as D, alata, (Vogel), published
about the same time. It occurs in many Brazilian collections.

My genus Cotnmilobium appears to be identical with Vogel's
Pterodon, although that author does not mention the petaloid
nature of the upper lobes of the calyx, and describes the
wings of the corolla as entire. His species, however, with
only 7 leaflets to the leaves, is evidently different from either
of mine'; and Blanchet's n. 2805, from, the Serra Acurua, is
a fourth species, hitherto unpublished.

Tribe Sophoreje.

This tribe forms so exactly the connecting link between the
two great Suborders of Papilionacea, and Ctesafpiniea, that the

/O SCHOMBURGKS GUIANA PLANTS.

more the species are known, the more diflficult it becomes to
draw the precise line of demarcation between the two, most of
the characters, hitherto considered as absolute, having uhi-
mately broken down when better examined. All that remains
to be done, is to combine the characters common to the great
mass of each Suborder, without giving to any one a value so
definite as to remove particular species from others with which
they are, in other respects, intimately connected. The most
important, and that which it now appears may be the most
safely trusted to, in almost every instance, is the aestivation
of the corolla, which in the Papilionacece is always regularly
papilionaceous, the vexillum overlapping the two alee and
these in their turn enclosing the carina. In Ccesalpiniece, it is
most commonly the very reverse, being what Vogel* has ap-
propriately denominated carinal, that is to say, the lower or
carinal petals enclose the alae, and the vexillum is inside oi
all. In some genera, as for instance, JExosfyles, the aestiva-
tion is regularly twisted, each petal overlapping the adjoining
one on one side, and sometimes the alae are outside instead
of the carina, the vexillum remaining inside of all. It is only
in the genus Leptolobium that some species, having a truly
papilionaceous asstivation, appear however better placed
among Ca:salpinie(B.

The character next in value, derived from the form of the
embryo and direction of the radicle, is the one to which the
most importance has been attached, and has induced the abso-
lute division oi Legwninoscs into Curvembriece and Rectembriea ;
but it is now ascertained that if rigidly followed up, this divi-
sion would be most unnatural. Taking it however merely
as a general character, it appears that the embryo is, with
very few exceptions, curved in Podalyriece^ Lotece^ Hedysarea,
Video:, and Phaseolece, in all of which the papilionaceous
corolla is also the most decided ; more or less curved or quite
straight in the Dalbergiece^ and SophorecB, which form an

See Linnaea, v. XI. p. 381, where this asstivation appears to hare
been first pointed out by Vogel.

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 71

approach to Ccesalpiniece ; and, with very few exceptions, straight
in the C(esalpini€ce. The stamens in Popilionacece ai'e almost
universally terii either united or more or less approximated in
the form of a tube round the ovary. In CcesalpiniecB^ an in-
crease or reduction in number, and anomalies in the form and
arrangement of these organs, are very frequent. The bipin-
nate leaves of some CcesalpiniecB never occur in Papilionacece,
Under these limitations the Sophorece form the last group
of Papilionacem^ with which the aestivation of the corolla
unites them; although they approach the Ccesalpiniece by their
embryo, usually straight or nearly so, by their free stamens
and by their corolla, which though Papilionaceous in aestiva-
tion, is often scarcely so in the form and proportion of the
petals. The tribe is distinguished from Podalyriece, by the
foliage ; from Hedysarece, by the pod ; from the other Papili-
onaceous tribes, by the stamens. From among the genera
included in the tribe in my above quoted memoir, Cercis
must be again rejected to the neighbourhood of Bauhinia^
where De Candolle had placed it; and Cadia, Layia, and
Gourli^a, must probably be admitted among SophorecB.

186. Bowdichia twflTor, Mart. — Benth. Ann. Mus. Vind. II.
P- 89. var. fruticosa. — A low shrub growing in rocky situa-
tions, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 640. I can find no
character but stature to separate this plant from B. major, a
tree having a very extensive geographical range and which
may be the original B. viryilwides of Kunth. My B.Jlori-
hunda may also prove a mere variety.

187. Ormosia coccineai Jacks. Trans. Soc. Linn. Lond. X.
p. 360. t. 25.— Banks of the Quitaro. Schomburgk, n. 680.
—The Brazilian specimens usually referred to O. coccinea,
are a distinct species ; probably O. niiida, Vogel.

188. A single specimen from the Pacaraima mountains, of
an Ormosia evidently distinct from O. coccinea, and apparently
new, but not in a state to describe.

189. Diplotropis nitida (sp. n.) ; foliolis 5 — 7 ovato-oblon-
&is sublanceolatisve acuminatis basi rotundatis valde coriaceis
nitidis utrinque petioloque glabris, staminibus inferioribus

72 schomburgk's guiana plants.

longioribus, legumine glabro. — Pedrero. Schomburgk, n.
896. Brasilia. Herh. Mus. Par. Borba on the Rio Negro.
Herb. Mus. Petrop. — Arbor 30 — 40 pedalis. Ramuli angulati,
verrucosi. Stipulae subpersistentes, crassse, lineares, obtusse, in-
curvse, 2 — Slin.longse. Foliola 3 — 5 pollicaria breviterpetiolu-
lata, exstipellata. Panicula terminalis, foliis brevier. Rachis
et calyces tomento brevissimo in sicco ferruginei. Bracte«
ad basin ramorum breves ovatae acutae, ad basin pedicellorum
uti bracteolas minutse dentiformes. Flores albi, odorati, vix
5 lin. longi. Vexillum glabrum obovatum. Petala inferi-
ora oblonga. Stamina suprema breviora, nee omnia alter-
natim breviora et longiora ut in D. Martini. Legumen
(nondum raaturum) ovali-oblongum, subincurvum, plano-
compressum glaberrimum, juxta suturam vexillarum utrinque
leviter nervatum.

Suborder CiESALPiNiE^.

The genera of this Suborder have been usually enumerated
with little or no method in their arrangement, many of them
being even now but very imperfectly known ; but they have
become so numerous that it is necessary to make some attempt
at grouping them, and I have therefore ventured to propose
the following tribes, in which I have placed for the present
such of the genera as I have means of examining, though there
is little doubt that a better acquaintance with some of them
may hereafter considerably modify the circumscription and
characters of one or two of the tribes.

Tribe 1. Leptolobiece. Calyx plerumque campanulatus
5-fidus. Petala quinque, parum inaequalia. Stamina 1^
fertilia, parum inaequalia, declinata vel divergentia. Ovarii
stipes a calyce liber. Folia simpliciter abrupte vel subiro-
paripinnata. — Genera: Leptolobium,Yog.', Sclerolobiuniy Vog-'.
Acosmium, Schott ; Zuccagnia, Cav.; HcBmatoxylon, Linn.;
Poppigia, Presl ; Parkinsonia, L.

Tribe II. EuccesalpinieeB. Calyx 5-fidus v. saepius 5-pai-
titus. Petala quinque, parum inaequalia. Stamina 10 fertilia,
parum declinata. Ovarii stipes a calyce liber. Folia bipinnata.

SCHOMBTJRGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 73

—Genera Gymnocladus^ Linn.; Guilandina, Linn. ; Poinciana,
Linn.; Coulteria, Humb. et Kunth; Ccasalpinia, Linn.; Pel-
tophorum, Vog. ; Schizolobium, Vog, ; Mezoneurum, Desf.;
Pterolobium, Br. ; Colvillea, Boj. (ex ic. et descr.) Clado-
trichium,Yog. ; Hoffinameggia, Cav.; Pomaria^ Cav.; Melano-
sticta, DC— Genus Moldenhawera, Schrad., hinc EuccBsal-
pinieis, hinc Cdssieis, v. Amherstieis affine est.

Tribe in. Ca5sie«. Calyx 5-partitus. PetalaS. Stamina
vix perigyna, 10 vel pauciora, nonnuUa sgepius difFormia v.
deficientia. Antherae saepius magnse oblongae v. quadrano-u-
lares, apice v. rarins foramine basilari dehiscentes. Ovarii

stipes liber. Folia abrupte v. rarius subimpari-pinnaia

Genera Cassia, L. ; Labichea, Gaudich. ; Dicorynia, Benth.

Tribe IV. SwartziecB. Calyx valvatim dehiscens, nunc
irregulariter rumpens, nunc usque ad basin in lacinias 4 — 5
subaequales fissus. Petala 5 vel pauciora, ssepe unicum vel
nullum. Stamina indefinita, nunc pauca numerosissima,
?ubaequalia v. valde inaequalia dissirnilia, cum petalis subhy-
pogyna v. rarius distincte perigyna. Folia impari-pinnata
1-pluri-foliolata. Bracteolaessepius nullae. — Genera Martiusiay
Benth.; Zollernia, Nees et Mart.; Swartzia, Willd. ; Cor^
dylOf Lour. ; Allania^ Benth.

Tribe V. Amherstiece. Calyx basi tubulosus persistens,
iaciniis 4 — 5 concavis imbricatis per anthesin reflexis v. deci-
cluis. Petala 5 v. pauciora saepe unicura. Stamina 10 v,
s*pius pauciora v. plura, nonnulla v. omnia saepius longissima
'n alabastro replicata. Ovarii stipes cum calycis tubo uno
iatere saspius connatus. Folia abrupte v. rarissime impari-
pinnata pluri-juga. — Genera, Brownea, Jacq.; Elizabelha,
^c^omh. ; Heterostemon, Desf . ; Amherstia, Wall.; Jpnesia,
Roxb.; Humboldtia, Vahl. ; Scholia, Jacq. ; Theodora, Medik. ;
Afzdia, Sm. ; Eperua, Aubl. ; Parivoa, Aubl. ; Campsiandra,
Benth.; Tachigalia, Aubl. ; Exostyles,* Schott.; Melanoxylon,

* This is a somewhat anomalous genus, especially in the great regularity
w the stamens ; I do not however find the regularly twisted aestivatioa
ngured by Endiicher in his Atahta ; in my specimens, the upper petal »
Constantly overlapped by both the adjoining ones. ^

Vol. II.— No. 10. I,

74 schomburgk's guiana plants.

Schott; {Perittium, Yog.;) TaTnarindm,l^\nn.; Oulea, Auhl.;
Anthonota, P. de Beauv. ; Intsia^ Pet. Thou. ; Vouapa, Aubl.;
Peltogyne, Vog. ; Trachylobium, Hayne ; Hymenaa, Linn.

Tribe VI. Bauhinie<B. Calyx basi tubulosus subpersistens
limbi laciniis nunc elongatis subvalvatis nunc parvis denti-
formibus. Petala 5. Stamina 10 v. pauciora. Ovarii stipes
liber v. connatus. Folia constantia foliolis 2 nunc omnino
liberis nunc onjoino v, partira margine interiore nerviformi
connatis, rarius unifoliolata — Genera Casparia, Kunth ;
Bauhinia, Linn. ; et genera duo v. tria Asiatica ab ea separ-
anda; Schnella, Raddi ; Etaballia, Benth.; Cercis, Linn.

Tribe VIL CynometrecB. Calyx 4 — 5 partitus, laciniis im-
bricatis per anthesin reflexis. Petala 4 — 5 subsequalia v.
saepius nulla. Stamina 10 v. pauciora, aequalia v. parum
inaequalia. Ovarium subsessile uni- vel bi-ovulatum, stipite
libero. Legumen monospermum vel dispermum. Folia I-

plurijuga abrupte vel rarius subimpari-pinnata Genera

Cynometra, Linn.; Hardwickia, Roxb. ; Copaifera, Linn.;
Dialium, Linn. ; (Codarium Soland.) ; Apuleia, Mart.; Deta-
rium, Juss ; Crudya, Willd.

Tribe Y III. Dimorphandrece. Calyx campanulatusaequalis
5-dentatus. Petala 5 subaequalia. Stamina 10, 5 fertilia
aequalia, alterna sterilia. Folia simpliciter vel bi-pinnata.
Flores dense spicati spicis paniculatis. — Genera, Mora,
Benth.; Dimorphandra, Schott.

Genera incertae sedis Acrocarpus, Am. ; Ceratonia, Linn.

Genera papilionacea ab auctoribus inter Caesalpinieas
enumerata ad Sophoreas amandentur. — Genus Gleditschidi
forte ad Mimoseas, nisi G. Caspica, quae vix caeteris congener
videtur, et verosimiliter genus novum Ceratonits affine-

Sequentia mihi incognita sunt : Palovea, Aubl.; Vaiairea,
Aubl. ; Amaria^ Mut. ; Metrocynia, Thou. ; Anemia^ Lour. ;
Baryxylunif Lour. ; Aloexylon, Lour.

Tribe Leptolobie^.

190. Leptolobium nitens, Vogel, Linncea, XL p. 394. ? —
A tree of forty to fifty feet in height. — Falls of the Essequibo

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 75

and Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 526 — This only differs
from Vogel's description in the number of leaflets, which in
Schomburgk's specimens are usually nine.

191. Hoematoxylum Ca?npechianum, Linn. — DC. Prodr,
II. p. 485. — French Guiana. Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 8.

Cuming's n. 1304, from Panama, appears to be Presl's Pop-
pigia procera; Blanchet's n. 2667, and 2796, from the pro-
vince of Bahia, are a second species. The pod in the genus
is broadly linear, flat, membranous, straight, with a narrow
membranous wing along the upper or vexillary suture.

There are no EuccEsalpiniem in the Guiana collections
before me. Gardner's n. 1277 and 1288 appear to belong to
the genus Ccesalpinia; his n. 1279, from the same country,
is Peltophorum Vogelianum, (mihi); or Ceesalpinia dubia,
Spreng. and Fogel, Linnma, XL/?. 406, and Ceasalpinia Brasilia
ensis of many authors as to the Brazilian station. The Ccssal-
pinia Brasiliensis, from Jamaica, is a second species of the
genus Peltophorum (Brasilettia^ DC); as it appears not to
be a Brazilian plant, it may be called Peltophorum Linntsi.

There are one or two distinct East Indian genera, con-
founded under Ccesalpinia^ but It would lead too far to enter
into them in this place.

Tribe Gassier.

192. Cassia moschata, ffumb. et Kunth Fogel, Si/n. Cass.

W- 2. — " Tree of twenty to thirty feet. Pod like that of
C. Jistula, but much longer." — British Guiana. Schom-
burgk, n. 894. — The Cassia ferrugineuy Schrad. and Vogely
^yn. n. 1. var. jS., appears to me to be the plant common in
Brazil described by Vogel, (n. 13), under the name of C.
staminea. It has a cylindrical smooth pod.

Among Claussen's plants, is a species like it in foliage, but
^vith the flowers and fruit of C. Humboldtiana, DC, ( Vogel,
«• 14.) This. is what I take to be C. excelsa, Schrad. Gard-
ner's n. 1912, from Ceara, is closely allied to it, but appar-
ently a different species.

193. C. bacillaris, Linn Vogel. Syn. n. 15. — Woods near

the Parima mountains. Schomburgk. n. 94 and 614.

76 schomburgk's guiana plants.

194. C. latifolia, W. Mey. Prim. Fl. Esseq. p, 166.— A
single very imperfect specimen; but easily recognisable by
the large persistent broadly cordate foliaceous stipules. On
the upper Essequibo. Schomburgk.

195. C. {Chamcefistula), undulata (sp. n.) ; fruticosa, foli-
olis bijugis falcatc-oblongis ovatisve insequilateris acuminatis
margiue undulatis supra glabris nitidis, subtus minute puber-
ulis, glandula oblonga substipitata inter utrumque par, pani-
cula terminali, legumine subtereti dehiscente. — Frutex
10 — l2-pedalis. Ramiglabri, teretes. Stipulae lanceolato-
falcatse, acutissimge membranacese subpersistentes. Petiolus
2 — 3-pollicaris, glaber v. linea pilosa notatus, seta termina-
tus. Foliola paris ultimi 2 — 3 pollicaria, basi inaequaliter
angustata, paris inferioris dimidio minora basi rotundata*
omnium longiuscule acuminata, acumine obtuso cum mucro-
ne. Panlcula densa brevis. Sepala obovata, membranacea,
vix puberula. Petalacalyce duplo longiora aurantiaca, reti-
culato-venosa, extus puberula. Stamina sterilia minuta.
Ovarium pubescens. Stigma magnum. Legumen 4 — 6-
pollicare, subteres, fuscum, prope suturam vexillarem utrin-
que angustissime subulatun>, ad suturam snbdehiscens. Semi-
na omnia horizon talia. — Woods skirting the savannahs.
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 86. — Trinidad, Lockhart.

Gardner's n. 368, from the Organ mountains, is a less hairy
variety of C. hijuga, {Vogel); his n. 1568, from Ceara, is a
Chamajistula, perhaps new, allied to C. striata.

196. C. chrpsotricha, Collad.~Vog. Syn. n. 50.— British
Guiana. Schomburgk. — French Guiana, Leprieur, Serh.
Par. n. 53.

197. C. multijuga. Rich. Ann. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par. p. 108.
— C. calliantha^ W. Mey. Prim. Fl. Esseq. p. 169. — Banks of
the Essequibo and Rupunoony, British Guiana. Schom-
burgk, n. 522 This is a handsome tree, allied to, but spe-

cidcaliy distinct from, C. Selloi. The latter species is fre-
quently sent from the neighbourhood of Rio Janeiro, and
varies much in the number of the interfoliaceous glands. I*
is Gardner's n. 366, from the Organ mountains, and I cannot
distinguish from it C. magnijica, of Marti us. Gardner's n.

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 77

367 is closely allied to it, but appears different. His n.
1575, from Ceara, is also new.

198. C. TrinitatiSy Reichb. — Vogel^ Syn. n. 153. — Pedrero,
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 895.

1 99. C. obtusifolia, Linn, — /3. nniglandulosa, Vog. Syn. n.
45. — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 843. — Gardner's n.
1570, from Ceara, is C. sericea, Sw, — C. ramiflora^ of Vogel,
(Syn.n. 165,) is evidently the same species as C. Apoucouitaoi
Aublet, a plant which I have seen from many parts of Brazil,
and, as I believe, from French Guiana, though it be not in
the Guiana collection now before me.

200. C. {Baseophyllum), polystachya (sp. n.); ramis foliis-
que glabris, foliolis trijugis ovato-ellipticis orbiculatisve
retusis basi oblique cordatis coriaceis nitidis, glandula pe-
tiolari magna infra par infimum et nonnunquam prope par
supremum, racemis axillaribus terminalibusque,ovario glabro,
stylo apice incrassato,stigmate penicillato. — Arbor 30-pedalis.
Petioli 3 — 4-pollicares, seta decidua terminali, uti foliola
glaberrimi Iseves. Glandulae magnse, oblongse, verrucaeformes.
Stipulas non vidi. Foliola 1^ — 2i poll, rigida, basi valde
Inaequalia. Pedunculi folio parum longiores, simplices v.
subramosi, apice minute puberuli. Pedicelli demum polli-
cares. Bracteae parvae ante anthesin deciduse. Sepala brevia
ovato-orbiculata, ciliata. Petala ampla glabra. Stamina
10, fertilia. Antherae subsequales apice breviter birimosae,
utrinque linea longitudinali pilosa notatae. Ovarium sub-
sessile pluri-ovulatum, stylo incurvo, supra ovarium non
attenuate, dein incrassato apice oblique truncato stigmatifero

^t penicillato. Legumen lato-lineare, subrectum, planocom-
pressum, rigide coriaceum, circa 3 poll, longum, nigrum,
suturis incrassatis, bivalvatim dehiscens, uniloculare. Semina
verticalia, transversa, obovata, funfculo brevi, e basi lata

subtereti British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 621. — This is

evidently a second species of De CandoUe's section Baseo-
'pkyflum, which, with the stamina of Vogel's Lasiurhegma^
has the fruit nearly of Psilorhegma; but is certainly distinct
from both.

T8 schomburgk's guiana plants.

The three following new Brazilian species, remarkable
for their very coriaceous strongly-nerved leaflets, belong also
probably to Baseophyllum, though I have not yet seen the
fruit of either.

C. Blancheti ; glaberrima, petiolo brevissimo glandula
verrucseformi, foliis I — 2-jugislateorbiculatis reniformibusve
retusis basi insequalibus rigidis,racemis brevibus terminalibus,
pedicellis elongatis glabris, sepalis obtusis, ovario glabro,
stigmate nudo. — Petiolus saepius vix lineam longus, foliolis
1-jugis sessilibus, nonnunquam dum foliola bi-juga 2 — 3 lin.
longus. Foliola | — 1 poll, longa, 1 — 1^ poll, lata — Serra
Jacobina, Blancbet, n. 2649.

C. brachystachya i glaberrima, petiolo brevi glandula verru-
caeformi, foliolis bijugis obovato-rhombeis valde obliquis rigi-
dis, paris infimi cauli approximatis basi oblique truncatis,
supremis basi insequaliter cordatis, racemis brevibus termina-
libus, pedicellis elongatis glabris, ovario glabro, stigmate
nudo — Tejuco, Herb. Acad. Petrop.

C. coriacea {Bongard, Ms.); procumbens, glaberrima,
foliolis 1 — 2-jugis a caule distantibus obovatis obtusis basi
cuneatis rotundatisve parum obliquis crassis rigidis, glandula
ovata verrucaeformi infra par infimum, pedicellis elongatis ter-
minalibus brevissime subracemosis, sepalis acutiusculis, ovario
glabro. — Inter Serra del Frio et Cachoeira, Herb. Acad.
Petrop.

201. C.hispida, Collad. Mon. Cass. p. 1 18. — British Guiana.

Schomburgk, (n. 269 in my set, but not in all) French

Guiana. Leprieur.

202. C. lotoides, Humb. et Kunth. — Vogel, Syn. n. 172.
Savannahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 64, (in part),
Bahia, Salzmann. — The form of the leaves in the two last
species is very different, but there appears to be some confu-
sion in the synonymy.

203. C. {Absus) leiantha (sp. n.) ; foliolis bijugis obovatis
orbiculatisve ramis pedicellis floribus et legumine glaberrimis
Iffivibus, stipulissubulatis persistentibus, racemis terminalibus.
— This was sent by Schomburgk in some collections under

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 79

n. 64 ; but it is a smaller plant than C. lotoides, with slender
pedicels and rather smaller flowers, and the total absence of
glandular hairs on any part of the plant is too much at vari-
ance with that species to admit of uniting the two.

204. C. viscosa, Humb. et Kunth. — Vogel, Syn. n. 174. —
Savannahs and edges of woods, British Guiana. Schom-
burgk, n. 186.

Allied to C. fagonioides, Vogel, is the following new spe-
cies from the dry Campos on the Rio Pardo in Brazil ;

C. Camporum, suffruticosa, ramis adscendentibus, petiolis
pedicellisque viscoso-hispidis, foliolis bijugis parvis ovalibus
obtusis utrinque glabris margine gland uloso-ciliatis, stipulis
minutJssimis, racemis terminalibus, sepalis hispidulis, legu-
minibus hispidis — Petioli longiores, foliola minora quam in
C.fagonioide. — Communicated by the Imperial Petersburgh
Academy.

The following is perhaps nearer allied to C. cuneifoliaf
(Vogel.)

C. decumbens, suffruticosa, ramis foliisque glaberrimis sti-
pulis setaceis persistentibus, foliolis (^-pollicaribus,) 2 — 3-
jugis late obovatis emarginatis coriaceis praeter nervam cen-
tralem subaveniis, racemo terminali simplici glanduloso-his-
pido, sepalis membranaceis dorso subsetosis, leguminibus
viscosis setoso-hispidis. — Brasilia, Pohl.

In Claussen's collection is the C. setosa, (Vogel), a fine
species, which may be the same as C. barbata, (Nees et Mart.),
and three remarkable new species having like it paniculate
flowers and coriaceous leaves, viz. : —

C. orbiculata; ramis petiolisque viscoso-punctatis birtellisve,
foliolis bijugis orbicularibus glabris coriaceis margine incras-
sato glanduloso-punctato, racemis terminalibus paniculatis
viscosis, legumine viscoso leviter pubescente. — AflBne etiam
^. cotinifolice, foliola 2 — 3 poll, diametro.

C. Clausseni, ramis petiolisque glaberrimis subglaucis, foli-
olis 2 — 3-jugis ovatis acutiusculis mucronatis glaberrimis
coriaceis rigidis, racemis terminalibus paniculato-ramosis,
fachi pedicellisque viscoso-puberulis, calyce membranaceo

80 schomburgk's guiana plants.

subglabro, legumine viscoso AfBnis praecedenti et forsap

C, ochracecB. — Foliola circa 1^ polHcaria.

C. exsudans; ramis petiolisque pube brevi viscosissim^
obtectis, foliolis subtrijiigls ovatis oblongisve obtusis reflexo-
mucronatis basi valde insequalibus semicordatis subcoriaceis
supra glabris viscoso-tuberculosis subtus pube densa tomen-
tosis, race mis terminalibus paniculatis viscoso-villosis, bracteis
minutls, calycibus viscoso-pubescentibus, legumine pubescente.
— Affinis C crenulatce et C setosce.

Amongst the multijugous Absi with coriaceous leaves, the
four following are new and remarkable species, all from
Pohl's Brazilian collection.

C. crenulata; fruticosa, ramis foliisque glabris, foliolis
(1 — 1^ pollicaribus) 6 — 8-jugis ovalibus obovatisve obtusis
coriaceis margine incrassato minute crenulato, racemis termi-
nalibus paniculatis glabris glutinosis, sepalis membranaceis
dorso glutinosis, ovario glabro viscoso.

C. densifoUa ; fruticosa, ramis petiolisque glaberrinjis
glaucis, foliolis (6 — 10-linearibus) 5 — ^7-jugis ovatis obtusis
basi subcordatis reticulatis subcoriaceis glabris, racemis in
panicula oblonga terminali dispositis viscosis subglabris,
bracteis minutis, sepalis membranaceis glabriusculis, legumine
(juniore) hispido.

C. decrescens; suffruticosa? erecta^stricta, ramis foliisque
glabris, foliolis (4 — 2-linearibu3) 20 — 25-jugis ovato-lanceo-
latis oblongisve acutis mucronatis coriaceis, stipulis rigidis
setaceis, racemis terminalibus subramosis glutinoso-hispidulisj-
bracteis minutis, sepalis membranaceis viscosis subhispidis*
legumine viscoso-pubescente. — From Rainho.

C. Pohliana; suffruticosa? ramis petiolisque pubescentibus
viscosis, foliolis (4 — 2-linearibus) 30 — 40-jugis ovali-oblongis
obtusis basi inaequilateris utrinque pubescentibus, racemo
terminali subsimplici viscoso-villoso, bracteis parvis setaceis,
calycibus leguminibusque viscoso-villosis— At Paracatu in
the Serra do Chrystais.

I have also two or three new species of the same section
Absus, allied to C. pachycalyx, (Vogel,) but they require too

SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. 81

much detail in their description and comparison with allied
species for insertion here.

205. C. diphylla, Lain. — Fopel^ Syn. n. 187 — Rocks of
Aniparo on the Essequibo, and savannahs of the Upper
Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 21. French Guiana, Leprieur,
Herb. Mus. Par. w. 50.

206. C. cuUrifolia^ Humb, et Kunth. — Vogel, Syn. n. 188. —
Dry savannahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 4.01.

207. C. uniflora, Spreng — Vogel, Syn.n. 191. — Dry savan-
nahs of the Rupunoony. Schomburgk.

•208. C. rarnosa, Vogel, Syn. n. 195. — Savannahs of the
Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 190. Also Pernambuco, Gard-
ner, n. 988, and in Pohl's, Mikan's, Salzmann's, LangsdorfF's,
and other Brazilian collections — The petiolar gland is so very
variable in the length and thickness of the stipes, that I am
inclined to think this plant is but a variety of the S. uni-

flora^ in which the gland is entirely sessile Gardner's n.

1574, from Ceara, is C. curvifolia, (Vogel.)

I have many new Brazilian species of this section Xerocalyx,
and some very distinct Chamcecristce ; but the published species
of these two groups are so numerous and often so much alike,
that I do not venture to add any without detailed compara-
tive descriptions too long for the present paper- Gardner's
n. 26 from Rio Janeiro, and 967 from Pernambuco, are the
C. rotundifolia, Pers., or C. hifoliolata, Collad., correctly
referred to it by Vogel. — This, with the following species,
and the other Chamcecrist(B with large stipules and few leaf-
lets, form a little group, which with the habit of Xerocalyx,
has the calyx of Chamcccrista.

209. C. {Chamcecrista) flipes (sp. n.) ; caule petiolisque
piloso-pubescentibus, stipulis late cordato-lanceolatis ciliatis,
foliolis unijugis oblique obovato-oblongis semiovatisve obtu-
sis glabris, pedicellis 1 — 3 folium subsequanlibus subglabris,
calycibus pilosis, legumine pubescente. — Herba annua bipe-
dalis, ramis numerosis. Stipulse 5 — lOlin. longae multinerviae,
subpeliucidae. Foliola circa pollicem longa, valde inaequi-
latera, plurinervia, nervis accessoriis omnibus a basi exteriori

Vol. JI No. 10. M

82 schomburgk's guiana plants-

nervi medii ortis,apice obtusa v. retusa, margine piano. Pedi-
celli filiformes, supra medium bracteolis 2 alternis parvis
lanceolato-subulatis instruct!. Sepala membranacea dorso
pilosa. — Savannahs, about Fort St Joaquim. Schomburgk,
n. 787.— Near C. bauhinmfolia^ (Humb. et Kunth), but the
leaves are perfectly smooth and not waved on the margin.

210. C prostrata, Humb. et Bonpl Voyely Syn. n. 215. —

Dry savannahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 840. —
Bahia, Salzmann.

211. C. flavicoma, Humb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. v. VI. p-
366? — British Guiana, Schomburgk, n. 1T6. — Vogel is pro-
bably right in considering this as one of the numerous forms
of C. glandulosa.

212. C. patellaria, DC. Vogel, Syn. n. 241. —French Gui-
ana. Leprieur, Herb. Par. «. 11.

213. C. ^sqhynomene, DC. Vogel, Syn. n. 240 British

Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 683.

214. C. Parkeriana, DC. Vogel, Syn. n. 242 C. Otter-

beynii, W. Mey, Prim. PI. Esseq. p. 1 69 ? — Borders of Lake
Amuca. Schomburgk, n. 720. Demerara. Parker.

215. Cflexuosa, L. — Vogel, Syn. n. 252 British Guiana.

Schomburgk, n. 59. — Pernambuco. Gardner, n. 989 ; and
in several other Brazilian collections.

In the Paris herbarium, there is a singular plant received
from Para, which forms so distinct a genus of the tribe
Cassiets, connecting it on the one hand with Swartztea:,
through Martiusia, of which it has in some measure the
habit, and on the other with some of the Amherstiece, with a
shortened calycine tube, that I subjoin the generic character
with a short description.

DicoRYNiA. — Calyx ad basin partitus, laciniis 3 concavis
valde imbricatis integris vel duabus apice bifidis. Petala 5,
aestivatione imbricata, 2 exteriora sepalis subconformia,
supremum late orbiculatum unguiculatum, lateralia oblique
orbiculata breviter unguiculata. Stamina 2 inaequilonga,
filamentis crassis, antheris crassissimis apice rima dehiscenti-
bus. Ovarium sessile pauciovulatum. Stylus incurvus

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 83

acutus, stigmate minuto. — Species unica : D. Paraensis.
Arbor ? Rami glabri. Stipulas non vidi. Folia glabra
abrupte v. impari-pinnata. Petiolus subteres, semipedalis.
Foliola 2-3-juga petiolulata, pleraque opposita, ovata, obtuse
acuminata, 3-5-polIicaria, basi rotundato-subcordata, pen-
ninervia, coriacea, supra nitida. Panicula terminalis, sub-
cymosa, foliis brevior, multiflora. Pedicelli 4-6-lin.5 uti rachis
paniculae ferrugineo-tomentosi. Nee bracteas nee bracteclas
vidi. Calycis tubus subnullus. Sepala 4 lin. longa concava,
subcoriacea,intus glabra (colorata?), extus adpresse ferrugineo-
pubescentia. Petala 2 exteriora antica cum sepalis diutius
persistentia et illis adeo similia ut calycem 5-sepalum haberes,
tamen e basi interiore calycis oriuntur et angustiora et minus
coriacea sunt. Vexilium 4 lin. latum stipite sesquilineari.
Alffi inter formas vexilli et petalorum inferiorum mediae.
Stamina glabra. Antherae 2 lin. longas, 1| lin. crassae,
biloculares, filamento altero 1^ lin. altero fere 4 lin. longo.
Ovarium tomentosum, apice attenuatum, stylo glabro. Legu-
nien paullo post anthesin subovatum evadit, nervo utrinque
notatum ; adultum non vidi.

Tribe Swaktzie-s;.

The few species o{ Swarf zia j5rst known, appeared so dif-
ferent from any other genera then described, that they have
hitherto been generally considered as forming a distinct sub-
order among Leguminosce ; but the addition of four genera,
and a considerable number of species, of which forty-three
or forty-four are now known, seems to have determined the
place of the group as one of the tribes of Casalpiniete. In the
three genera Martiusiay ZoUemia^ and Aliania, in which the
number of petals is complete, although the aestivation be very
irregular, I have never seen it papilionaceous. Usually one
or both the lateral petals is outside, sometimes, however, the
"Pper petal overlaps one of them on one side ; and, in one
flower, I found the upper petal entirely outside, as in Papi-
lionacetE, but then the others regularly overlapped each other
by one side. All these irregularities are peculiar to Ccesal-

84 schomburgk's guiana plants.

piniece. Where again in Swartzia, there is but one large
petal, it is similar in form and situation to the single petal of
many AmherstiecB. The stamina of Martiusia, and of Zolier-
nia, are not unlike those of Cassiece, and in their insertion
they are scarcely more hypogynous than in that tribe, whilst
in Cordyla and Allania, they are decidedly perigynous; their
number in Swartzia^ Cordyla^ and Allania, is much beyond
that of any other CeBsalpiniece^ out when once the number
ten is exceeded, (as in several Amherstiece,) no reliance can
be placed on this character. The dehiscence of the calyx is
remarkable; but the connexion in this respect through
Martiusiasindi 2o//ern^■a, with Poinciana among Euccesaipiniea,
and with many Bauhinie(S and Cynometriece^ is very gradual.
216. Martiusia excelsa. Gen. Nov. — On the Essequibo,
Rupunoony, and Quitaro. Schomburgk, n. 49 and 389.

Martiusia. Char. Gen. Calyx valvatim 5-partitus,
laciniis per anthesin reflexis deciduis. Petala 5, aestivatione
irregulariter imbricata, oblonga, supremo latiore ssepius
interiore. Stamina pauca (4) subhypogyna, filamentis bre-
vissimis, antheris crassis oblongis, longe acuminatis, apice
biporosis. Ovarium sessile glabrum pauciovulatum, stylo
longo incurvo, stigmate minuto terminali. Legumen . • . •
Species unica 31. excelsa. Arbor 50-pedalis. Rami glabri.
Folia alterna, glabra, impari-pinnata. Stipulse crassiusciilse,
lineari-subulalEe, deciduae. Foliola 5, alterna, ovali-elliptica,
obtusa V. breviter acuminata, basi subcordata, 3-5-pollicaria,
coriacea, penninervia, supra nitida, subtus opaca. Panicula
terminalis ramosissima, floribunda. Bracteae et bracteolse in
speciminibus nullee, forte delapsse. Alabastra 10 lin. longa,
obliqua, basi supra gibba, longe acuminata. Calyx crassus*
extus uti pedicelli et rachis raeemorum velutino-tomentosus
rufescens, per anthesin a basi ad apicem in valvas 5 rumpens.
Petala crocea glabra, poUicaria, subaequilatera, patentia, basi
in unguem brevem angustata. Antherae insequales 6-8 lin.
longae saepissime 4, interdum vero 3 tantum. Ovarium breve
in stylum gradatim attenuatum.

Thegenus Martitma, or Martia of Leandro di Sacramento,

SCHOMBURGK S GUIANA PLANTS. 85

was founded only on an accidentally abnormal state of Neu-
rocarpum ellipticum, and the Mexican plant, since added as a
second species, is a Galactia in the same abnormal apetalous
state so common among Leguminosce. I am therefore truly
happy to be enabled to dedicate this beautiful tree to the cele-
brated traveller and naturalist whose name is so intimately con-
nected with the history, both physical and moral, of so large
a portion of the South American continent. The Martiusia
excelsa, belongs unquestionably to SwartziecBj and is nearly
allied to Zollernia, but it also tends to connect that tribe with
CassiecB, of which it has in some measure the corolla and
stamina. The calyx is also more regular in its dehiscence,
though still valvular.

217. Swavtzia triphi/lla, Willd. Spec. II. />. 1220 Possira

arborescens, Aubl PI. Guian. II. p. 934. t. 'dbb.—Sw. parvi-
Jhra, DC. Leg. Mem. p. 403, t 60 ?-.Banks of the river

Parine near the Meretani mountains, Schomburgk

Although my single specimen has the leaves usually ternate,
It has also two or three unifoliate leaves with a very short
petiole ; and in De CandoUe's figure, there is one trifoliate
leaf with a winged petiole. I am therefore induced to refer
here the synonym of De Candolle above quoted.

Vogel is evidently right in referring Riveria nitens of
Kunth, to SwartziOy and it appears very near to S. triphylla,
" not the same species.

218. S. (Possira) grandifolioy (Pongard Us.) ; petioloapice
subulato, foliolis 9 — 13 amplis oblongis obtusis acuminatisve
supra pubescentibus subtus petiolis ramisque rufo-velutinis,
racemis plurifloris, calyce crassissimo velutino quadrifido,
petalo magno extus sericeo, staminibus majoribus circa 12,
tnmoribus numerosissirais,ovano villoso, stylo elongatoglabro.

■ — Arbor 20 — 30-pedalis. Folia 1 — 2-pedalia. Foliola paris
mferioris 2 — 3-pollicaria, majora ssepe semipedalia crassius-
cula mollia. Petiolus inter foliola superiora alatus, inter
mferiora angulato-teres. Racemi rameales, semipedales,
simplices v. subramosi. Bracteae breves ovatae crassae. Pedi-
telli crassi, 6 — 12 lin. longi, supra medium bracteolis 2 par-

86 schomburgk's guiana plants.

vis crassis alternis v. oppositis instructi. Calyx globosus,
striatus, per anthesin in valvas 4 crassissimas fere ad basin
rumpens. Petalum sesquipollicem latum. Stamina glabra.
— Barcellos on the Rio Negro, and on the Rio Parine.
Schomburgk, n. 914. Received also from the Petersburgh
Academy from the Rio Negi'o.

The larger stamina observable in several Swartzias, have
been supposed to be the transformation of the four lower
petals of a papilionaceous corolla; but their number in this
and some other species, the gradual manner in which they
pass into the smaller ones in some cases, and the circum-
stance that, where few, their number is usually odd, not even,
are facts that seem to militate against that supposition.

219. S. {Possira) latifolia (sp. n.) ; petiolo aptero, foliolis
5 — 7 late obovatis orbiculatis ellipticisve obtusissimis coria-
ceis glabris supra nitidis subtus pallidis venosis ad venas sub-
tomentosis, racemis ramealibus fasciculatis calycibusque fer-
rugineis, petalo glabro calyce duplo longiore, ^staminibus
majoribus 5 — 6 minoribus numerosis, ovario tomentoso, stylo
brevi, stigmate capitato. — Arbor 20 — 30-pedalis. Foliola
4 — 5-poll. v. paris inferioris 2 — 3-poll. lata. Stipulse breves
crassae falcatae. Racemi breves numerosi floribundi. Calycis
piso communi parum majores. Bracteolae nullae. — Dry
savannahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n, 724.

The four following new Swartzias^ are all from the neigh-
bourhood of Borba in Brazil, and were communicated to me
by the Imperial Academy of Petersburgh.

S. laxijlora, {Bongard Ms.); stipellis breviter decurrentibus
petiolis caeterum nudis ramulisque ferrugineo-pubescentibus,
foliolis 9 — 11 oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis basi subangus-
tatis supra glabris nitidis subtus ferrugineo-pubescentibus,
racemis laxis reflexis 3 — 5-floris, pedicellis apice bracteolatis
calycibusque coriaceis ferrugineis, petalo calyce duplo majore
extus villoso, staminibus majoribus circa 15, minoribus
numerosissimis liberis, ovario longe stipitato velutino, stylo
longiusculo— Foliola 2— 2| v. vix 3 poll, longa. Calyces
4 — 5 lin. diametro.

SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. 87

S. laurifolia; petiolo aptero glabro, foliolis oblongo-ellip-
ticis subovatisve obtusis v. brevissime et retuse acurainatis
utrinque glabris coriaceis supra nitidis, racemis muitifloris
calyceque coriaceo-ferrugineis, bracteolis nullis petalo calyce
plus duplo longiore glabriusculo, staminibus majoribus 5,
minoribus numerosissimis longe monadelphis, ovario tomen-
toso, stylo brevi. — Foliola 3 — 3^ poll, longa. Racemi semi-
pedales. Calyces fere 3 lin. diametro.

S. corrugata; petiolo aptero glabro v. leviter tomentoso,
foliolis 9 — 11 amplis oblongo-ellipticis obtusis coriaceis bul-
lato-corrugatis supra nitidis subtus tomento brevi ferrugineis,
racemis muitifloris, pedicel lis ebracteatis calyceque coriaceo
tomentosis, petalo glabro calyce parum longiore, staminibus
majoribus 3, minoribus numerosissimis liberis, stylo brevis-
simo obtuso. — Foliola raajora semipedalia. Calyces 2 — 2^
lin. diametro.

S. leptopetala; petiolo aptero glabro, foliolis 7 — 9 ovali-
ellipticis obtusis vix coriaceis glabris, racemis brevibus muiti-
floris, pedicellis ebracteatis calyceque coriaceo-tomentosis,
petalo tenuissimo glabro orbiculato calyce vix longiore, sta-
minibus majoribus 2 — 3, minoribus numerosissimis liberis,
stylo ovario dimidio breviore obtuso. — Folia fere Lonchocarpi
latifolii. — Foliola 3 — 5 poll, longa. Calyces vix 2 lin. dia-
metro.

There is also in the Paris Herbarium a very remarkable
species of the same section, there marked as having been
gathered in Angola, viz. : —

S. marginata; petiolo aptero ramulisque ferrugineis, foli-
olis 7--9 oblongis obtusissimis retusisve supra glaberrimis
subtus junioribus ferrugineo-pubescentibus adultis glabrius-
culis, racemis laxis 1 — 3-floris, calyce globoso pedicellisque
ferrugineo-tomentosis, bracteis minutls, petalo amplo extus
dense villoso, staminibus majoribus circa 5, minoribus nume-
rosis, ovario glaberrimo, stylo brevi ? — Foliola sesquipollicaria,
supra in sicco purpurea, margine viridi circumdata. Caly-
ces 4—5 lin. diametro. Stamina a majoribus ad minora fere

88 schomburgk's guiana plants.

gradatim decrescentia, nee minora omnia postica ut in Stoart-
ziis plerisque, sed plura inter majora antice inserta.

In all the above species the calyx is globular, coriaceous,
bursting irregularly into four reflexed valves of which one is
often bifid, the ovary is stipitate, and ends gradually in a
style sometimes very long, sometimes very short and incurved,
but not suddenly deflected, the petal and larger stamina are
always present, which several characters taken together ap-
pear to me better to distinguish the section Possira, than the
sole reliance on the presence of the petal.

Besides the above eight species, I should refer to Possira
the 5. simplicifolia, (Willd.), with which I should join S.
ochnacea, (DC.) judging from a West Indian specimen in fruit
precisely similar to the figure in his Memoires sur les Legu-
mineuses; S. dodecandra, (Willd.); S. elegans, (Schott), which
is Gardner's n. 358, a very variable plant in the size of the
petal, and the same as S. pulckra, (Vogel), and Mimosa tri-
phylla, {Veil Fl. Plum. v. XL t.22); S. grandiflora, (Willd.),
to which Vogel is right in referring S. triphylla, ^. grandi-
flora, (of Raddi), and which is also the Mimosa crocea, {Veil
Fl. Plum. V. XI, t. 17); S. Langsdorffii, (Raddi), of which
S. Brasiliensis, (Vogel), and Mi?nosa pulchra. {Fell. Fl. Plum.
V. XI. t. 18.) are synonyms ; S. aptera, (DC.) if I have cor-
rectly so determined a Brazilian specimen from the Peters-
burgh Academy; and S. tomentosa, (DC.) or Aublet's BoU-
nia Panacoco.

I have notseen S. myrtifolia, (Sm.), S. brachystachya, (DC),
S. robiniafolia, (Willd.), S. macrophylla, (Willd.), or S. acumi-
nata, (Willd.), the three last described by Vogel, {Linnoa,
XI. p. 171 — 173) ; but from the characters given I have no
doubt they all belong to Possira.

S. Imgifolia (DC.) ; of which I have seen a Cayenne
specimen in the Herbarium of the Paris Museum, must cer-
tamly be removed, as conjectured by De Candolle. I find
the corolla pentapetalous and regularly papilionaceous;
which character, with the others pointed out by De Candolle,

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 89^

{3Iem, sur les Leg. p. 406), in all the specimens I examined
perfectly agree, clearly indicating its place among Dalber-
giea^ where it must form a distinct genus, allied probably to
Dipteryx, but differing especially in the calyx and other
characters.

The two following Swartzmy both new, form a very dis-
tinct section,, or perhaps a genus, for which I should propose
the name Dithyria. The calyx is ovate, membranous, and
splits into two entire valves; there is one or sometimes two
petals present, the stamens are all nearly alike with very long
anthers, the ovary almost sessile with numerous ovules, and
a long style with a capitate stigma.

S. alterna; petiolo aptero juniore puberulo, follolis 4 — 7
alternis ovatis acuminatis basi angustatis glabris subcoriaceis,
racerais brevibus laxis, pedicellis ebracteatis, calycibus glabris
V. vix puberulis ovatis membranaceis per anthesin bipartitis
reflexis, petalis 1 — 2 longe stipitatis, staminibus circa 15
subsessilibus, antheris linearibus, ovario sessili glabro, stylo
elongato, stigmate late capitato. — Foliola adulta 3 — 4-polIi-
caria. — Barra do Rio Negro in Brasilia. Comm. ab Acad.
Imp. Petropol.

S. mollis; petiolo aptero ramisque tomentoso-lanatis, foli-
olis 5 — 7 suboppositis ovatis obtusis junioribus utrinque mol-
hter pubescentibus, racemis brevibus paucifloris, pedicellis
elongatis ebracteatis calycibusque membranaceis ovatis mol-
hter pubescentibus, petalo unico longe stipitato, staminibus
circa 20 subsimilibus, antheris linearibus, ovario subsessili
glabro, stylo elongato, stigmate late capitato. — Foliola adulta
non vidi. Legumen glabrum, semipollicare, ventricosum,
valvulis 2 coriaceis dehiscens, ut videtur pleiospermum at
semina omnia delapsa. — Utinga, Prov. Bahia. Blanchet,
n. 2774.

220. S. [Tounated) microstylis; petiolo subnudo, foliolis
* ovali-oblongis acuminatis coriaceis glabriusculis, racemis
subramosis axillaribus ramealibusve tomentosis,'^petalo unico
calycem coriaceura aequante, staminibus majoribus 3, minor-
ihus numerosis, ovariis binatis tomentosis, stylo minuto de-

Vol. II.— No. 10. N

90 SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS,

flexo. — Arbor. Rami glabriusculi. Petioli 4 — 5-pollicares
supra subangulati. Stipellae divaricatae acutae breves, supe-
riores interdum breviter decurrentes. Foliola 2—4 poll,
longa. Racemi 4—6 poll. Bracteae minuta2, bracteolae nullse.
Calyces tomentosi, raagnitudine Pisi, valde inaequaliter rupti.
Petalum orbiculatum acuminatum. Stamina majora calycem
aequantia cum ovariis alternantia. Ovaria valde declinata.
— On the Rio Quitaro, Schomburgk, n. 578.

I would comprise in the section Tounatea, all the species
with the peculiar ovary described by De Candolle, whether
with or without the petal. It would include amongst petali-
ferous species, (besides the above S. microstylis,) the S. acuti-
folia^ (Vog.), to which may perhaps be referrible Mimosa
Pacoba, {Veil. Fl. Flum.XLt. 20.),- S. Flemmingii, (Raddi),
or S. montana, ( Vogel) ; S. multijuga, (Vogel) ; and amongst
those I have not seen probably also S. lomatopus, (Mart.) ;
and S. dipetala, (Willd.) ; to which Vogel thinks 5. dicarpa,
(Moric), may be referred. This species is evidently near ray
S. microstylis; but neither Vogel's nor Meissner's descriptions
agree with Schomburgk's plant sufficiently to induce me to
unite them.

Amongst the apetalous species of the same section Touna-
tea, the following new one is from Claussen's collection.

S. pilulifera; petiolo anguste marginato, foliolis 5 oblongis
obtuse acuminatis emarginatisve basi angulatis coriaceis supra
glabris nitidis subtus leviter tomentosis, racemis axillaribus
terminalibusque laxe multifloris, calycibus pedicellisque villo-
sis, petalo nullo, staminibus majoribus 2, minoribus numero-
sis maqualibus, ovario sericeo-villoso, stylo brevissimo deflexo.
—Foliola li— 2 poll. Racemi 3—4 poll. Bractea minutae,
bracteolae nullse. Pedicelli 3—4 lin. Calyces magnitudine
gram Piperis. Legumen ovoideo-globosum pubescens semi-
pollicare, stipite 2 lin. longa.

The other apetalous species are S. glabra (Vogel), S. pin-
nata (Willd.), and S. apetala (Raddi), and probably also
S, sericea (Vogel), and Mimosa laxa {VeU. FL Flum.v. XL
t' 25), neither of which I have seen. From the figure of the

SCHOMBURGK S GUIANA PLANTS. 91

latter, it must be near my S. pilulifera, but specifically dis-
tinct.

22 1 . Allania insignis, gen. nov. On the Upper Essequibo
and Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 524.

Allania. Char. Gen. Calyx cupulatus coriaceus irregu-
lariter valvatim 4 — 5-lobus. Petala 5 ampla, aestivatione
irregulariter imbricata. Stamina numerosissiraa inter se
subsimilia cum petalis perigyna. Antherae oblongo-lineares.
Ovarium stipitatum pluri-ovulatum. Stylus filiformis basi
incrassatus apice acutus, stigmate minuto. Legumen ....
Species unica A. insignis. Arbor 20 — 30-pedalis. Ramuli
crassi. Folia impari-pinnata, petiolo nudosemipedali v. lon-
giore. Foliola 7 — 9, petiolulata, ovali- v. oblongo-elliptica,
breviter acuminata, 4 — 5 poll, longa v. inferiora saepius di-
midio breviora, basi rotundata, coriacea, supra glabra nitida,
subtus tomento brevissirao pallida v. subferruginea. Stipulae
V. stipellae nullas v. deciduse. Racemi simplices subpedales,
pluriflori, tomentosi. Bracteas non vidi. Pedicelli crassi,
semipollicares, ebracteolati. Calyces crassi coriaceo-tomen-
tosi, ante anthesin globosi 6 — 7 lin. diametro, per anthesin
in laciniis 4 v. 5 inaequalibus fere ad medium fissi, in cupulam
iatam aperti. Petala sesquipoUicaria, patentia, late obovato-
orbiculata, basi cuneata, alba. Stamina plusquara 100 ;
nlaraenta glabra petalis breviora ; antherae 3 — 4 lin. longae,
medifixae. Ovarii stipes crassa, recta, 8 — 9 lin. longa, tomen-
tosa. Ovarium in stipite subarticulatum, crassura, ovoideum,
tomentosum. Ovula 3 — 4, sed in legumine adhuc juniore
fere omuia jam abortiva et legumen monospermum evadit.
Stylus rigidus, apice incurvo-hamatus. Legumen maturum
non vidi.

This beautiful tree has the calyx and numerous stamens
of Swartzia, but the insertion of the stamens is distinctly
perigynous, as in Cordyki, and the number of petals is com-
plete; thus forming a very distinct genus, which I have great
pleasure in dedicating to the late Allan Cunningham, whose
Joss the botanical world has so recently had to deplore. His
name, though so intimately connected with the Floras of

92 SCHOMBURGKS GUIANA PLANTS.

Australia and New Zealand, deserves however no less to be
associated with the botany of South America, as is evinced
by the important Brazilian collections deposited by him in
the British Museum.

Tribe Amherstie^.

222. Elizabetha princeps, Schomb, Ms. — Mount Roraima,
Schomburgk.

Elizabetha. Char. Gen. Calyx coriaceus tubo infundi-
buliformi persistente, limbi laciniis 4 obtusis, aestivatione
imbricata, suprema latiore. Corollas petala 5, subaequilonga,
aestivatione carinali, 4 inferiora oblonga, supremum intimum
ovatum V. lanceolatum. Stamina 9, libera v. basi brevissime
raonadelpha, quorum 3 longissima antheris oblongis, sex
sterilia filiformia corollara aequantia. Ovarium stipitatuin
pubescens stipite calycis tubo adnato. Ovula plura, anatropa.
Stylus elongatus glaber, stigmate terminali crasso peltato-
capitato. Legumenlignosum stipitatum lato-linearefalcatura,
plano-compressum, sutura superiore incrassata raarginata.—
Arbores. Folia fere Outece acacmfoliee^ v. Heierostemonis mirno-
soirfw, alternaabruptepinnata. Flores in spicas densastermina-
les aggregati. Bracteas latae coriaceae. Bracteolse coriace*
basi connatae, calycis tubum amplectentes. — ^.princeps, folio-
lis 30 — 50-jugis oblongo-linearibus obtusis submucronatis basi
obliquis glabris, floribus densissime globoso-spicatis. — Arbor
excelsa, ramis divaricatis, ramulis rufo-villosis. Stipulae line-
ari-cuneatse membranaceae connatae 2 — 3-pollicares. Petl-
oli rufo-villosi saepe pedales. Foliola opposita ultrapollicaria
suprema gradatim decurrentia. Stipellae minutae. Florum
capitulum sessile. Bracteae late orbiculatse coriaceae virides
cum floribus sessilibus axillaribus solitariis densissime imbri-
catae. Bracteolae usque ad medium connatae, virides, tomen-
toso-pubescentes, in sicco ferrugineae. Calycis tubus basi
longe cylindricus apice cupulatus, limbus patens. Petala
roseo-alba. Filamenta glabra. Legumen velutinum 4 — ^6-
pollicare.

223. E. coccinea, (Schomb. Ms.); foliolis 3 6-jugis,

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 93

obovato-oblongis obtusissimis retuso-emarginatis glabris,
floribus oblongo-spicatis. — Arbor 20 — 30-pedalis. Folia
fere Outem muUijuga. Stipulse in specimine unico desunt.
Capitula florum minus densa quam in E. principle bracteae
angustiores. Flores coccinei. Calycis tubus basi breviter
cylindricus dein oblongo-campanulatus. Filamenta fertilia

pilosula, Legumen velutinum, coccineutn British Guiana,

Schomburgk.

These two trees, dedicated by^M. Schomburgk to H. R. H.
the Princess Royal of Prussia, are described by him as
objects of great beauty; they form the connecting link between
the genus Brownea, the rose of the West Indies, and Des-
fontaine's Heterostemon, and indicate clearly the place of
Brownea amongst Amherstie(B.

224. Heterostemon mimosoides, Desf. M^m. Mus. v. IV.

p. 284. t. 12. DC. Prodr. p. 488 On the Rio Negro,

Schomburgk, n. 869, received also from the same locality
from the Petersburgh Academy.

225. Eperua/afca/a, Aubl. PI, Guian. 1. p. 369. t. 142.—
DC. Prodr.? p. 510. — Legumen 8 — 10-polIicare. — Banks
of the Essequibo and Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 515. —
French Guiana, Perrottet.

226. Parivoa grandijlora, Aubl. Pi. Guian. II. p. 757. t.
303. — DC. Prodr. II. p. 510. — Banks of the Essequibo and
Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 517.

227. Campsiandra comosa, gen. nov. — Apicaro of the Cre-
oles ; Uluri Wallaba of the Arrowaks. — Banks of the Esse-
quibo. Schomburgk, n. 13, and 296.

Campsiandra. Char. Gen. Calycis tubus campanulatus,
limbus subsequaliter 5-fidus. Petala 5 parum inaequalia,
aestivatione imbricata subcarinali, cum staminibus ad apicem
tubi calycis inserta. Stamina plura (15—20) longe exserta,
antheris parvis ovatis. Ovarium stipjtatum pluriovulatum,
stipite libero. Stylus longissimus, filiformis. Stigma minu-
tum, terminale. Legumen longissimum subrectum, plano-
compressum, tenuiter coriaceum, indehiscens ?— P. comosas
foliolis 5 — 9, calycibus pedicello parum brevioribus — Arbor

94 schomburgk's guiana plants.

data. Rami glabri. Folia alterna impari-pinnata glabra.
Stipulae breves lineares crassae deciduae. Petioli angulati v.
subalati 4 — 5-pollicares. Foliola 5 — 9, oblongo-elliptica,
acuminata, basi rotundata, 3 — 5-pollicaria, coriacea, supra
nitida. Racemi breves, dense subcoryraboy ad apices ramo-
rum paniculatim aggregati, rachi ferrugineo-tomentosa.
Pedicelli circa ^ poll, longi aggregati uniflori, glabriusculi v.
tomentosi. Bracteae parvae deciduae. Bracteolas non vidi.
Calyx crassiusculus, tubo 2^ lin., limbo 1^ lin. longo. Petala
semi-pollicaria lutea. Filamenta filiformia glabra corolla
duplo terve longiora in alabastro replicata. Ovarium glab-
rum. Ovula circa 6. Legumen nondum maturum jam
ultrapedale, 2 poll, latum, valvulis sese arete adhaerentibus
glabrura.

This genus, allied in some respects to Tachigalia, is a very
distinct one in habit and character. A second species CaW-p-
siandra laurifulia, gathered on the Rio Negro, has been com-
municated to me by the Imperial Academy of Petersburgh)
under the name of Inga ? laurifolia, (Bongard, Ms.) It is
very like C. cotnosa, but the leaflets are (in my specimen) 13
in number, rather narrower and less coriaceous, and with
more numerous parallel transverse veins, and the flowers,
especially the calyces, are much smaller.

228. Tachigalia pubijlora (n. sp.) ; ramulis petiolis spicis-
que vix secundis tomentosis, folioiis 2 — 4-jugis oblongis acu-
minatis supra glabris, subtus sericeo-tomentosis, calycibus
raolliter tomentosis. — Habitus T. paniculatoe. Petioli non-
nunquam acute angulati ut in T. paniculata at saepius ob-
scure trigoni. Sepala latiora Banks of the Essequibo.

Schomburgk, n. 43.

229. Outea acacicefolia (n. sp.) ; ramulis foliisque glabriSj
folioiis 20 — 30-jugis oblongo-linearibus emarginatis basi in-
aquilateris, racemis brevibus axillaribus recurvis villosis.- —
Arbor 20 — 30-pedalis. Folia Heterostemonis. Racemi vix
sesquipollicares. Bracteas non vidi. Bracteolae ovatae mein-
branaceae villosae calyce longiores. Pedicelli breves. Flores
roseo-albi. Calyces membranacei, lacinia suprema Integra.

SCHOMBURGk's GUIANA PLANTS. 95

Petalum supremum calyce duplo longius, ungue lata, lamina
orbiculata undulata, 4 inferiora vix lineam longa linearia. —
Legumen orbiculatutn obliquum plano-compressum,glabrum,
Iseve. — On the Essequibo and Rupunoony. Schomburgk,
n. 321 — San tare m in Brazil. {Herb. Mus. Imp. Petropol.)

230. O. multijuga, DC. Prodr. II. p. 510 Foliola 4 — 7-

juga. Stamina 3, basi pilosa. Petalum unicum vidi, inferi-
oribus omnina deficientibus. — Rio Branco. Schomburgk,
n. 777. — French Guiana. Martin.

231. Vouapa staminea, DC, Prod. II. p. 511 British

Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 511.

Allied to this is V. penduloj or Macrolohium pendulum,
{Vogel, Linncea^'Kl. p. 412), which is among Perrottet's plants
from French Guiana, and which I have also received from
the Petersburgh Academy, gathered on the Rio Negro ; it
has, however, smaller narrower leaves, with longer points,
and the ovary and fruit are smooth.

232. V. bifolia, Aubl. PL Guian. I. p. 25. t. 7 ?— On the
Essequibo. Schomburgk, n. 10. — I have several specimens
before me which may not all belong to the same species, but
which I am not at present able to characterize as distinct ;
viz.: 1. Martin's specimens from French Guiana, which
most resemble Aublet's figure ; 2. Schomburgk's, which have
leaves rather blunter and thicker and the spikes longer; 3.
a Para specimen in the Paris herbarium, with much longer
points to the leaves and short spikes. They have all a pubes-
cent ovary and the bracteae are somewhat coiiaceous, though
less so than in Salzmann's Bahia specimens, which appear
to be the Macrolobium hymenceoides, described by Vogel (Lin-
ncBa, XI. p. 413).

The genera Outea and Vouapa have been often united
into one, under the name of Macrolobium, and as often sepa-
rated upon various grounds. It appears to me that they are
really distinct, although not in the flower ; the pod of Outea
being obliquely orbicular with the margin equally thick all
round, and that of Vouapa oblong, somewhat falcate, with
the upper margin very much thickened. The foliage in the

96 schomburgk's guiana plants.

two genera is very different. The Vmmpa Simira of Aublet,
is however evidently different from both. Its flower is not
known, but from the figure of the foliage and fruit I should
refer it to a species of PeUogynef which is in several Cayenne
collections.

233. Veho^ne paniculata (sp.n.); foliolis longiuscule peti-
olulatis acuminatis coriaceis glabris, floribus paniculatis, caly-
cibus cano-tomentosis, staminibus corollam parum excedenti-
bus, leguminibus deraum glabratis. — Arbor excelsa. Rami
glabriusculi. Petioli fere poUicares, petioluli 3 — 4 lin.
Foliola more generis unijuga, fere 3 — 4-pollicaria, ovali-oblon-
ga, falcato-incurva, valde insequilatera. Panicula ampla flori-
bunda. Bractese et bracteolae minutae deciduae. Calycis tubus
laciniis subaequilongus. Petala ovali-oblonga, calycem subs-
quantia, albida. Stamina 1 0, glabra, parum inaequalia, inferiors
calyces parum superantia. Ovarium villosum. Legume"
(nondum maturum), oblique rhombeum, stipitatum, plano-
compressum, coriaceum. — High lands adjoining lagoons near
the Rio Negro. Schomburgk, n. 908.

234. P. pubescens (sp. n.) ; foliolis breviter petiolulatis
obtusis coriaceis junioribus subtus pubescentibus, floribus
paniculatis, calycibus tomentoso-pubescentibus villosisve,
staminibus corolla duplo longioribus, leguminibus pubescen-
tibus. — A tree, much resembling P. paniculaia, but the
leaves are much smaller, the panicles more downy, the flowers
larger and the stamens much longer. — Skirts of savannahs,
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 88 and 791.

Tribe Bauhinie-e.

235. Bauhinia (JPauletid) macrostachya (sp. n.) ; ramuhs
petiolisque minute tomentosis, foliis ovatis basi leviter et late
cordatis 9-nerviis ad medium bilobis, lobis lanceolato-ovatis
subdivergentibus obtusiusculis, supra glabris nitidis subtus
ferrugineo-tomentosis, racemis elongatis laxis multifloris,
petalis linearibus, staminibus omnibus fertilibus, alternis mino-

ribus, legumine leviter tomentoso AfEnis B. picta; et muUi'

nervicEy (Humb. et Kunth),et Pauktia grandifolicEy (Bongard)-

SCHOMBURGk's GUIANA PLANTS. 97

Frutex 10 — 12-pedalis. Folia 2 — 4-pollicaria, lobis apice
potius lanceolatis quam vere acuminatis, consistentia subcori-
acea. Stipulse nuUse v, minutissimae, subspinesceates. Race-
mus ultrapedalis. Bracteae et bracteolae minutae. Pedicelli
crassiusculi, 3 — 4 lin. longi. Calyx basi obliquus, ferrugi-
neus, tubo 4 lin. longo 10-striato, laciniis 9 — 10 lin. longis.
Petala calyce parum breviora, angustissima, ad apicem tubi
calycis inserta, Filamenta glabra. Antherse lineares, magnsB.
Ovarium ferrugineum, stipite a calyce libero glabro. Stigma
magnum, obliquum. Legumen (nondum raaturum) jam 4 — 5-
pollicare, longe stipitatum, circa 20-spermum. — Woods
skirting savannahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 71.

The form of the flower and fruit in the various groups
collected under the name of Bauhinia is so very different,
that it seems impossible to retain the genus entire ; but in
dividing it, it is to the Pauletias of authors that the Linnaean
name must be given, as pointed out by Vogel, {Linnoeay
XIII. j3. 296). Casparia of Kunth must probably be adopted
under that name, and the East Indian species appear to form
two or perhaps three very distinct genera. The Caulotreti
of DC, or Bauhinia of Kunth and of Bongard, are identical
with Raddi's Schndla, a name which will, of course, be
adopted.

236. Schnella rubiginosa. — Bauhinia rubiginosa^ Bongard^
Bauhin. p. 4. — Banks of the Rupunoony. Schomburgk,
n. 115. Common in Brazil; it is Gardner's n. 987, from
Pernambuco, and n. 1566 from Ceara; and is also in Pohl's,
Claussen's, and several other collections.

237. S. (Caulotretus), splendens (sp. n.); scandens, cir-
rhosa, ramulis subteretibus, junioribus ferrugineis, foliis basi
cordaiis, foliolis distinctis semiovatis acuminatis 3 — 4 nerviis
parallelis supra glabris nitidis subtus tenuiter tomentosis
aureo-nitentibus, calycis dentibus brevibus latis, petalis extus
villosis. — Bauhinia splendens, Ifumb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. et
Sp. Amer. v. VI. p. 321. — Petiolus 4 — 8 lin., foliola (in
ramulis floriferis), H — 2 poll, longa. Racemi terminales,
2—3 poll, longi, ferruginei. Bracteae minutoe. Pedicelli

Vol. II No. 10. o

98 schomburgk's guiana plants,

vix 1 lin. longi. Calyces inflato-campanulati, nervali, S Hn.
longi. Flores roseo-albi. Petala ad basin calycis inserta,
calyce fere duplo longiora, 2 infima, sestivatione exteriora,
unguiculata oblique obovato-orbiculata extus et ad unguem
villosissima, 2 lateralia, aestivatione intermedia, infimis con-
formia, at paruni minora, supremum intimum carinaeforme,
complicatum, dorso convexum, apice acuminatum, extus
villosum, antheras et stigma fovens. Stamina 10 fertiiia
glabra, corolla breviora. Ovarium villosissimum, ovulis circa
4. Stylus brevis rectus, fere glaber. Stigma crassum termi-
nale obliquum. Legumen non vidi. — Barcellos on the Rio
Negro. Schomburgk.

238. S. [Tylotia) brachystachya (sp. n.) ; scandens, cirrhosa,
ramulis subteretibus, junioribus ferrugineo-pubescentibus,
foliis late orbiculatis breviter v. vix ad medium bilobis 9-
nerviis basi cordatis, lobis rotundatis obtusissimis, supra gla-
bris, subtus adpresse pubescentibus, aureo-nitentibus, racemis
brevibus subcorymbosis ferrugineo-villosis, bracteis denti-
busqne calycinis subulatis, petalis extus villosis. — Petiolus
subpollicaris. Folia 1| — 2 poll, longa, 2 poll. lata. Stipul®
hinc inde persistentes, orbiculatse. Pedicelli inferiores semi-
poilicares, bractea paullo breviores. Calyx campanulatus
dense nitenti-villosus, apice breviter bilabiatus, deniibus ii^
labio superiore 2, in inferiore 3, tenuiter subulatis, calyce
ipso sequilongis. Petala et genitalia iis S. splendentis similia,
nisi petala longiora angustiora, vexillum minus acuminatum

apice subexplanatum. Stigma vix obliquum On the Rio

Quitaro. Schomburgk, n. 565.

239. S. (Tylotid) longipetala (sp. n.); scandens, subcir-
rhosa, ramulis subteretibus, junioribus ferrugineo-pubescen-
tibus, foliis lato-ovatis suborbiculatis 13 — l5-nerviis basi
profunde et late cordatis ad medium bilobis, lobis ovatis
acutiusculis obtusisve supra glabris subtus tenuissime tomen-
tosis, racemis elongatis spiciformibus ferrugineo-pubescenti-
bus, pedicellis calyce brevioribus, bracteis bracteolis denti-
busque calycinis subulatis, petalis extus villosis. — Folia 2 — 4
poll, longa et lata. Pedicelli vix 2 lin. longi. Bracteae

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 99

semipollicares. Calyces S. brachystachyce. Petala infima
pollicaria anguste obovato-oblonga, basi longe angustata,
lateralia angustius oblonga ; vexillum oblongo-lineare, basi
et medio eomplicatum, apice explanatum. Stigma obliquum.
— Pacaraima and Parime mountains. Schomburgk.

240. Etaballia Guianensis. Gen. Nov. — On the Esse-
quibo. Schomburgk, n, 169 and 706.

Etaballia. Char. Gen. Calyx tubulosus, apice breviter
5-dentatus subbilabiatus. Petala 5, ad basin calycis inserta,
longissime linearia, aestivatione inflexa, imbricata. Stamina
10, monadelpha, alternabreviora. Antheraeovatae. Ovarium
subsessile, villosum, 2 — 3-ovulatum. Stylus brevis. Stigma
oblique capitatum. Legumen . . . . — E. Guianensis. Arbor.
Rami ramosissimi, glabri. Folia simplicia (unifoliolata),
brevissime petiolata, ovato-oblonga, breviter et acute acumi-
nata, basi rotundata v. cordata saepe obliqua, 2 — 4 poll,
longa, penninervia, coriacea, utrinque glabra vel subtus ad
▼enas sparse pubescentia. Spicse florum axillares et termi-
nales, numerosae, densae, 2 — 3-pollicares. Bracteae parvae,
cvato-orbiculatae, concavae; bracteolae minimae, lanceolatae.
Flores sessiles. Calyx 2 lin. longus, ferrugineus, denti-
bus minutis. Petala lutea, poUicem longa, medio vix
lineam lata, basi angustata, omnia subsimilia. Stamina
calycem aequantia, fere ad apicem monadelpha. Stylus calyce
parum brevior.

This is, according to Schomburgk, a most beautiful tree,
almost covered with bright yellow flowers, and is called by
the natives Etabally, on account of its frequency at the cata-
racts of that name. It forms a genus o^ Bauhiniece ; allied to
Schnella in its flowers; but very different in the foliage. I
have a second species, E. macrophylla, from the island of
St Vincent, which has blunt leaves 8 or 9 inches long, and
the flower-spike very lax.

Tribe Cynometre^.

241. CynomeiTSL bauhinicefolia, (sp. n.) ; ramulis puberulis,
foHolis unijugis late semiovatis semiorbiculatisve obtusis valde

100 SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS.

insequilateris 2 — 3-nerviis glabriusculis, florum fascicalis
axillaribus, pedunculo communi brevissimo. — Arbor, ramis
tenuibus raraosissimis. Ramub", pedicelli, petioli et nonnun-
qiiam nervi foliolorum pilis brevibus subglandulosis pubescen-
tes. Folia iis Bauhiniarum bifoliolatarum similia. Petiolus
2—3 lin. Foliola 1 — U poll, longa, \ poll, lata, nervo
majore lateri interior! approximato. Pedicelli vix \ poll.,
ad axillas bractearum ovatarum, concavarum, itnbricatarum
nati. Sepala 4, membranacea, decidua. Petala 5, parum
inaequaiia, cum staminibus disco crassiusculo subperigyno
inserta. Ovarium pubescens l-(vel 2-?) ovulatum. Stylus
glaber inflexus, stigmate magno capitato. Legumen, nondum
raaturura, 3 lin. longum et latum, plano-convexum, carnosumj
extus verrucosum pubescens.

Besides the above, I have seen the three following Ameri-
can species in the Paris Herbarium : —

C. crassifolia; foliolis unijugis ovatis emarginato-acutni-
natis valde insequilateris penninerviis coriaceis glaberrimis,
fasciculis florum axillaribus, pedunculo communi brevissimo.
— Foliola 21 poll. Flores majores quam in affinibus. — " E
Brasilia."

C. marginata; foliolis unijugis ovali-oblongis emarginato-
acuminatls valde inaequilateris penninerviis vix coriaceis
glabris, floribus subracemosis axillaribus, pedunculo communi
pedicellis multo breviore. — Foliola li-pollicaria, acumine
sinu latiusculo emarginato, arista minima intra emarginatura.
Pedicelli semipollicares. Legumina vix 2 lin. longa, fusco-
villosa.

C. racemoso; foliolis unijugis oblongis obtusis valde in-
sequilateris penninerviis coriaceis glabris, racemis axillaribus
foliis vix brevioribus, pedunculo pedicellisque ferrugineis. —
E Guiana Gallica ?

These American Cynometra: are precisely similar to the
Asiatic and African decandrous ones, in the flower and
inflorescence ; but they may perhaps be distinguished as a
section by their small nearly orbicular fruit. I have not
indeed seen it ripe, but in three of the above four species, it

SCHOMBURGK S GUIANA PLANTS. 101

appears to have nearly attained its full size, and is never
more than three lines long.

Vogel has described a Cynometra Americana, {LinufBa, v.
X. p. 602), from St. Domingo ; but it appears different from
any of the foregoing.

242. Copaifera jowii^ora (sp. n.); foliolis 2 — 3-jugis ovatis
valde ineequilateris subincurvis brevissime emarginato-acumi-
natis impunctatis,pedunculisfloribusque tomentosis. — Species
nonnullis Brasiliensibus similis, sed cum nulla diagnosi Hey-
neana in omnibus convenit. Foliola distantia, raajora quam
in C. nitida, minora quam in C. Jacguini. Racemi ramosis-
simi — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 839.

243. Crudya Parivoa, DC. Prodr. II. p. 520.— French
Guiana, Leprieur. Herb. Par. n. 62.

In Martin's Guiana collection is the following new species,
also communicated to me by the Museum of Paris.

C. bracteata; glaberrima, foliolis 5—7 ovatis acuminatis
coriaceis supra nitidis, bracteis bracteolisque ovatis flores sub-
sequantibus, ovario ad suturas villoso cseterum glabro.

The Crudya aromatica, has by some error, clerical or typo-
graphical, been described by De Candolle as trifoliolate in-
stead of unifoliolate. — A fine new species of this genus has
been found by Heudelot in tropical Africa.

Tribe Dimorphandreje.

244-. Mora Guianensis. — Benth. in Trans. Soc. Linn. Lond.
XYlI.p. 210. t. 16, 17.— British Guiana. Schomburgk, n.
148 and 496.

245. Dimorphandra? macrostachy a {sp.n.); pinnis 10 — 12-
jugis foliolis 20 — 30-jugis oblongo-linearibus obtusis basi obli-
quis coriaceis glabris, spicis paucis longis crassis, ovario hir-
sute — Mount Roreima. Schomburgk, n. 1045. — Arbor.
Kamuli crassi. Folia rigida coriacea, petiolocommuni angu-
Jato 6 — 8-pollicari, pinnae 4 — 5 pollicares, foliola vix semi-
poUice longiora. Spicse ad apices ramorum 5 — 6 paniculatim
dispositaeS — 10 pollicares densse. Flores numerosissimi, mino-
les quam in Mora excelsa, majores quam in Dimorphandra
exaltata. Rachis crassa. PedicelH vix 1 lin. longi. Calyx

102 schomburgk's guiana plants.

1 lin. Jongus fere ad medium in dentes 4 v. 5 ovatos obtusos
fissus. Petala 5, imbricata ? crassa concava glabra, calyce
duplo longiora. Stamina 5 fertilia, 5 sterilia filiformia,
omnia glabra. Ovarium sessile, pilis ferrugineis obtectum.
Stylus brevis glaber. Stigma obtusum.

In the specimens I have seen of this plant, the flowers,
numerous as they are, are every one of them partially de-
stroyed by worms ; so that I am not quite certain of the
generic character, and the less so, as I have not seen the fruit.
When better known, it may turn out to be a distinct genus.
The inflorescence is that of Mora and of Pentaclethra, the
foliage is nearest that o^ Dimorphandra, the flowers very near
those of both Mora and Dimorphandra. The sterile alternate
stamens are nearly the same as in the three genera, which
form the connexion between CcesalpiniecB and Mimosece;
Mora and Dimorphandra having decidedly the aestivation of
Casalpiniece, whilst Pentaclethra has that of Mimoseie.

Of true DimorphandrcB, I have a new Brazilian species,
allied to the only one hitherto known, Z>. exaltata, of Schott.
I therefore subjoin short specific characters for both of them.

D. exaltata {Schott^ in Spreng. Syst. App. p. 404); pinnis
5 — 6-jugis, foliolis 8 — 10-jugis ovato-lanceolatis oblongisve
acutis supra glabris nitidis subtus pubescentibus, spicisnume-
rosis oblongo-cylindricis multifloris corymboso-paniculatis.
— Brazilia. Schott.

D. mollis; pinnis 6 — 12-jugis, foliolis 12 — 20-jugis ovali-
oblongis obtusis utrinque petiolis ramulis pedunculisque mol-
liter pubescentibus villosisve, spicis numerosis oblongo-cylin-
dricis multifloris corymboso-paniculatis. — Brazil (Minas
Geraes). Pohl. Claussen.

I saw in Richard's herbarium at Paris, specimens of a
plant from French Guiana which appeared to be either -iP.
macrostachya, or a species very near to it.

Since the printing of the sheet which contains the descrip-
tion of Martiusia (p. 84,) Mr Bentham had received his
set of Mr Gardner's Brazilian plants of the province of

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 103

Piauhi; and he finds among them a second most beautiful
species of the Genus, which enables him to describe the
fruit as follows : —

Legumen sessile oblongum subobliquum plano-compressum
coriaceo-membranaceum indehiscens reticulatum et longritu-
dinaliter binerve, (sutura nempe utraque ut in Meyoneuro
in alam expansa.) Semen unicum plano-compressum rhom-
beum, fere ad apicem loculi appensum fasciculo elongate,
cotyledonibus tenuibus, radicula brevi recta.

The species from Piauhi, Mr Bentham thus characterizes: —
Martiusia parvifolia; foliolis 7 — 9-oblongo-ellipticis bre-
vissime retuse acuminatis basi cordatis.^ — Foliola pleraque
vix bipollicaria. Panicula laxior, floribus paucioribus,
longius pedicellatis quam in M. excelsa, Alabastra longius
acuminata glabriora. Sepala in utraque specie intus sericeo-
villosa. Antherse saepius 5, quarum 3 longe acuminatae, omnes
ut in M. excelsa apice in appendiculam brevem triangularem
extus productse, intus biporosae. Legumen 4 — 5-polL longum,
1^ — 2-poll. latum tenuissime pubescens, valvulis in medio
legumine loculum l^poll. longum |-poll. latum formanti-
bus, cseterum arete connatis. — Piauhi, Brazil. Mr Gardner.

(To he continued in a future No.)

v.— BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

[We had the gratification, in the Companion to the Botanical Magazine,
of giving some extracts from the letters of a most intelligent botanical
friend, detailing his excursions in various parts of the German dominions,
and illustrative of the productions of the countries he visited, and the state
of botanical science in the great towns. We have now the pleasure of con-
tinuing those extracts ;— the first letter as still relating to Germany, and
the following ones to France and the Pyrenees.]

" On the 6th of May, we quitted Vienna, and proceeded
to Baden, where we staid three days, and made a little
botanical excursion in its vicinity. Some rare plants, among
them fine specimens of Orchis pollens, gave us reason to hope

104 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

that we should find the vegetation equally rich when, at a still
more advanced season, we proceeded farther southward ; but
we had scarcely crossed the ridge of hills which separates
Austria from Styria, when we found ourselves in the midst of
winter again. There were scarcely any leaves on the trees;
and cold, windy, and rainy weather prevailed, which con-
tinued during the two days we spent at Gratz. Here Dt
Unger is professor of Botany at the Lyceum of Natural
History and Technology, established by the Archduke John,
and after him called ' Joanneum.' In the museum, which
is kept in excellent order, there is, as may be supposed in a
newly founded institution, a little of every thing, without anjf
collection of importance except what illustrates the Geology
of Styria ; but the garden pleased me much from the arrange-
ment of the plants in clumps according to their natural affi-
nities; instead of the straight rows, according to the Linnaean
system, which one usually sees, and which to me are not nearly
so convenient as even the alphabetical order. Dr Unger
himself is a young Botanist of considerable promise, espe-
cially in what relates to Vegetable Physiology and Anatomy*
the subject to which he chiefly directs his attention. He
has already published a paper on the effect of climate on
plants, and another, the precise nature of which I forget, is
about immediately to appear in the Annals of the Vienna
Museum.

" From Gratz to Laibach, we passed through a beautiful
country, rich and varied to the eye, and abounding also in
vegetable productions; but the latter were not in a suffi-
ciently advanced state to make it worth while for me to stop
on this occasion. At Laibach, Dr Graf, an apothecary, is very
zealous in pursuit of European Botany, and has collected a con-
siderable stock of the rarer Carniolian plants : during the two
hours I spent with him he kindly presented me with some of
the best of these, requesting that I would sliare them with
yourself on my return, and, though he expressed no wish for
any thing in requital, I know that he would be glad to receive
some of the less common plants of Scotland.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 103

" Between Laibach and Adelsberg I found vegetation rather
forwarder, and I gathered Scopolia Carniolico, Thlaspi prcecox,
Euphorbia Carniolica, and other good plants peculiar to the
country. At Adelsberg, we got into the rocky desert, called
the Karst, and found ourselves at an elevation where the
peculiar vegetation of the district was scarcely out ; indeed,
the Quercus Cerris (which is the common Oak there) had
not expanded its foliage, and 1 saw Loranthus Europceus
growing upon it but once or twice, and then, at a height
which rendered it inaccessible to me. As a natural curiosity,
however, the stalactitic grotto of Adelsberg far surpasses hi
beauty and extent any thing of the kind I had any idea of. It
was not till we had passed Optschine, and crossed the ridge of
the hills above Trieste, that the country was again clad with
spring verdure.

" We arrived at Trieste, on the 18th of May, and from that
lime to the 25th, when we came hither (to Venice), there was
not a day during which rain did not fall for at least half of
Its hours. I did not, however, wholly give up herborizing, but
made two excursions in company with MM. Tommasini.and
Biasoletti, one was to the Monte Spaccato above the town,
the other to Contobello, three miles along the coast to tlie
N.VV. Both these localities, which are visited by all Botan,
ists who come to Trieste, produce many of the rarest plants
of the Karst district. The excessive rains that have fallen this
season, have given the rocky pastures an unusual richness of
verdure and variegated them with large masses of Narcissus
poeticus, Orobus versicolor, Gentiana angulosa, various species
of Cytisus and Genista, Senecio Scopolii, Fritillaria Pyrenaica,
and many other highly ornamental flowers, and each time I
returned laden with plants, which if not absolutely new to
me, I liad never before seen in a growing state.

" Of the two friends I have just mentioned, the first, M.
^ omniasini, is employed in one of the government offices, a
"8"'y gentlemanly and well informed person, suffering under
^ heavy domestic bereavement and also tried by feeble health,
hut a zealous botanist, thoroughly acquainted with the pro-

Vol. II No. 10. p

106

BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

ductions of this country and of Dalmatia, where he resided
for many years. The other, Dr Biasoletti, an apothecary,
IS perhaps already known to you as an algeelogist, to which
branch of science he is quite devoted, and has done much
in investigating the Alg^ of the Adriatic. He also suc-
ceeded in obtaining for the town of Trieste the gift of a
small piece of ground as a Botanic garden about nine years
ago, and has managed it ever since. Unfortunately the sum
of £30 or £40 per annum is all that is allowed for keeping it
up, so that even with the addition of what Dr Biasoletti
spends upon it out of his own pocket, he can do little more
than cultivate a collection of indigenous plants. Of these,
however, and especially of Istrian and Dalmatian ones, there
is a very perfect and interesting set.

" We came to Venice from Trieste by steam, and my time
has of course been more occupied in sight-seeino- than in
Botany, nor could much of interest in the latter department
be expected in a city consisting wholly of buildings, and of
water. I made, however, an excursion to the islands that
separate the lagunas from the sea, and got a few rather un-
common plants; and the Botanic garden of Venice is quite a
curiosity of itself, for with a very small extent of ground, no
person to take interest in its welfare, and but little com-
munication with horticulturists or other gardens, there exists
a very tolerable collection, kept in good order by the two
Rucchieris, father and son. I also visited Padua, that I
might see Visiani and the Botanical garden. This is the
oldest in Italy, and belongs to a decaying university; besides
having been long under the care of a professor, who allowed
It to fall into disorder; but his successor, Visiani, a young
Dalmatian, with whom I had spent several pleasant mornings
at the Vienna Meeting of Science, is an active and well
informed person, particularly conversant with the Botany of
southern Europe. As may be expected, the garden is most
antique in its style; and the work of renovation, now proceed-
ing under the new professor's auspices, rather increases than
diminishes, for the present time, its confusion. The priii-

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 107

clpal curiosities are some aged trees, particularly Magnolia
grandijlora, Platanus orientalis, some Cratcegi^ a very fine
Lagerstroemia Indica, and a Quercus coccifera about thirty feet
high, with a stem a foot in diameter. In the south of France,
where this species of Qjiercus is the most common of shrubs,
I never met with it half so high. Visiani's assistant is h
young Paduan, named Meneghini, who lately published a
memoir on the structure of the stem in the monocotyledotious
plants.

" We are about to quit Venice for Trieste immediately, and
shall there make an excursion to Lippiza, and in the middle
of next week, set off on a tour in Istria, from which I have
great hopes of success, especially as to Monte Maggiore,
between Pola and Fiume. Tommasini goes with me, and in
other respects, I have every facility afforded me by the autho-
rities. Prince Metternich, from whom, as well as from the
Princess, we experienced much attention and kindness during
our stay at Vienna, has given us letters for the provincial
governors, and we trust that these will prove of some avail,
in a country where the accommodations are so wretched as
in Istria. On our return from Istria to Trieste, we mean to
take Gorz and Tolmeia, and thence to Villach in Carinthia,
and Sienz in south Tyrol, coming to the Italian side by the
Cadore road, and then by Belluno and Vicenza to Verona.
I hope to ascend some of the interesting and little known
Carinthian and Trient Alps."

" Eaux Bonnes, August, 1839.

" Before leaving this place, perhaps the best station for
Botany among these interesting mountains, (the Pyrenees,)
I am anxious to let you know that though pursuits of another
kind were my chief object in coming here, I have yet not
neglected my favourite occupation, but have had an eye to
Botany during my whole route from England. From Dieppe,
at which place we landed, to Bordeaux, we passed through
an interesting, and for the most part a very pretty country,
though not one of importance to the Botanist, unless he dili-

108 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

gently explores the sea-coast. It may, however, be worth
remarking, that in this distance, of comparatively a few miles,
we came to six, I believe indeed seven, towns where there were
public Botanic gardens, kept up at the public expense. At
Rouen, they have, within the last two years, taken a large piece
of ground in the Fauxbourg St. Sever, planted the ecole or col-
lection of plants, arranged botanically, and are preparing to
build houses, &c. In the garden of Caen I was disappointed-
I had been told it was one of the best, and found it the worst
kept, the most erroneously named and poorest collection or
all. I did not see that at Rennes : the garden at Nantes is
chiefly remarkable for its fine avenue oi Magnolias ; and my
time at Rochelle was so short that I did not even ascertain
if there was an institution of the kind in the place- The
Botanic garden of Rochefort adjoins a noble public walk,
called the jardin public^ and contains a very good collection
in excellent order, and with some fine specimens. At Bor-
deaux, the Linnaean Society of which is well known, the
garden is extensive and rich, especially in trees. The
respective magnitude and value of these establishments depend
of course on the size of the town to which they belong, and
the manner in which the general plan is worked out; but
they are invariably considered needful where medical edu-
cation is carried on to any extent, and of material service in
an agricultural and economical (to use the latter word in
the French sense) point of view, independentlyof mere horti-
culture which is now much better appreciated in France than
it used to be. These gardens are all more or less laid out on
the same plan. Each has an ecole, containing the arranged
collection, distributed into natural orders, and where is also
placed, in summer, a specimen of each of the greenhouse
plants they may possess ; a medical collection, containing
medicinal plants; often a collection of agricultural plants, and
one of plantes economiques, that is of such vegetables as are
useful for purposes not strictly medical, nor yet agricultural;
sometimes also there is a separate Arboretum. In all of them
lectures are given during spring and summer, either upon

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 109

pure Botany, or more frequently upon medical and rural
(that is agricultural) Botany.

" If all these little towns are thus endowed at the public cost
with advantages that we cannot obtain for the first city in
Europe, they all have, in a greater or less degree, those defects
which are inseparable from small establishments in country
towns ; but which would be most easily avoided, did we but
possess a moderately endowed garden near London, that centre
of science. The chief disadvantage that attaches to them is
the want of a Superintendent sufficiently versed in Botany to
check the nomenclature and correct the errors of the prac-
tical gardener. Tender plants die, hardier ones spring up in
their place and are taken for them ; and the consequence
is, that, in some of the gardens, nearly half the names are
wrong. There is also a great tendency to encourage and
perpetuate accidental hybrids and garden varieties, which,
however important they may sometimes prove to the Horticul-
turist, are always worse than useless in a Botanical Garden
intended for instruction. Those institutions appear the most
serviceable where the aim is to increase genera rather- than
species, and among the latter to cultivate chiefly those which
have the least similarity to one another, or are the most inter-
esting from their characters and properties.

" From Bordeaux to Pau the road crosses a small part of the
Landes, but I had not time to herborize much. The Pinaster,
which covers some of the wooded districts, is precisely the
same as the one growing on so very different a soil on the
Maritime Alps and hills of Southern Provence, and varies,
as in our gardens, in the length of leaf, and depth of colour :
but is readily distinguished from P. Laricio and other allied
species, by the cone and facies. The Tauzin Oak, which is
here abundant, is a very handsome tree, especially when
growing with the Quercus pedunculata, the grey foliage of the
former contrasting well with the bright green of the latter.
This Q. Toza is generally pollarded; but some specimens, left
to themselves, formed much larger trees than I had imagined,
«nd the species seems altogether much preferable to tiie

ilO BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

Q.pubescens, the most common sessile-fruited Oak in the south
of Europe. The Cork tree is also frequent in the Landes ; but
in the part I crossed, there were but a few and stunted indi-
viduals.

" It was on a cloudy day that we arrived at Pau, and the
Pyrenees were hidden from view; but the next morning,
going out on the promenade, their long line of rugged peaks,
extending along the whole of the south, near and distinct,
backed by a perfectly clear sky, produced in me sensations
which I had not felt for a long time and during the whole
day that I remained at Pau, I could scarcely take my eyes
from the fascinating object. Perhaps it is owing to the asso-
ciation of my ideas with the happy tour I formerly made
there, as well as from the peculiar nature of these mountains,
springing so suddenly and majestically from the plains below,
but the view of the Pyren&es, from every point on the French
side, did always appear to me to excel any chain of the Alps,
though the latter be on a very much larger scale ; and it was
with the greatest delight that on the 2d of August, we at last
entered the Valley of Ossau, leading to this place. Yet the
day was most scorching, the country, even to the mountain
pastures, burnt up by the unusual drought, and it was in a
cloud of dust that we toiled up the road as slowly as over-
tired post-horses could drag us, and this place, enclosed in a
deep narrow gully opening into, or rather shut out from the
eastern branch of the great valley, felt so close and sultry
that nothing but its wild woody precipitous sides, crowned
by rocky peaks and patches of snow, reminded us that we
were close under mountains, rising to near 9000 feet above
the sea.

*' I had met at Pau with a M. Manescon, the master of the
post and diligence, who is an amateur of Botany, and recom-
mended me to the apothecary here, M. Cazeaux, who has
some knowledge of the science, and through whom I made
acquaintance with the intelligent self-taught, but really excel-
lent naturalist of the Vale of Ossau, Pierre Sacazes Gaston,
a peasant and shepherd, who though far from being poor, is

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. Ill

yet obliged to handle the scythe, the sickle, or the plough,
and to tend his own flocks on the mountains. Attracted
towards the study of Botany by the sight of some specimens
gathered by a herbalist of Laruns, he procured a copy of
Lapeyrouse's Histoire Abregee des Plantes des Pyrenees^ learned
Latin enough to understand the botanical diagnoses, wrote
out a portable synopsis of the work, rambled over the country
whenever he could spare time, formed for himself a rich herba-
rium of the neighbouring heights, which he has named, and with
few exceptions, named well too, learned to draw sufficiently
for the purpose of making rude but recognisable coloured
sketches of his plants, and with the further assistance of one
or two books which he has contrived to obtain, aided by a
little intercourse with M. Grenier of Besan^on, and some
other Botanists who have visited this place, he has acquired
a thorough knowledge of the stations, geographical and geo-
logical of these mountains, and a far more critical and perfect
acquaintance with the plants he has found than many a pro-
fessor with a Botanical garden and library at his command.

" Aided by Gaston's directions, I have made three rich her-
borizing excursions from this place, independently of shorter
excursions, first to the Col de Leyt and Mont Grume,
secondly, to the Cols d' Arbas and de Torte, (all of them
between 5000 and 6000 feet high), and the third to the Pic
de Ger, nearly 9000 feet high. These mountains have been
visited by Leon Dufour, who published the result of his excur-
sions in the Annals of the Linnaean Society of Bordeaux, as
also by Grenier, who gave a short account of his tour and of
his intercourse with Gaston in the same work. Yet such is the
richness of this Flora that several interesting plants have since
been found. One is a fine Thalictrum^ perfectly distinct from
any species I know, lately published by Grenier from Gaston's
specimens under the name of T. macrocarpum; another is a
Lithospermum, growing in the chinks of the large calcareous
rocks above the woody region, which Leon Dufour appears to
have mistaken for L. purpuro-ccBruleum, he having only seen
it when very young. This plant is now in fruit, and is cer-

112 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

tainly quite distinct, so far as I can judge; it is suffrutescent,
throwing up many herbaceous erect stems, simple and about
nine inches or a foot high ; the leaves dense, deep green, ovato-
lanceolate and pointed ; the flowers are sessile and axillary,
and the corolla, which I have not myself seen, is, according
to Gaston, blue, with all the characters of L. purpuro-
caruleum ; the nuts very large and rugose, which latter
peculiarity serves at once for a distinctive character. I should
like to call it after this botanist, Lithospermum Gastoni.

" Another interesting species is an Iberis^ evidently the same
as Lapeyrouse took for /. nana of Allioni, and which I had
supposed identical with /. spatlmlata. So far as 1 can judge,
from the books and materials at my command, this plant is
distinct from both the above-named species, and especially
marked by its erect though very short stems, and much nar-
rower and deeply toothed leaves : but I cannot venture to
name and characterize it without farther comparison.

" Amongst a number of good Pyrenaean plants, overlooked
by Dufour and Grenier, I may mention Medicago suffruticosa,
which is common in elevated pastures, and my Lepidium
heterophyllum, now found in several places. There is also a
dwarf Composita, allied to Serratula, of which I saw a single
specimen in Gaston's collection that I do not recognise, and
every thing shows that there is still much to find in the centre
of the Pyrenaean chain and on the Spanish side. Indeed, I
have no doubt, that were a little time at my disposal in this
neighbourhood, I might, even at this advanced season of the
year, make new discoveries in the Flora of the Pyrenees."

" Bagneres de Bigorre, Sept. 5.
" We came hither on the first of this month, after having
spent a fortnight at the Bagn6res de Luchon, a place well
known as forming a point from whence several of the richest
botanical excursions in the central Pyrenees may be made
with the greatest convenience. The alpine meadows of
l^squierry and Medapoles, never fed off, but only mown late
in the year, the extensive glaciers of Or and Crahioules, ti.e

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 113

several passes ('ports' as they are here called) in the elevated
rocky ridge separating the two kingdoms of France and Spain,
together with many other equally interesting botanical sta-
tions, may severally be visited in a single day's excursion from
the town of Luchon, and if the traveller is willing to sleep
out for one or two nights, either the Spanish mountains
around the Maladetta, or this latter gigantic mass of rock
and glacier itself, or the lower mountains below the town of
Benasque, may be searched with comparative facility. For
my own part, I feel little doubt but that every such expedi-
tion undertaken somewhat earlier in the season, and prose-
cuted by a careful botanist, would, for some time continue to
make additions to the Pyrenasan Flora, although the researches
of Endress, Dufour and Grenier and others, have already
much enriched it since the period when, accompanied by our
mutual friend, Dr Arnott, I explored these mountains in the
year 1825. Amongst those who have been herborizing with
the greatest zeal, is, I am told, a Dr Bobani, an Italian Refu-
gee, possessing much general information and who is very ardent
m the pursuit both of natural science and literature. He has
been at much pains to examine into the various controversies
that have been raised on the vegetation of the Pyrenees, and
has collected many valuable data, which would prove highly
useful to persons interested in the Flora of Europe. This
gentleman's attention is now chiefly directed to preparing for
publication a Flora of Virgil.

" M. Paul Boileau, well known to all naturalists who visit
Bagneres de Luchon, has made several interesting excursions;
though his time is too much occupied during the watering
season to allow him to pursue his researches at the best and
most productive period of the year. He gathered this spi'ing
on the rocks of the valley of the Essera, below Benasque, a
plant which he considers as the Lychnis Pyrenaica ; but on
comparing it with my dried specimens from the valleys of
Aspe and Ossau, I cannot but pronounce it to be a different
species. It may prove only the variety /3. indicated by Lapey-
rouse, in his Supplement, page 62, for it possesses all the

Journ. o/Bot. Vol. II. No. 11. Aprily 1840. q

114 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

peculiarities there adverted to; it is, indeed, almost shrubby
at the base, and thickly covered with the old persistent leaves.
In my specimens, the leaves, moreover, are not ciliated as
they almost always are in the real L. Pt/renaica, and the calyx
is of a different form, being more than half as long again and
not broader. It grows on hot rocks, in the lower valleys of
the Spanish side, whilst the L. Pyrenaica, at least wherever
I have gathered it, is only to be seen at elevations of between
4500 and 6000 feet above the sea on the French side. If the
name of Lychnis fruticulosa be not occupied, I should pro-
pose applying it to this species.

" The only excursion of any importance that I had leisure to
make from Bagneres de Luchon was on the mountains behind
the Maladetta.' I crossed the Port de la Picade ; slept at the
town of Benasque, the next day ascended the ridge of the
Ardonnex between the Pass of Castanese, already celebrated
for its botanical riches, and the Maladetta ; descended by the
wild gorge of Balivierna at the foot of the Maladetta, slept the
second night at the Spanish Hospice, and returned on the
third morning over the Port de Benasque to Bagneres. The
first and third days my way lay over the well-beaten track of
former naturalists, and which I had myself visited before ; but
the second day was on comparatively new ground, and though
I did not gather any thing absolutely new, I made a very
successful quest, and seldom has a single herborization been
rewarded with a greater variety of vegetation. Leaving Be-
nasque in the morning the rocky pastures showed themselves
clothed with sweet herbs, prickly ie^Mffjinosee, and other plants
indicative of a dry southern climate; most of these, it is true,
were much scorched up with heat and drought, still, enough
remained to prove the extent and variety that had prevailed,
and a little higher up, great masses of Astragalus aristatuSt
and some large Uinbellifene, were still in very good fruit. As I
gradually ascended into the Alpine regions, I found the com-
mon Pyrenaean species in great beauty of flower and fructifica-
tion, and met with many of the rarer ones, as Viola Cenisii,
Alysmm diffuswnj Papaver anrantiacumj Gaya Pyrenaica i a

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 115

species of Phaca, which may be P. glabra, or perliaps only
P. australis; an Oxytropis, perhaps a mere variety of O. t/ro-
lansis, but looking very different; a number of good grasses;
Galium co7n€torrkizon,{hapey rouse), or G .Villarsii, (Regnier),
&c. lalsocollected with much pleasure a commoner Pyrenaean
plant, Iberis carnosa, (Lapeyr.), or /. spathulata, (DC);
because it proved to me that the Iberis from the neighbour-
hood of Eaux Bonnes, which I mentioned to you in my last
letter, is assuredly distinct.

" From these alpine summits I descended by smugglers'
paths, the tracks often obliterated, through the wildest gorges,
often appearing impracticable to human foot, but along which
we led our mountain ponies, to the valley of Balivierna.
Here I had intended to sleep ; but having already filled my
box and stock of paper, and being destitute of means for
carrying safely any more plants, I was obliged to hurry down
the precipices, snatching here and there at single specimens of
the ever- varying vegetation we trod upon; for here, as in many
of the southern declivities, the alpine and southern vegetation
grows almost intermingled. The valley of Balivierna is also
so wild and precipitous, that it is less fed down than most of
the mountains around, and during the whole day the nature
of the rock was perpetually changing from one to another of
the great primary divisions, granite, schist, and limestone.
This valley presents an admirable field where a botanist
Kiight advantageously encamp for a few days, and investigate
the country around ; and I am even persuaded, from the
aspect of the Maladetta on this side, that, with proper pre-
cautions, the Pic Nithon, the loftiest point of the whole Pyre-
nean range, might be ascended without much difficulty,
though all attempts to reach its summit from the north, have
hitherto proved abortive.

" My guide, Jean Argaro, a person thoroughly acquainted
with these Spanish mountains, and I, had been on our ponies,
or on our legs, ever since four in the morning, and it
was near six in the afternoon, before we issued from the
gorge of Balivierna. The paths over which the poor animals

116 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.^

had travelled, were such that one would have supposed they
could scarcely have had strength to stand ; but no sooner
did they find themselves in a country with which they were
acquainted, than they galloped off with us wherever the road
would possibly allow, and by nightfall we were lodged in the
Spanish Hospice de Benasque- Here I slept soundly on the
stone floor, in a hovel about sixty feet long, fifteen broad,
and six or seven feet high in the middle, along with twenty-
two Spaniards, smugglers, custom-house carabineers, char-
coal and lime-burners, labourers, and shepherds, together
with two women, three children, four horses, two mules,
three asses, poultry, pigs, &c., &c. Fifteen of us men occu-
pied the middle room, about fifteen feet square ; we gathered
round the fire, which, as usual, was made in the centre of the
floor, and the smoke hovered about us like a thick cloud,
down to three feet from the ground, before it escaped through
the roof, which, with the stone walls and floor, were, of course,
as black as any chimney. And thus do many of the Span-
iards live the whole summer, scarcely taking off" their clothes
once a-month, and never having any thing more than a
blanket cloak interposed between them and the stones on
which they extend themselves at night. When a charcoal-
burner came into this hovel from time to time during the
night, and squatting before the fire, flung on it some branches
of the Pinus wncinata, which is full of turpentine, the vivid
light, reflected on the ragged sleepers around me, had an
indescribably picturesque appearance, and almost made me
forget the soreness of bones and watery eyes which were
produced from the same cause.

*' Some other shorter excursions about Baffneres de Luchon
were very unproductive, chiefly on account of the late unusu-
ally severe drought. It has now at last rained ; but 1 i^^^
the change of weather has come too late to do any good either
to Botanists or to the unfortunate inhabitants of these regions,
who will gather but a miserable crop of maize, and whose
cattle are perishing for want of vegetation and of water, on
the mountains."

BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 117

" Paeis, Nov. 1839.
** Since I came here, I have been chiefly occupied in col-
lecting materials and notes for my memoir on the Legumi-
noscB, at the Herbarium of the Jardin des Plantes, of which,
during late years, the importance as well as accessibility have
been much increased. The Herbarium is now lodged in a
large and handsome building ; the central part, a fine room,
is appropriated to the mineralogical collection, one wing to
the library, and the other to the botanical collection. The
latter portion is divided into two floors ; the ground floor
contains the fruits, models, &c., and especially a very fine
selection of woods, which have lately been procured at great
pains and expense from various parts of the world, together
with specimens that serve to identify them. The arrange-
ment of this department is now proceeding under the special
and active superintendence of M. Adrien Brongniart. On
the first floor is the Herbarium ; the principal room is devoted
to the general herbarium, and is lighted from above: around
it are eight or ten small apartments appropriated to special
Floras. The present plan is to deposit all the unique speci-
mens in the general herbarium, but to endeavour to obtain
duplicate sorts also, by aid of which geographical collections,
or herbaria of the most important botanical regions, may be
formed. If well followed up, which can only be eff'ected in
a large public establishment, this scheme must prove highly
serviceable to persons who are at work on the Floras of any
particular country — a case which frequently occurs. There is
besides a good working-room, well lighted and furnished with
plenty of tables, the whole kept remarkably clean and neat,
with even a degree of elegance exhibited in its polished floors,
&c. Jussieu is at the head of the establishment, where,
however, he is not often seen, as he works at home, and his
business lies chiefly in the oflice of the Administration,
Gaudichaud, Guillemin, and Decaisne, have the more imme-
diate management of the establishment, and a young man is
employed as an assistant for the mechanical operations.
Amongst the botanists who often come there, is Boivin, who

1 18 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

for years has been hard at work especially on Mediterranean
plants, and Bove, who is arranging those which he found in
the north of Africa. Baron de Lessert continues his liberal
patronage of every botanical undertaking, and has much
increased his herbarium, which is arranged according to
Sprengel. His 4th volume of Icones is just finished.

" Guillemin returned in August from Brazil, with a cargo
of Tea plants, and a considerable quantity of other growing
specimens, destined to enrich the Jar din des Piantes. I
believe he has given great satisfaction to the Government
who employed him, the object being to cultivate Tea in
Algeria. M. Guillemin also brought a good dried herbariura
from the province of St Paul ; and purchased in Brazil, for
De Lessert and the museums, a valuable and extensive col-
lection made by Claussen near the Rio San Francisco, in
Minas Geraes."

Farther recent Botanical Information from Paris has been
communicated by another valued correspondent, from which
the following is extracted : —

"M. Decaisne, who is indefatigable, is describing the plants
brought from Arabia by Bolter, son of the historian, vvho
went as Naturaliste Voyageur from the museum, and desires
to return there. They have just sent a young gardener,
(Perville) who worked in Mr Webb's herbarium, and was
very intelligent, to Madagascar; and another, MellineaUj
who was at Chatsworth, is going to Cayenne. Leprieur,
who is returned from thence, is about to publish the FiUces
he has collected, and Montague the Cellular Plants — the
excellent Baron Delessert, defraying the expenses. Mon-
tagne is, as ever, most laborious, being, besides, engaged on
the Cryptogamia (from Cuba) of La Sagra, and those of
D'Orbigny's extensive and interesting journeys in South
America- M. Gay is writing a paper on Matricaria^ Anthe-
miSf and the neighbouring Genera. Moquin has just sent
his Enumeratio Chenopodearum to the press, the printing of

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 119

which Mr Webb has generously undertaken to superintend.
It will form a thin octavo."

Dr Welwitsch,* who a little time ago left England for
the Azores, &c., has been unexpectedly detained in Lisbon.
With respect to this botanical traveller, we have received
some interesting particulars from Mr William Pamplin,
who we believe is the agent for the disposal of bi« collec-
tions in this country, and who has been in close correspon-
dence with him. Dr Welwitsch says in his first letter,
dated Lisbon, September 7, 1839, " Safely arrived in
this place, on the paradisiacal banks of the Tagus, I soon
learned from the most correct sources of information, that
especially at this season, the opportunities for performing the
voyage to the Azores, particularly to Fayal, or Pico, are by
no means so frequent as our people in the north are inclined
to believe. I therefore shall as quickly as possible, make the
necessary preparations for the satisfactory employment of the
time I may have to spend in Portugal; and indeed I began
from the first day of my arrival to make a number of
botanical excursions, which during the space of six weeks,
have afforded me so many treasures, that I am already
able to send a tolerable collection of several thousand Portu-
guese plants, insects, and shells, to the Wurtemberg Natural
History Society, (the Unto Itineraria). At the same time,
I have gained such a proficiency in the Portuguese language,
^•s to be able to make myself easily understood by the
inhabitants; which is the more important to a traveller
going to the Azores and Cape de Verdes, as nothing so much
wins the favour of the proud and unsociable Portuguese, as
an acquaintance with their language. Towards the end of
this month, I hope certainly to embark." And on the 2 1st
of October, (Lisbon,) he says, " According to my former
letter, you may imagine me already arrived in that groupe
of islands, which, strange enough, is not reckoned to belong
to any one quarter of the globe, the Azores. But the v/eather

• See the Botanical Information given at page 32 of this rolume.

120 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

is so bad, and the equinoctial gales so powerful, that.even the
steamers have not been* able to make the voyage regularly to
Oporto. It may therefore easily be supposed, that a light-
sailing vessel would not venture among the Archipelago,
surrounded by rocks, where these storms rage with the great-
est violence. Therefore, I remain here yet a fortnight or
eighteen days longer, and happily the moist equinoctial weather
has induced a great number of bulbs to shoot forth in the
valley of Estremadura, which will furnish my collection with
many interesting rarities. Of Colchicum alpinum, Ornilhogalum
Lusitanicum, Leucojum autumnale^ &c., I have, within the
last few days, gathered most beautiful specimens ; as also of
that elegant Fern, Davallia Canariensis. In particular, my
store is enriched with a greater number of cryptogamic plants
than 1 could possibly have anticipated ; amongst them are
the Staurophora pulchella, Willd., (Lunularia vulgaris^
Michel i, Marchantia cruciata, L.) of which I have gathered
numerous fertile specimens in the Alpine valleys of the Serra
de Cintra, and the many heavy rains bring daily several kinds
of HepaticcB to a state of perfection. The same cause has
called forth a renewal of spring in the woods and Alpm^
pastures; and the golden stars of the Ranunculus bullatus
clothe the lately barren and parched Kneiden hill with »
brilliant carpet. The heaths and laurel-bushes are in full
flower, and many plants that had been long withered, revive
and blossom afresh." And on the 3d November, he writes,
" I have up to this time collected from 7000 to 7500 speci-
mens, which in the next week will amount to 8000, since an
important excursion will be undertaken to Serra da Arrabida,
to which I receive military escort, without which the provinces
along the sea-shore cannot be safely visited. In the en-
virons of Lisbon all is green. The olive-trees are loaded
with ripe fruit, the laurel and the ivy are in full bloom, and
the beautiful strawberry-tree is at the same time covered with
flower and fruit. The thermometer is geneially from 13"—
17^ R. ; but the torrents are now frequent and violent, and
last from four to five days, yet then again the heavens sntiil^

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 121

in the deepest and brightest blue, and all things breathe a
May air. I am now very busy in putting my collection in
order for packing, marking the localities and fastening on
paper many of the marine Alg^s. The Tagus is much richer
in Algcc than I should have supposed from the representations
of preceding travellers." The last communication to Mr
Pamplin was dated Lisbon, January 11th, 1840. "In a
short time I shall send through you, my collections already
made in Portugal, amounting to at least 11,000 specimens,
and more than 100 bulbs, which you will kindly forward, by
the most expeditious conveyance, to the Directors of the
Unio Itineraria. The collection of cryptogamic plants, I
consider peculiarly rich, amounting to from 130 to 150
species, and 20 to 30 specimens of each. They are all in the
best and most perfect state; and among the Lichenes are
some which I believe will prove new species or well-marked
varieties. I have but just returned from a week's excursion in
the Serra de Cintra with a good booty. All the declivities of
the Serra are spangled with the golden blossoms of Narcissus
Bulbocodium. Among the bushes and various shrubby plants
appear the blue flowers of the Lithospermum fruticosum;
and by the margins of the now swollen mountain rills.
Narcissus stellatusy DC, and a species of Asphodelus abound ;
while in the higher regions of the Serra, numerous species of
Ferns and Lichens are to be seen among the mossy stems and
rocky precipices. The temperature at the coldest part of
the day, is generally = + 5 — 8° R., and at noon = + 12 —
15° R."

It is understood that Aucher Eloy's plants are on their way
from Constantinople to Paris; but it is not yet known whether
they are the result of his unfortunate Persian journey, or the
remainder of the collection he left behind him. M. Boivin
has still on sale the collections of Verraux's Cape of Good
Hope plants. They are good specimens, named, and offered
on the very reaspnable terms of 33 francs the 100.

Roue's second series of the plants of Algiers are in the
courseof distribution, (we have received ourown set, amounting

Vol.11 No. 11. R

122 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

to 900 species.) There are many new and interesting disputed
species, collected at Constantine, Blidah, and some of the best
at Oran, and though not all of them named, they will be cited
by the " Botanicoruni nostra setatis celeberrimo," at Geneva.
M. Bory de St Vincent has taken the command of the
scientific expedition in Africa : Durieu and Bou6 are to be
his fellow-labourers ; the former well known by his beautiful
collection of Spanish plants, and the latter by those already
sent from the north of Africa. It is not perhaps generally
known that this zealous botanist, M. Boue, is a Belgian by
birth, and was a gardener at the Jardin du Roi, and afterwards
gardener to Ibrahim Pasha at Cairo. By his intimate ac-
quaintance with the eastern Arabic, he is able to pass himseii
off as an Egyptian Mamelceck in the French service, amongst
the Moghrabins of Algiers, whose language is very corrupt;
and thus in his last expedition, he was well received every-
where as a Mahometan.

South African Plants.

While engaged in writing this for the press, we have the
pleasure of receiving information from our inestimable friend,
Mr Harvey, at this time on a visit in Dublin, of the arrival
of six sets of select South African plants, collected chiefly i"
the district of Uitenhage, by the indefatigable Mr Zeyher, each
containing three hundred species. Having ourselves last year
received a very fine collection from this botanist, and wishing
to unite with Mr Harvey in giving all possible encourage-
ment to so truly deserving a man, we requested Mr Zeyher to
send six sets, feeling assured that there would be a certain de-
mand for at least that number; they are ordered to be placed
in the hands of Mr Pamplin, and are offered by Mr Zeyher
at the very moderate rate of thirty shillings the hundred ;
to which will have to be added some trifling expenses fof
share of freight, &c. It is but fair, however, to state, that
three of these six sets are already bespoken ; but the public
will now have the opportunity of knowing the merits of
Mr Zeyher as a careful and zealous collector, of inducing

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 121

Ijim to send farther supplies from his late journeys, and of
aiding him in those which he is now about to undertake.
The following is an extract from the letter, which accom-
panied the box of plants, and addressed to the Hon. W. H.
Harvey : —

Cape Town, Nov. 1, 1839.
" Dear Sir, — With the greatest pleasure I have heard of
your happy arrival at home, and your intention to revisit this
colony in about ten months, and I wish you a safe return to
this place again. I have received your letter, written at the
time you left the colony, by the favour of Baron Ludwig,
and feel obliged for your kind intentions towards me, and
the favour you confer upon me in honouring me with further
orders respecting botany. My stay in Cape Town has been
longer than I expected, but I have occupied that time in
arranging my plants, and bringing those collections into a dis-
posable state which I have been engaged in making for the
last two years in the remote eastern districts of the colony.
I have also taken the liberty to prepare six selections of the
niore rare plants for Sir W. J. Hooker, in Glasgow, for
which you were so kind as to obtain orders for me ; and I
hope these will meet with Sir William's approbation. As I
am ready to start by the first opportunity by sea to Algoa
Bay, and to proceed immediately after for the northern dis-
tricts, I have been very anxious to finish this first transport,
and to fulfil Sir William Hooker's commission. I have now
besides arranged twenty herbaria for sale from my entire
collection; and shall feel greatly obliged if you would recom-
mend them to the friends of botany generally, in your country,
so that I may thus be furnished with the means of covering
the expenses of my now still more distant travels. And I
also beg of you farther to have the kindness to bring me to
the notice of Horticulturists, and assure them that I am
willing to procure bulbs and seeds from South Africa, which I
shall select with care; and I trust, by diligence and atten-
tion, to ensure the satisfaction of those who may favour me
with their commands. My journey to the north will occupy

124

BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

a year or more, and then I shall return for a short period to
Europe."

This important journey will take our traveller through
Port Natal, whence Mr Harvey has received a most valuable
collection of plants, made by Lieutenant-Colonel Peddie,
who commanded the 72d Regiment. Some of them are now
before us, and they present several entirely new genera, and
others little, or not at all, known as inhabitants of southern
Africa.

The following is a list of the plants contained in each of
the six collections from Uitenhage, which have just been
transmitted to Mr Pamplin : —

643 Scirpus
1038 -

1043 Crassula

truncatus

cordata

185 Andropogon

462

447 Stipa

502

167 Ehrharta

253

662 Rottboellia
657 Triticum
621 Arena

469

453 .

770 — elephantina

328 Scabiosa antbemifolia
698 Cephalaria attenuata
29 Oldenlandia Caflra
949 Boscia undulata
299 Laurophyllus Capensia
468 Psamotropha parrifolia

995 Pyrgosea turrita

1042 . tetragonal n. sp.

1041

425 Portulacaria Afra
987 Cotyledon ramosissima

990 Crassula tetragona

991

985 filicaulis

996 . acutifoUa

989 __ perforata

994 Spbaeritis typica

993 Globulea canesceas

982 cultrata

1040

986 . radicans

1045 Tetraphyle campestris

136 Petrogeton nemorosum

729 Helophytum inane

641 — fluitana

653 /3. intermedium

588 Dregea virgata

721 Peucedanura rigidum

584 Anesorhiza macrocarpa

422 Cynorhiza montana

414 Cnidium suffruticosum

535 Trinia Uitenhagensis

580 Lichtensteinia Sprengeliana

467 Ipomcea

561

261 Echites bispinosa

262 . succulenta

671 Sarcostemma apbyllum
670 viminale

36 Ceropegia stapeliseformis
591 Lagarintbus
538 Astepbanus linearis

603 .anceolatus

6 Hamiltonia Capensie

BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

125

560 Cussonia thyrsiflora
625 Trichocladus crinitus
673 Icacina

1053 Aloe

1052 - -

1059 Anthericum

1058

1057 .

1069

1070 .

1067 ■

1068 Bulbine

107 Loranthus elegans

607 Asparagus

1061 ■

1077 Limeum fluviatile

267 Gaidia pungens

210 Dais linifolia

732 argentea

498 Amyris iuaequalis

776 Dodonaea Caffra
30 Erica

341

197

, 227 Polygonum
618 Silene primulaeiflora
114 Polygonum
425 Zygophyllum iasuave
219 Schepperia juncea

777 Virgilia sylvatica
132 Oxalis breviscapa

"1 macrophylla

98 Candida

96 stellata

^31 ciliariflora

93 imbricata

92 .

1075 ,

672 Schotia latifolia

536 Chamaecrjsta Capensis

681 Eugenia Zeyheri

" Capensis

858 Eriudaphus Zeyheri
412 Aizoon argenteum

188 . — pubescens

259 . — hirsutum

1049

1096

1095

1094

1093

1092

1091

1090

1089

1088

1087

1086

1085

1084

1083

1082

1081

1080

1079

1078

1077

1100

1098

1101

1099

1097

457

569

179

237

1

487

89

846

842

692

1032

746

121

588

769

115

375

31

638

233

Kolleria
Mesembry anthem um

Euphorbia uncinata
Commelini

Nymphsea scutifolia
Capparis Volkameriae

citrifolia

Niebuhria Caffra
Grewia flava

obtusifolia

Lyperia microphylla

pinnatifida

Chascanum cuneifolium
Chaenostoma

■ pumilum

Stachys subseesilis
Plectranthus Thunbergii
Selago

Nuxia floribunda
Gerardia scabra

tubulosa

Orobanche
Aletra Capeniis

126

BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

475 Blepharis saturejsefolia
146 Blepharanthus Capensis

242 procumbens

334 Chsetacanthus Persoonii
78 Rhytiglossa ciliata
40 Peritrophe cernua
260 Gendarussa cuneata

82 Capensis

241 Heliophila falcata

1103 Hibiscus Ludwigii
392 Hermannia yelutina

157 conglomerata

460 Acacia CafFra

655 Chorisma tetragona

337 Polygala pungens

611 — Sprengeliana

391 attenuata

1105

745 Muraltia ruscifolia

372 macroceros

123 Psoralea hirta
668 diffusa

^ 393 Algosensis

305 affinis

401 Polylobium intermedium

1108 Argyrolobium
323 — — . — ■ sericeum

310 Aspalalhus
lllj

705

868 Lotononis acuminata

465 .

330 Desmodium squarrosum
191 Tephrosia grandiflora
228 Dolichos angustifolius
333 Phaseolus Capensis
533 Dichilus ciliatus
109 Podalyria patens
80 ladigofera denudata

213 . stenophylla

1109

257 Aspalathus horrida

377

38

415

755 —
245

— chortopbila

— albiflora

— poliotes

203 —
264 —
714 —

42 nivea

378

101 1 Spboenogyne foeniculacea
69 Xerothamnus Ecklonianus
67 Psilothamnus adpressifolius

9 Gerbera piloselloides
753 Berkbeya
406 Chrysocoma

1113

500 Conyza incisa, /3. hirta
550 Baccharis cuneata
481 Tarchonanthus racemosus
309 Brachylaena
650 Morysia pinnata

315 . dentata

297 Gamolepis euriopoides

72 Euriops Algoaensis
65 . tenuissimus

397 Eclopes trinervis
256 Pteronia xantholepis

404 flexicaulis

407 membranacea

726 Gamolepis mutica
765 Doria carnosa

119 Othonna camosa

116 — membranifolia

614 Felicia ficoidea

3 . rigidula

, 623 Brachyrhynchus reclinatus

73 _ .junceus

519 Senecio crassulaefolius
111 _

120 —
953 —
709 —
957 —
763 —

— marg

— spiuosa, /S. longifolia

— adelpha
— < suiFruticosa

— angulatus

— gonocladus

— deltoideus

— cederiafolius

— paucifolius

— crassiusculus
597 Nidorella longifolia

129 Dimorphotheca Ecklonii

949 Cacalia articulata

416 Helichrysum recurratum

SCHOMBUHGKS GUIANA PLANTS.

127

■751

282

713

339

317

158

381

53

479

702

373

535

45

628

79

1029

1117

1118

1119

609

1121

543

20

735

727

1125

767

7

Helichrysum fulgidum
lupulinum
Burchellii
felinum
teretifolium
striatum
■ cymosum
, anomalum
concolorum
ferrngineum
xeranthemoides

Leontonyx tinctus
Amphiglossa callunoides
Disa graminifolia
Metalasia aristata
Scopularia Burchellii
Angrsecum arcuatum

Lissochilos

Ceratiosicyos Ecklonii
Cephalandra quinqueloba
Phyllanthus Capensis
Croton Capense
Euclea pubescens

Prockia rotundifolia

507 Loxostylis alata
149 Hippobromus alatus
559 Ekebergia Capensis
160 Pteroxylon utile
1 66 Pappea Capensis

679 Menispermum Capense
724 Trimeria trinervia

680 Cavanilia scandens ?
280 Coniandra Zeyheri
564 Pilogyne suavis

596 Anthospermum ferrngineum

100 Equisetum elongatum

642 Chara

706 Schizaea pectinata

708 Gleichenia polypodioides

1126 Ceterach Capensis
599 Lomaria auriculata

527 Asplenium furcatum
691

601 Csenopteris rutsefolia
677 Pteris serraria

528 flabellata

1 127 Cheilanthes hirta, /3.
530 Adianthum ^thiopicum
511 Aspidium Ecklonii

525

526

coriaceum

VI. — Contributions towards a Flora of South America — Enu-
deration of Plants collected by Mr Schomburgk in British
Guiana. — By George Bentham, Esg., F.L.S., &c., &c.

IContinued from page 103 of this Vol.2

Tribe MiMosEiE.

246. PentaclethrsL flamentosa, Gen. Nov — British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 408.

Pentaclethra. Char. Gen. Calyx campanulatus, bre-
vissime 5-dentatus. Petala 5, basi coalita. Stamina 10,
quorum 5 fertilia petalis alterna, 5 sterilia filiformia petalis
opposita. Antherae fertilium biloculares, loculis longitudi-

128 SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS.

naliter dehiscentibus, connectivo apice glandulifero. Ovarium
sessile villosum. Stylus filiformis, apice subincrassatus, trun-

catus, stigmate terminali. Legumen — Arbores, foliis

bipinnatis multijugis eglandulosis, spicis elongatis crassis
paucis ad apices ramorum paniculatis, floribus numerosissimis
sessilibus — P.filamentosa; staminibus sterilibus corolla mul-
toties longioribus.— Arbor elatus. Ramuli crassi glabri.
Folia fere pedalia rigida. Petiolus primarius crassiusculus
supra canaliculatus. Pinnae circa 15-jugee, petiolis circa
3-pollicaribus. Foliola 30— 50-juga, linearia, falcata, acuta,
basi valde obliqua, latere inferiore auriculata, 3—4 lin. longa,
rigida glabra, supra nitida. Racemi 4— 6-pollicares fere
DimorphandrtB macrostachyce. Flores fere li lin. Jongi,
crassiusculi, glabri. Stamina fertilia corolla parum longiora,

sterilia fere pollicaria, filiformia, albida This plant chiefly

differs from Dimorphandra in the valvate aestivation of the
corolla, which places it amongst MimosecB. Its fruit, at present
unknown, may also probably furnish additional distinctive
characters. The foliage is that of many Mimosece.

I have a second species from Borba, in Brazil, communi-
cated to me by the Imperial Academy of St Petersburgh.
The specimens are in flower only, the foliage and inflores-
cence are precisely the same as in P. Jilamentosa; but the
flowers are rather larger and it may be readily distinguished
by the following character :— P. brevifila; staminibus basi
breviter monadelphis, sterilibus corolla brevioribus.

In the present state of our acquaintance with the extensive
tribe of MimosecB, (of which I possess above TOO species,
probably not half of what already exist in herbaria,) it is
difficult to divide them into natural subtribes, but they may
be provisionally arranged in three groups; I. Desmanthea,
in which the number of stamens is definite, (usually 10,) and
either half the stamens in every flower, or all the stamens in
some flowers are sterile, filiform, or petaloid ; 2. Eumimosea,
with definite stamens, (usually 10), all fertile ; 3. Jcaciea,
■with indefinite (usually very numerous) stamens. Pentaclethra
from its affinity to Dimorphandra, might be placed at the

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 129

head of the first of these groups, which contains also the
three genera Dichrostachys, Neptunia, and Desmanthus, united
into one by De Candolle, but which appear to me as distinct
from each other as most other genera of MimosetB. Dichro-
stachys is, so far as hitherto known, confined to Africa and
Asia. Of Neptunia^ the following occurs in the collections
before me.

247. Neptunia polyphylla, DC. Prod. II. 444. sub Des-
tnaniho? — Herbacea, glaberrima, sub aqua crescens, caule
adscendente subcompresso. Stipuloe ovatse vel lanceolatae,
acuminata. Petioli angulati seta terminati. Pinnae 3 — S-jugse,
glandula ovata depressa inter 1 — 2-inferiores. Foliola saepius
circa 30-juga, oblongo-linearia, obtusiuscula, 3 lin. longa,
basi valde insequilatera. Pedunculi axillares 3 — 4-pollicares
glabri. Bracteee 1 v. 2 alternse lanceolatae acuminatae deci-
duae, minores quam in N. plena. Capitulum ovoideum.
Flores partis inferioris steriles calyce campanulato quinque-
dentato. Petala 5 oblonga stipitata. Filamenta 10, basi
tenuia, extra coroUam dilatata linearia membranacea flava,
I poll, longa acuta. Flores fertiles in parte superiore capituli :
Calyx ut in sterilibus. Petala 5, oblongo-linearia basi non
angustata subconnata. Stamina 10. Antherse breviter ova-
tas connectivo apice glandulam stipitatam deciduam ferente,
ioculis ipsis secus rimas demum verrucoso-glandulosis. Ova-
rium oblongum breviter stipitatum, glabrum; stigma magnum

cupulatum. Legumen non vidi In savannahs, British

Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 751.

The old Mimosa plena, or Neptunia plena, which I possess
from St Vincent's, is allied to the above ; but has fewer leaf-
lets, the stem more compressed and pubescent, and the bracts
much broader. I have besides two East Indian species, one
Australian, one Peruvian (Cuming, n. 1027), one Brazilian,
(Blanchet, n. 2700), and two Texian species, (Drummond,
3d Coll. n. 150 and 158.)

The true Desmanthi, or De Candolle's section Desmanthea,
with the sterile flowers of Neptunia, has the habit and other
characters of Darlingtonia. I possess five or six species, in-
cluding Gardner's n. 981, from Pernambuco, Cuming's 918,

Vol. II.— No. II. s

130 SCHOMBCRGK's GUIANA PLANTS.

from Peru, and n. 151, 152, of Drummond's 3d Texas collec-
tion.

Darlingtonia, from its aflBnity to Desmanthus, may be placed
at the head of the Eumimosece. I know but of the two pub-
lished species, which are very much alike, and very inconstant
in the number of glands on the general petiole.

248. Schranckia leptocarpa, DC. Mem. Leg. p. 441 — On
the Rio Negro. Schomburgk, n. 931. — Also in Salzmann's
and in Pohl's Brazilian collections.

249. S. ? hrachycarpa (sp. n.) ; caule pentagono piloso peti-
olisque aculeatissimis, pinnis 5 — 9-jugis, foliolis multijugis,
pedunculo brevissimo, leguminibus lineari-falcatis aculeatis-
simis. — Stem and habit of a Schranckia ; differs from S.
uncinata in the number of pinnae, and especially in the pods
which are very numerous, and scarcely more than half a"
inch long, though very nearly ripe. — On the Rio Negro:

Schomburgk, n. 903.

Nos. 95 of Drummond's New Orleans plants, 71 (bis) of his
second Texas collection, 159 (bis) 159 (ter) of the third Texian
set, are true Schranckice, and probably also 157 and 159 of
the third Texian set, of neither of which I have seen the fruit.

250. Mimosa florihunda, Willd.—DC. Prod. II. 426.—
Woods skirting savannahs on the Rio Branco. Schomburgk?
n. 848.

261. M. polydactyla, Humb. et Kunth, DC. Prodr. U' P'
427. — British Guiana. Parker. — French Guiana, Leprieur,
Herb. Par. n. 26.

252. M. {Eumimosa hipinnatq) camporum (sp. n.) ; humi-
lis, ramis pubescenti-hirtis aculeis minutis sparsis setaceis
rectis, foliis bipinnatis, pinnis 2 — 5-jugis, foliolis multijugis
linearibus mucronatis ciliatis apice subserrulatis, petiolo eglan-
duloso inermi vel hinc inde aculea minuta armato, capitulis
globosis brevissime pedunculatis, leguminibus oblongis 2 — 3-
articulatis setoso-hispidis. — AflSnis M. kumili. Foliola vix 2

lin. longa. Legumen fere semipoUicare British Guiana.

Schomburgk, n. 725.

253. M. tnicrocephala, Humh. et Kunth.— DC. Prod. II. P
428. — On the Parime mountains. Schomburjik.

SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS. 131

254. M. {Eumimosa ? bipinnata) paniculata (sp. n,) ; ramu-
lis petiolisque pubescentibus retrorsum aculeatis, foliis bipin-
natis, glandulis conicis ad basin petioli inter pinnas supre-
mas et inter foliola suprema, pinnis 5 — 7-jugis, foliolis 7 — II-
jugis oblique falcato-rhombeis valde inaequilateris raucronu-
latis basi binerviis supra lucidis minute hirtellis subtus pubes-
centibus, racemis terminalibus paniculatis, capitulis globosis,

leguminibus — Caulis scandens videtur. Foliola

4 — 5 lin. longa, 3 lin. lata. Stipulge subulatae deciduae.
Stipellae setaceae ad basin pinnarum. Capitula numerosa
fasciculata breviter et inaequaliter pedunculata, 2 lin. diame-
tro. Bractese subulatae. Bracteolse setaceae parvse. Flores
tetrameri 8-andri. Legumen non vidi. — British Guiana.
Schomburgk.

The above Mimosm all belong to De Candolle's section
Eumimosa, of which I have before me near a hundred spe-
cies, forming two or three groups very distinct from each
other as to the greater number of species, but which have
intermediate forms which prevent my subdividing them with-
out a more careful investigation than I am able at present to
make. Some of them also run very much into the section
Habbasia, the form of the pod and the number and arrange-
ment of the spines being very variable.

The two following belong to De Candolle's Bataucaulon, of
which I have about twenty species including Acacia acantho-
carpa, Willd., and some others hitherto considered as Acacia,
but of which the ripe pod certainly breaks into distinct articula-
tions leaving the sutures persistent. In this section (also
characterized by the pod), there are certainly many very dif-
ferent forms, which it will hereafter be found necessary to
class in distinct groups.

255. M. micracantha (sp. n.); ramis subteretibus glabri-
usculis, aculeis in striis longitudinalibus minutis uncinatis,
foliis bipinnatis, petiolo inerrai v. hinc inde minute aculeato
basi et inter pinnas et foliola extrema glandulifero, pinnis
2— 3-jugis, foliolis bijugis late ovato-rhombeis obtusissimis
^alde iuffiquilateris subtrinerviis glabris v. subtus ad venas

132 schomburgk's guiana plants.

pubescentibus, capitulis globosis paniculatis, leguminibus
glabris Isevibus latis inter semina subcontractis. — Affinis ex
descr. M. trinervi. Foliola majora 2-poll. longa, minora vix
semipoll., nonnulla fere orbicularia. Glandulse petiolorum
valde prominulse. Capitula parva. Calyx 5-dentatus sub-
glandulosus. Corolla 5-petala. Stamina 10. Anthers
eglandulosae. Ovarium glaber. Stylus lateralis. Stigma
obtusum. Legumen Junius minutissime et dense pubescens
in sicco ferrugineum, adultum glabrum laeve 2-poll. longum
plusquam semipollicem latum, planum, tenue, articulis minus
longis quam latis. — Barcellos on the Rio Negro. Schom-
burgk.

256. M.? acacioides (sp. n.); inermis, ramulis verrucoso-
glandulosis petiolisque minute tomentellis glabratisve, foliis
bipinnatis, glandula oblonga in medio petiolo et 1 — 2 infra
juga suprema, pinnis 20 — 30-jugis, foliolis multijugis lineari-
bus obliquis acutiusculis apice dorso et margine subciliatis,
pedicellis fasciculatis axillaribus v. ad apices ramorum pani-
culatis elongatis pubescentibus supra medium bracteatis
monocephalis, legumine coriaceo glabro inermi glanduloso-
verrucoso inter articulos contracto. — Arbor 20 — 30-pedalis.
Glandulae verrucae formes ferruginese numerosae in ramis et
legumine. Folia semipedalia v. paullo majora, foliolis nume-
rosissimis parvis. Pedicelli 2 — 3-pollicares tenues. Bractese
2 oppositse in unam coalitse parvae membranaceae fuscae-
Capitula globosa 3 — 4-lin. diametro. Flores pentameri.
Calyx puberulus. Corolla subglabra. Stamina 10, longi-
uscule exserta, basi breviter perigyna. Legumen unicum
tantum vidi vix maturum 3-pollicare planum coriaceo- ligno-
sum, valvulis sese arete adnatis, in articulo facile secedens
sed nescio an suturse persistunt. — Woods, skirting savannahs
in British Guiana, and also on the Rio Branco, where it is
called Black Parica and Paricarama. The bark is used for
tanning, and also medicinally to cure internal bleeding. Some
tribes intoxicate themselves with the fumes of the seeds whilst
burning.— Schomburgk, n. 832, (fruit specimen,) and 866,
(flowering specimen).

* SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 133

257. M. {Stachyomima) Schomburgkii (sp. n.); arborea,
inermis, foliis bipinnatis, petiolis leproso-tomentosis eglandu-
losis,pinnis7 — 15-jugis, foliolis 15 — 20-jugis oblique oblongis
obtusis glabris, spicis cylindricis elongatis raultifloris fascicu-
latis sed panicula terminali dispositis, leguminibus coriaceis
inermibusminute tomentosis. — Arbor 30 — 40-pedalis. Ramuli
subteretes juniores leproso-tomentosi. Stipulae subulatae.
Folia semipedalia. Foliola 2 — 3 lin. longa, 1 lin. lata ; par
infimum cujus pinnae breviter stipellatum. Spicee plerumque
3 — 4-natae 3-pollicares. Rachis leproso-tomentosa. Floras
pentameri. Calyx siccitate canus. Corolla crassiuscula
minute tomentella siccitate canescens, viva alba. Stamina
10, glabra, corolla subtriplo longiora. Antherse subglobosse
parvaeeglandulosse. Ovarium sessile villosum. Stylus subu-
latus glaber. Legumen 2 — 3 poll, longum, 3 — 4 lin. latum,
articulis 3 — 6, suturis persistentibus. — Pirara, British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 715.

The section Stachyomima has the fruit of Bataucaulojit with
a spicate inflorescence. No species belonging to it is men-
tioned in the Prodromus, unless it be amongst the decandrous
plants referred to Acacia. Ernest Meyer has, however, since
described one among Drege's Cape plants, and I possess
about fifteen Brazilian species, including Blanchet's Nos.
2850, 2869, 2870, and 2912; and Gardner's 889, 1588, 2135,
2136, and 2137.

258. Entada polyphylla (sp. n.) ; pinnis 4— 8-jugis, foliolis
12 — 20-jugis lineari-oblongis obtusis retusisve, subtus pilis
minutis adpressis pubescentibus, spicis subgeminis inracerais
terminalibus, rachi petiolisque puberulis — Allied to E.
Polystachya, JDC., and probably also to B. chiliantha, DC.^
but differs from both in the number of pinnules and leaflets,
which latter are scarcely six lines long.— On the Rio Quitaro,
Schomburgk, n. 604. Borba in Brazil, Herb, of the Peters-
burgh Academy.

259. E.? myriadenia (sp. n.); scandens, angulis ramorum
petiolis rachique retrorsum aculeatis, foliorum pinnis a— 12-
jugis, foliolis 20— 40-jugis oblique oblongis mucronatis subtus

134 schomburgk's guiana plants.

dense et minute glandulosis, glandula scutelliformi maxima
ad basin petioli, et nonnullis inter pinnas superiores v. in
petiolis partialibus, spicis fasciculatis paniculatis, floribus
pentandris. — Frutex, super arbores altissimas scandens. Ha-
muli pubescentes, anguli 4-5 elevatis, spinis crebris retrorsis
brevibus onustis. Foliola 2 lin. longa glabriuscula ; glan-
dule paginae inferioris in sicco fuscse. Spicse 2 — 3-pollicares
uti calyces fuscfie. Petala libera glabra. Staminacorolla parum
longiora, sterilia nulla. Antherse oblongse glandula minuta
fugacissima. Ovarium villosum. Stylus glaber. — Not having
seen the fruit, I have some doubts as to this plant being a true
Untada, as it differs from the other species in the number of
stamens.— Rio Negro, Schomburgk, n. 917.

The great elevation to which the climbers which form this
genus attain, and the enormous size of their pods, are pro-
bably the cause that even the more common species are
seldom to be met with in herbaria, and scarcely ever in per-
fect specimens. Little therefore can be added to the extent
or to the characters of the genus as given by De Candolle.
It is very closely allied to the section JBataucaulon, and espe-
cially to Stachyomima amongst Mimosce.

Gardner's n. 1589 from Ceara, belongs to a new genus
which I have called Plathymenia. It has the calyx and
corolla of Entada, 10 stamens usually twisted round the ovary
in the bud, the filaments smooth and free, the anthers glandu-
liferous, the ovary and style very woolly. The pod is re-
markable; in its outward appearance it is like that ofthe
broad thin-podded Acacias j the pericarp opens in two valves
as in Acacia; but the endocarp, as in Entadoy separates
from the pericarp, is thin, membranous, and indehiscent, but
splits transversely between the seeds, so as to enclose each
seed in a broad, thin, white, membranous case. Of this genus
I have six Brazilian species. They are all apparently trees or
shrubs, without prickles; the leaves bipinnate without glands;
the leaflets ovate or oblong, blunt and oblique, usually
numerous: the spikes of flowers long, axillary, supra-axillary,
or collected at the ends of the branches, and the pod smooth.

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 135

Gardner's n. 361 from the Organ Mountains, Martius's
Acacia fruticosa^ and two other species in my herbarium, have
the flowers, inflorescence, and in most respects the habit of
Plathymenia, Adenanthera and Stryphnodendron ; the glands of
the anthers are however small and often so fugitive that the
bud must be opened carefully to find them still adhering, and
the pod is that of an Acacia. The leaflets, as in the three
above-mentioned genera, are broad and blunt, but the petioles
appear to be constantly prickly. To this group I have
given the generic name of Piptadenia.

Another set of near a dozen Brazilian species agree with
Piptadenia in flowers and inflorescence, but the leaflets are
very numerous, small, narrow, and pointed, which gives to
the specimens the appearance of the true Acacias, or of the
spicate-flowered Mimosas. I have seen the pod of but one
species, and that is not ripe. If, as it appears to do, it agrees
with that of the other Piptadenice, this group would form a
section of that genus.

I have about eight species which I should refer to Stryph-
nodendron of Martins. Amongst these, Gardner's n. 364
from the Organ Mountains is S. polyphyllum, Mart.; his n.
986 from Pernambuco, is a new species closely allied to it ;
Blanchet's 2899 from the Sierra Acurua (to which belongs
also probably his n. 2701 from the Serra Jacobina), is re-
markable from the pod being flatter and much contracted
between the seeds, but it appears to be a true Stryphnoden-
dron, De Candolle's Acacia psilostachya, which I received
from Cayenne, seems also to be referrible to this genus.
Mimosa Guianensis, Auhl. PI. Gen. ll.p. 938 t. 357, has from
that figure all the appearance of a Stryphnodendron, but the
fruit is described as thin, membranous and bivalved, which
Would place it in Piptadenia. There are however so many
instances where Aublet is known to have mismatched fruits
and flowers, that there is no certainty of his correctness in
this case, more especially as he gathered the flowering and
fruit-bearing specimens at several months' interval.

The East Indian genera, Adenanthera and Prosopis, are

136 schomburgk's guiana plants.

very near the two last, but apparently distinct, especially in
the pod. Algarobia^ comprehending nearly twenty American
species, is also allied to Stryphnodendron^ but with a very dif-
ferent habit, and the petals in most, if not in all, the species,
are woolly inside. I find I was mistaken in following other
authors in describing the anthers as eglandular ; the stipitate
glands exist, at least in many species, but they are so small
and fall off so readily, that they can scarcely be seen in dried
specimens, except in the bud. Gagnebina from the Mauritius,
Filloea from tropical Africa, and Lagonychinm from the
Caucasian region, complete the list of thirteen genera of
Eumimosece known to me, to which may perhaps be added
Gleditschia, with the structure of the flowers of which I am
not as yet perfectly acquainted.

260. Vachellia Farnesiana^ Wight et Arn. Tl. Penins.
Ind. Or. I. p. 272. — Farnesia odora, Gusparini ex Linnaea,
V. XIII. Littbl. p. 134 — French Guiana. Leprieur, Herb.
Par. n. 25.

This genus, distinguished from the great mass of Acacias
by its pod, the flowers being precisely the same, appears to
comprehend a considerable number of species, some of them
American, where they are chiefly found in the West Indies,
Mexico, Peru, and Chili ; but perhaps the greatest proportion
are African. Sq far as regards the American species, they
form a natural group, and are easily distinguished ^xovn Acacia;
but the African ones, with which it is true I am as yet but
little familiar, seem to run much into the true Acacia.
The greater number of the trees, however, which furnish the
African gums, will probably be found to belong to Vachellia;
but then the question arises, should not this group preserve
the name of Acacia, and another appellation be Driven to the
Australian Acacia and their congeners ? In answer to this,
I do not see any reason to go farther back than Willdenow,
who first established Acacia as a genus, and included therein
the whole of both groups; and as the number of species of
that portion which includes the Australian ones is so very
much the largest, and the other has already received a generic

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 137

name, it would produce infinitely less confusion to adopt the
Vachellia of Wight and Arnott, and retain the name of
Acacia for the Australian group.

261. Acacia Westiana. DC, Prodr. 1\. p. 464? — Folia fere
A. filicince, sed glandula adest oblonga ad basin petioli et
saspius 1-2 minores inter pinnas extimas. Aculei ramorum
et petiolorum minuti pauci. Panicula ampla divaricata ter-
minalis, rachi pedicellisque conescentibus. Flores penta-
nieri canescentes. Stamina numerosa omnino libera. Le-
gumen non vidi. — Rio Branco. Schomburgk, n. 852, the
specimens in flower : — the fruit specimens under the same
number belong to Mimosa acacioides.

From the genus Acacia, as adopted by De CandoUe, I
should propose to exclude, 1. All the species with definite
stamens, which will be found to belong to Mimosa, Entada or
Stryphnodendron, or some perhaps to Plathymenia or Pipta-
denia. 2. All the species with very long purple or white
stamina, more or less monadelphous at the base, amongst
which A. tetragona and probably some others enter into my
genus Calliandra, defined below, and A. Lebbek, with several
others, chiefly Asiatic, constitute another new genus, having
the flowers of an Inga with the pod of an Acacia. There will
remain a mass of perhaps three hundred species chiefly
Australian, but with several Asiatic and African species, and
a considerable number of American ones, of which I have
about forty in my own herbarium. The inflorescence is
capitate or spiked, the corolla small, usually, perhaps always,
gamopetalous and campanulate, the stamens numerous yelloiv
and perfectly free, the pod bivalved, without any pulpy or
cellular substance inside at its maturity, the valves mem-
hranous, coriaceous or woody, not rolling back elastically,
but straight, curved, or twisted about in a variety of shapes.

262. Calliandra? stipulacea (sp. n.) ; pinnis 3-4-jugis, foli-
olis 8— 12-jugis oblique oblongisobovatisvevalde insequilateris
subcoriaceis glabris, petiolis eglandulosis ramisque glabriuscu-
^'s, stipulis bracteisque lanceolatis cartilagineis, capitulis pe-
dunculatis terminalibus fasciculatis, floribus sessilibus, calycibus

Vol. II No. 11. T

138 schomburgk's guiana plants.

glabriS) coroUis adpresse pubescentibus. — Arbuscula. Foliola
pleraque 6-8 lin. longa, circa 3 lin. lata, obtusiuscula, subtus
pallida. Slipulae et bracteae persistentes circa 3 lin. longee.
Inflorescentia revera racemosa terminalis, sed rachis brevis
et bracteae cum basibus pedunculorum imbricatae ita ut pe-
dunculi fasciculati videntur. Calyx 1 lin. longus. Corolla
infundibuliformis fere 4 lin., limbo l\ lin. longo. Stamina
bipollicaria basi brevissime monadelpha. Antherae hirsutae.
Pollinia in quoque loculo pauca, verosimiliter 2, sed in speci-
mine meo jam fere omnia delapsa. — On the Rio Quitaro.
Schomburgk, n. 582.

I propose the name of Calliandra for the genus indicated
by De CandoUe under Inga anomala as the .(4n«es/ca of Salis-
bury, a name applied by Dr Wallich to a very different
East Indian genus. The Calliandra may be essentially
characterised by the stamens which are more or less monadel-
phous, and by the pod which is straight, linear, or oblongj
flat, with the margins much thickened, of a woody coriaceous
or submembranous texture, two-valved, the valves rolling
hvLtk. with more or less elasticity at their maturity from the
apex to the base without twisting. The seeds are always
attached by a very short funiculus. The species I have seen
have all bipinnate leaves, globose heads of flowers, agamope-
talous corolla, campanulateor more frequently infundibulifornij
very numerous stamina, many times longer than the corolla
and generally purple, the anther small often more or less
hispid and each cell containing two large pollen-masses.
The insertion of the stamens is often perigynous, and in many
species the centi-al flowers have no ovary, and are otherwise
dissimilar to the outer more perfect ones in each head.

Besides the 18 species of which the enumeration is sub-
joined, it is probable that several of the Ingce SamanecB and oi
the AcacicB glohiflonE inermes of De Candolle's Prodromus
may belong to Calliandra. The species known to me are : —

1. C. dynantha; ramulis pubescentibus, pinnis 4 — 5-jugis»
foliolis multijugis (4 — 6 lin. longis) falcaio-oblongis rigidis
coriaceis supra glabris pilosisve subtus pubescentibus, stipulis

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 139

lanceolatis fuscis, bracteis lato-ovatis, capitulis sessilibus in-
terruple fasciculato-spicatis, calycibus corollisque rufo-hirsu-
tissimis, leguminibus . . . . — Minas Geraes, P. Claussen.

2, C. Houstoni. — Mimosa Houstoni, UHcr. — Acacia Hous-
tmii. Willd. — Inga Houstoni, DC.

3. C. grandiflora. — Mimosa grandiflora. UHcr.

4<. C. Kunthii. — Inga anomala. Kunth. — Antherae villo-
sae, pollinia ovoidea.

5. C. microphylla ; pinnis circa 20-jugis, foliolis multijugis
densis minimis (vix 1 lin.) imbricatis linearibus mucronatis
subcoriaceis glabris, petiolo puberulo eglanduloso, capitulis

axillaribus breviter pedunculatis, floribus , leguminibus

lignosis velutinis. — Minas Geraes. P. Claussen.

6. C. tetragona Acacia tetragona. Willd.^ — Antherae

mmute puberulse, pollinia subglobosa.

7. C? stipulacea, supra.

8. C. Jilipes; ramulis petiolisque puberulis glabratisve,
pmnis 3 — 4-jugis, foliolis plerumque 10 — l6-jugis dimidiato-
oblongis V. oblongo-lanceolatis (4-6 lin.) falcatis inaequilateris
niembranaceis mucronulatis glabris junioribus ciliatis, glan-
dulis parvis in petiolo tetragono sparsis, stipulis falcato-lan-
ceolaiis, pedunculis filiformibus ad axillas fasciculatis, calyci-
bus corollisque glabris, leguminibus . . . . — Brasilia. Pohl. —
Antherae glabrse. Pollinia depresso-globosa, cruciatim 4-lin-
eata, 8-sulcata.

9- C. scutellifera ; foliis ramulisque junioribus puberulis
demum glabratis, pinnis 2 — 3-jugis, foliolis (4-6 lin.) 6 — 9-
jugis oblique obovato-oblongis falcatis inaequilateris mem-
branaceis, glandula scutelliformi majuscula ad basin petioli,
parvis inter pinnas cranes, stipulis linearibus parvis, pedun-
culis filiformibus ad axillas fasciculatis, calyce corollaque
glabris, legumine submembranaceo minute puberulo suturis
crassis.— Ribeira. Herb. Acad. Petropol.

10. C. fticofor; humilis, foliis junioribus ramulisque pilosis,
pinnis 4— 6-jugis, foliolis (2 lin.) multijugis oblongo-lineari-
hus obtusiusculis glabris ciliatisve, stipulis lanceolato-subu-
latis, petiolis eglandulosis, pedunculo axillari solitario medio

HO schomburgk's guiana plants.

subbracteato rigidulo, floribus glabriusculis, legumine

— Stamina basi alba apice purpurea. Uruguay, Tvveedie. — I
have another species allied to this one in Claussen's collec-
tion, but the specimen is not sufficiently perfect to charac-
terize it.

11. C. Tweedii; humilis, foliis subtus ramisque pilosis,
pinnis 3 — 4-jugis, foliolis (2 lin.) multijugis oblongo-lineari-
bus obtusiusculis, petiolis eglandulosis, stipulis ovato-lanceo-
latis, bracteis lato-ovatis, pedunculis axillaribus terminali-
busque solitariis paucisve, calycibus coroUisque villosissimis,
legumine . . . — Mountains of Rio Jaqury. Tvveedie.

12. C. Cumingii; humilis? pinnis 2 — 3-jugis, foliolis
(2 lin.) multijugis oblongo-linearibus obtusiusculis glabris
V. parce pilosis, petiolis eglandulosis puberulis, stipulis brac-
teisque parvis lanceolato-subulatis, pedunculis terminalibus
solitariis? medio bracteatis, calycibus corollisque pilosius-
culis, legumine . . . .—Panama. Cuming, n. 1248.

13. C. macrocephala ; foliis ramulisque pilosis v. demum
glabratis, pinnis distantibus 3— 4.-jugis, foliolis (3 lin.) multi-
jugis ovato-oblongis obliquis falcatis valde ineequilateris
mucronatis reticulato-venosis, stipulis lineari-lanceolatis fal-
catis, pedunculis axillaribus terminalibusque elongatis apice
bracteatis, calycibus corollisque extus rufo-hirsutis, legumine
.... — Flores C. Kunthii Brasilia. Pohl.

14. C. virgata; ramulis vix puberulis, pinnis unijugis, fo-
liohs {4 — 6-lin.) multijugis oblique cordato-lanceolatis acutis
rigidis glabris supra nitidis, petiolo eglanduloso, stipulis
parvis lanceolatis, pedunculis axillaribus terminalibusque
elongatis subsolitariis apice bracteatis, floribus glabriusculis,
legumine . . . — Stamina ultra corollam longiuscule et inae-
qualiter monadelpha. — Brasilia. Pohl.

15. C. fasciculata; glabriuscula, pinnis 2 — 4-jugis, foliolis
(3 hn.) multijugis falcato-linearibus basi obliquis subcordatis
supra nitidis glabris, petiolo eglanduloso, stipulis . . . , pedun-
culis axillaribus fasciculatis brevibus, floribus . . . , legumine
lignoso glabro — Brasilia. Pohl.

16. C. brevipes; glabriuscula, pinnis unijugis, foliolis

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 141

(1 — i^ lin.) multijugis oblongo-linearibus falcatis obtusius-
culis glabris, petiolo brevi eglanduloso, pedunculis brevibus
tertninalibus subfasciculatis, calyce parvo corollaque late cam-
panulata glabris, legumine coriaceo glabro. — Brasilia. Pohl.

17. C. sessilis; glabra, pinnis unijugis, foliolis (2 lin.) mul-
tijugis falcato-oblongis obtusiusculis glabris, petiolo breviSsimo
eglanduloso, capitulis sessilibus terminalibus, calycibus corol-
lisque glabris striato-venosis, legumine . . . — Sierra Acurua,
Blanchet, n. 2816. — Ramuli floriferi breves, stipulis post folia
delapsa persistentibus distiche imbricatis.

18. C. umhellifera ; ramulis viscoso-puberulis, pinnis I — 2-
jugis, foliolis (1-2 lin.) multijugis ovali-oblongis obtusis sub-
ciliatis, bracteis stipulisque lato-lanceolatis induratis, petiolis
brevibus pubescentibus, pedunculis axillaribus terminali-
busque, floribus (1-2 centralibus exceptis) longe pedicellatis
glabriusculis, legumine membranaceo-coriaceo glabro. — Sta-
mina insigniter perigyna. — Ceara, Brazil. Gardner, n. 1581.

263. Calliandrae ? v. Pithecolobii ? sp. — Pedrero. Schom-
burgk, n. 874. — I do not now describe this plant, because I
am unable to refer it to either of the above genera without
much doubt. The foliage is that of several CalliandrtB, the
flowers are more those of a Pithecolobium.

264. Pithecolobium pubescens. — Inga pubescens, Bert, in
DC. Prod. II. p. 437. — Foliola nunc fere ovata, nunc oblonga
V. lanceolata, semper valde inaequilatera et obliqua. — British
Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 750.

265. Pithecolobium lasiopus (sp. n.) ; ramulis petiolisque
rufo-hirtis, foliis conjugato-pinnatis, foliolis 2 — 3-jugis inse-
qualibus ovali-oblonfTis obtuse acuminatis extimis basi obli-
quis supra nitidis utrinque glabris v. supra ad nervos puber-
ulis, glandula inter pinnas et inter paria omnia, spicis capi-
tatis subsessilibus ramealibus, corollis calycibusque aureo-pu-
bescentibus.— Affine ex descr. P. cauliflorce {Ingm cauliflorce^
Willd.) sed imprimis pubescentia florum diversum. Frutex
est ramis cinereis teretibus verrucosis. Petioli communes
brevissimi, partiales pollicares. Glandulae depressae hirsutie
petiolorum obtectse, foliola inferiora pollicaria penninervia.

142 schomburgk's guiana plants.

extima 2 — 3-pollicaria basi ssepe uno latere 2 — 3-nervia.
Spicae capituliformes (Mm6e//£B auctorum) in ratnis fasciculatae,
plerseque breviter pedunculatae, nonnullse omnino sessiles.
Rachis et flores pilis appressis aureis pubescentes. Calyx ^
lin., corolla fere 3 lin. longa. Staminum tubus corolla duplo
longior, pars libera tubo sequilonga. Legumen non vidi.—
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 487.

'266. Pithecolobii? v. Enterolobii? sp Falls of the Es-

sequibo and Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 530. — This is
again a species that, without better specimens, I do not ven-
ture to refer, with any degree of certainty, to either of the
above genera.

267. Pithecolobium trapezifolium. — Mimosa trapezifolia-
V&h\.—Inga trapezifolia, DC. Prod. II. p. 441 — British
Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 284. French Guiana. Martin.

Pithecolobium is evidently a numerous genus, common to
the tropical regions in both the new and the old world, and)
as to the greater number of species, is natural and well cha-
racterised by the flower as well as the pod; there appear,
however, to be some exceptions to Marti us' characters. The
Inga tergemina for instance, which cannot be separated from
Pithecolobium, has in all the specimens I have seen a straight
pod, and some species, without the pod, cannot be distin-
guished from Inga,

Of Enteroldbium of Martins I possess none but flowering
specimens, from which, as well as from the figures quoted ot
the pod, I should be inclined to consider it Ijut as a section
of Pithecolobium,

268. Inga (Euinga?) sapida, Humb. et Kunth, Nov. Gen.
et Sp. VI. p. 286 ? — Flowers in nearly sessile lateral heads as
in several Pithecolobia, but the foliage is that of the EuingiP
alaicE, and answers to Kunth's description. The pod is
unknown to me. — British Guiana. S<;homburgk, n. 595.

269. I. (Euinga alatae) platycarpa (sp. n.) ; ramulis peti-
olis pedunculisque laxe villosulis, petiolo alato, foliolis bijugis
ampiis ovatis breviter et abrupte acuminatis basi rotundato-
cuneatis coriaceis nitidis supra glabris v. ad venas pubescen-

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 143

tibus, subtus villosulis, glandula maxima inter quodque par,
pedunculis ramealibus petiolo subaeqiiilongis, spicis brevibus
subcapitatis, floribus tenuibus villosis, legumine piano utrin-
que marginato demum glabrato. — Frutex elatus. Foliola
majora saepe 10 poll, longa, 6 poll, lata, inferiora cujusve
folii saepius dimidio minora. Petiolus infra par infimum
6 — 12 lin. longus, inter juga duplo longior. Pedunculi sim-
plices. Calyx 3 lin. longus parce et adpresse pilosus. Cor-
olla plusquam duplo longior dense strigoso-pilosa. Stami-
num tubus vix corollam excedens. Legiimen 3 — 6-pollicare,
1 — H poll. latum, nigrum, crassiusculum inter semina ssepe
contractum, sutura utraque incrassato-marginata. — On the
Essequibo and Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 534.

270. 1, pilosiuscula, Desv. — DC. Prod. 11. p, 432. — French
Guiana. Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 23 and 40. — I have also
/. setifera, DC, from Martin's Guiana collection.

271.1. {'Eiu'inga. alatss) Jloribunda (sp. n.) ; ramulis foliis-
que glabris, petiolo alato infra foliolo inferiore brevissimo,
foliolis bijugis ovatis breviter acuminatis basi rotundatis inae-
qualibus, glandula maxima inter quodque par, spicis oblon-
gis basi subinterruptis pedunculatis in paniculas densas axil-
lares terminalesque dispositis, floribus villosis. — Arbor excelsa.
Foliola 3 — 5-pollicaria. Petiolus infra par infimum vix 2
lin. longus subteres, inter juga 1 — l|-pollicaris cuneato-ala-
tus. Pedunculi secus rachin communem solitarii v. gemini
1 — 2-pollicares. Calyces 5 lin. " Corolla vix duplo longior.
Staminum tubus corollam subaequans. Legumen non vidi.
—British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 364.

272. I. (Euinga alatse) stenoptera (sp. n.) ; ramulis foliis-
que utrinque pilis brevibus deciduis hirtis, petiolo anguste
alato, foliolis bijugis oblongis acutis basi angustatis subcori-
aceis nitidis, pedunculis axillaribus binatis petiolum aequan-
tibus apice breviter capitato-spiciferis, floribus villosis —
Affinis ex descr. /. nitidce, Willd, Foliola 1^— 3-poll., exti-
ma 4 — 5-poll. longa, basi valde inaequilatera. — Rio Branco.
Schomburgk, n. 795.

273. I. (Euinga alatae) dtsticha (sp. n.) ; ramulis foliisque

144 schomburgk's guiana plants.

utrinque pilis minutis scabris, petiolo alato, foliolis 4-jugis
ovali-oblongis acuminatis basi angustatis membranaceis,
pedunculis axillaribus fasciciilatis, floribus distiche spicatis,
bracteis lanceolatis deciduis calyce parum brevioribus, flori-
bus villosis Affinis ex descr. /. spurice, Humb. et Kunth,

et praesertim inflorescentia et bracteis diversa. — Common
along the Essequibo. Schomburgk, n. 25.

I have besides about thirty Brazilian Euingcs alatcBy and
seven or eight aptercB.

274. I. (Euinga apterae) corymhifera (sp. n.) ', ramulis
junioribus pubescentibus demum glabris, petiolo aptero sub-
tereti pubescente, foliolis 4-jugis ovali-oblongis acute acumi-
natis obliquis supra ad venas et subtus minute pubescentibus,
spicis ovatis pedunculatis fasciculatis ad apices ramorum siib-
corymboso-paniculatis, rachi pedunculisque rufo-pubescen-
tibus, calycibus pubescentibus, corollis strigoso-villosis. —
Petiolus 4 — 6-pollicaris. Foliola inferiora 2 — 3 poll., ultima
4 — 5 poll, longa, supra opaca, subtus in sicco fusca. Glan-
dulae inter omnia paria. Flores tenues semipollicares, corolla
calyce vix duplo longior. — British Guiana. Schomburgk,
n. 226, of some sets only.

275. I. (Euinga? bipinnata) adianthifolia, Kunth. — DC'
Prod. 11./?. 440. — On the Essequibo. Schomburgk, n. 320.--
The flowers are those of an Euinga, but the pod is unknown.

276. 1. (Leptinga) brevipes(sp.n.) ; ramulis foliis et inflores-
centia moUiter puberulis, petiolo alato, foliolis bijugis ovatis
oblongisve acuminatis basi rotundatis subcordatisve, pedun-
culis brevissimis, bracteis parvis, pedicellis calyce longioribus,
•floribus tenuibus tomentosis — Arbor 30 — 40-pedalis, rarois
pendulis. Stipulse subpersistentes lineares acutse. Petiolus
infra par infimum pollicaris, fere a basi alatus, inter foliola
duplo longior ad medium alatus. Foliola 2-5 poll, longa*
Flores rosei. Calyx 2\ lin. longus. Corolla calycem 2
lineis superans. Stamina coccinea, tubo corolla parum
longiore. — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 740.

277. I. (Leptinga) sertulifera, DC. Prod. II. p. 436.—
French Guiana. Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 56.

SCHOMBUnCK's GUIANA PLANTS. 145

278. I. (Leptinga) umbellifera, DC. Prod, II. p. 432

A shrub. British Guiana. Schomburgk.

The three last, together with I.fiagellifera^ Mart., and three
others I have from Brazil, are remarkable from their umbel-
late inflorescence, the pedicels being very numerous, slender,
and half an inch or more in length. Amongst them Blan-
chet's n. 2833, and Gardner's n. 2138, have a very distinct
habit and large foliaceous stipules. They probably should
form a separate section or perhaps even a genus, wqxg the
fruit known.

Another group of Ingce spurice, includes I. fruiicosa, Mart.,
L Diadema, Mart., probably also Cuming's n. 1282, and a
few others. I should propose for it the sectional name Dia-
dema. The flowers are in globose heads, usually hanging
from the end of a long axillary peduncle.

279. I. (Bourgonia) Bourgoni, DC. Prod. 11. p. 434. —
Banks of rivers, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 471. —
Ihis is one of a third section comprised in the Ingee spurice
of Martius, and characterised chiefly by the long loose spikes
of small flowers. I have above twenty species including
Gardner's Nos. 365 and 985.

280. Parkias sp. — Rio Negro, Schomburgk, n. 973. The
leaves sent under the same number belong to Heterostemon
nimosoides^ Desf., so that I am unable to determine which
species oi Parkia this is. The flowers are those of the origi-
nal Mimosa biglohosa, or Parkia Africana, Br.

This genus has been considered by Wight and Arnott as
forming a distinct subtribe, on account of the imbricated aesti-
vation of the corolla pointed out by Brown. This imbrica-
tion is however but slight; and the petals are, as in Inga,
connected so far up in a tube, that upon the whole, in their
arrangement, they are perhaps not so different from Inga as
"lay be supposed at a first view. I am however only ac-
quainted with three species, P. Jfricana, P. higlanduJosa, and
a new Brazilian one, (Blanchet n. 2868, and Gardner, n.
^582), and I have never seen Erythrophleum^ the other genus

Vol.11 No. II. u

146 DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW FUNGI.

mentioned by Brown as a Mimosea^ with imbricately sestivated
petals.

{The genus of Casalpiniece, which in the last number, p. 84,
I dedicated to Martins, should, I understand, be spelt
Martia, and not Martiusia.)

VII. — Descriptions of Two new Fungi, in the Collection of
Sir W. J. Hooker; by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley,
M.A., F.L.S.

[Tab. v.]

Lentinus (Scleroma) fasciatus; pileo 2-unciali tenui-cor-
iaceo cyathiformi margine involuto pallide ochraceo-fulvo fas-
ciculato-hispido, pilis brevibus rectis nee crispis nee squarrosis.

Lamellis obconico-decurrentibus pallide ligneis, margine
integerrimo plus minus fusco, distantibus, latiusculis, brevion-
bus intermixtis, basibus velutinis indeque fasciatis.

Stipite 2^ unc. alto, ^ unc. crasso, e massa spongiosa more
subgeneris prodeunte, supra cum pileo c;5cathiformi confluente,
velutino-hispido, fulvo, intus albo.

This species is given in the account of some Fungi from
Van Dieman's Land, in the Annals of Nat. Hist. v. Ill-/'"
322, as Lentinus villosus, Kl. In so doing I had in view the
description given of that species in the Linnaea. But it
appears that the specimens communicated by Klotzsch to Fries,
and described in the Synopsis Lentinorttm, and in the Epicri-
sis Fungorum, do not accord with this description; neither
do those marked by that name in Sir W. J. Hooker's Her-
barium, which are evidently what was sent to Fries. From
these the present species entirely differs, belonging as it does
to the subgenus Scleroma. It is allied to Lentinus furfurosus
and Li. velutinus.

Sphaeria semi-orbis; ^ — 1 lin. lata hemisphaerica subcar-
nosa ochracea, cortice obscuriore, disco planiusculo subinde
depresso, peritheciis ellipticis pallidis, ostiolis minutis.
On bark. Hab. unknown.

T}?//z: 7,wa r

//v///////. r /c/.s -kvy-i/z/S.

,y/jJ/(r/7Vy ,\f'//// (//'/'j/s.

T^LJl. 7ai?. W.

yy/////.y /////^^//v//^ a.

FAGUS ANTARCTICA OF FORSTEIl. 147

This interesting Spharia belongs to the series Hypocrea
of the tribe Poronia, and is allied to Sphceria Pocula^ Fr.^
resembling at first sight Spharia rufa. The form however
is constant, and the perithecia entirely confined to the disc.
I regret that I can give no further analysis, the sporidia and
asci being imperfect. I have seen only a few specimens ; but
as far as I can judge from them, the stroma seems to burst
through the bark, and is at length left free upon the wood.

Tab. V. — Fig. 1. a. Lentinus fasciatus : nat. size b. Sec-
tion of do.

Fig. 2. — a. Sphmia semi-orbis: nat. size. — b. b. Section
of ditto, magnijied. — c. Portion of section ; highly magnified.

VIII. — On the Fagus Antarctica of Forstei\ and some other
species of Beech of the Southern Hemisphere ; by Sir W. J.
Hooker.

[Tabs. VI. VII. VIII.]

Of the Fagus aniarctica of Forster, nothing seems to have
been published, except the few notes of that author in the?
" Comment. Goett. YK.p. 24," and those given by Willdenow;
but to both these botanists the flowers and fruit were unknown.
Mirbel, in his " Description de quelques especes rumvelles de la
famille des Amentacees,'^ in the 14th vol. of the Memoires du
Museum d Histoire Naturelle, has taken some pains, at page
469, to prove that his Fagus betuloides, is distinct from it,
judging from Forster's description; and at p. 472 of the same
volume, where he enumerates the known species of Beech,
he says, " Je ne cite le Fagus antarctica de Forster, parceque
la description ne dit rien de la fleur femelie, qui, jusqu' a
present, n'est pas connue." In my Herbarium, amongst the
plants collected by the officers of Capt. King's Voyage, in H. M.
Ships Adventure and Beagle, sent to survey the southern
extremity of South America, Terra del Fuego, &c., is a
specimen of what I conceive to be Forster's plant, gathered
i«i the Straits of Magalhaens, and it is no doubt the species

148 FAGUS ANTARCTICA OF FORSTER.

alluded to in the " Geography of Terra del Fuego and the
Straits of Magalhaens"* by Capt. King himself, when,
speaking of Mesier Channel, he says, *' the trees here are
nearly of the same description as those which are found in
all parts between Cape Tres Montes and the Strait of Magal-
haens. Of these, the most common are an evergreen Beech,
{Fagus betuloides) and a birch-like Beech, {Fagus antardica)"
&c. — The Fagus betuloides, Capt. King informs us, grows to
a very large size : one tree, supposed to be the same as that
noticed by Commodore Byron at Port Famine, measured
" seven feet in diameter, at seventeen feet above the roots,
and there divides into three large branches, each of which is
three feet through." This is a circumstance that would not
be anticipated from the appearance of the specimens in our
Herbarium, whose short branches, and small and closely
placed evergreen leaves, give the idea of a dwarf and very
compact shrub. The size to which the F. antardica attains,
Capt. King does not state; but from a passage in the memoir
just quoted, it would seem to constitute a tree of no small
dimensions. " Besides the evergreen Beech {F. betuloides,)
above-mentioned, there are few other trees in the Strait
that can be considered as timber. Such an appellation only
belongs to two other species of beech and the Winter's Bark.
Of these two other kinds of Beech, the one is no doubt the
species in question, (F. antarctica) and the second is what I
take to be the Betula antarctica, Forster, as shown by speci-
mens in my own Herbarium, gathered during the same
voyage, and marked " Beech from Port Famine," and which
are precisely the same as a Betula or Fagus in my possession
without name, gathered by Forster in the Straits of Magal-
haens, and which sufficiently accords with Willdenow's briei
character of the Betula antarctica. It must be confessed in-
deed, that this plant does come very near the Fagus betuloides
of Mirbel, yet I think it is distinct, at least as to species; and
the flower and fruit being unknown (apparently) to Forster,

• III the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. I-
p. 160,

FAGUS ANTARCTICA OF FORSTER. 149

and certainly to Willdenow and to me, I think it will be
safer to refer it to Tagus^ on account of its striking affinity
with Mirbel's Vagus betuloides. Hitherto I believe no certain
species of Betula has been found in the Southern Hemisphere.
Mirbel, judging Willdenow's description, for he had no means
of access to an authentic specimen, says, in speaking of his
Fagus betuloides, — " mais il faudra probabiement rapporter
comme synonyme de ceci le Betula antarctica de Forster, decrit
par Willdenow (Sp. PI. IV. p. 466) sur des echantillons sans
fleurs ni fruits. Forster lui-meme en donne simplement le
nom dans un liste de plantes recueillies par lui, saris fleurs,
aux terres Mageilaniques. {Comment. Goett. IX. p. 42.)
v^ommerson, qui a recolte dans les memes contrees les
echantillons sur lesquelles j'ai fait ma description, et qui
remarque dans ses notes qu'ils proviennent d' un arbre
formant des vastes forets sur toutes les cotes, les a egalement
etiquetes Betula antarctica. Je puis encore m'appuyer de
1 autorite du celebre Vahl, qui a ecrit le raeme nom au bas
^ un echantillon que M. Ad. de Jussieu a bien voulu me
confier. Enfin la description que Willdenow a publiee du
betula antarctica s'applique tres-bien au Fagus betuloides,
fit il ne se trompe sur le genre que parceque 1' echantillon
qu'il a eu sans les yeux etoit depourvu de fleurs." All this
proves the extreme difficulty of ascertaining Forster's plant,
Without having recourse to an authentic specimen, and such I
Way consider mine to be, being gathered by Forster himself,
though not named by him : and I shall presently notice it
again under the appellation of Fagus Forsteri. I now pro-
ceed to describe what I take to be the true

Fagus Antarctica;

Foliis oblongo-ovatis obtusis basi suboblique truncatis
coriaceo-membranaceis insequaliter dentato-serratis subtus
minute reticulatis, (junioribus plicatis,) cupulis involucrifor-
mibus profunde 4-partitis laciniis inaequalibus integris dorso
simplici serie fimbriato-squamosis, nucibus superne ciliatis.
-(Tab. VI.)

150 FAGUS ANTARCTICA OF FORSTEF.

Hab. Straits of Magalhaeiis. Capt. King. (Specimen
here represented from Port Famine.)

Arbor. Ramuli distichi, breves, subtortuosi, rugosi, atro-
fusci, nitidiusculi, juniores solummodo parce pubescentes.
Folia disticha, approximata, unciam longa, basi vix | unciam
lata, oblongo-ovata valde obtusa, subcoriaceo-membranacea,
glabra, pinnatim venosa, venis obliquis subtus prominentibus
atque minute reticulatis, margine insequaliter dentato-serratis
etiam obscure lobatis, dentibus obtusis ; basi suboblique trun-
catis; petiolo vix 3 lineas longo, gracili, glabro. Flores
masculi absunt in examplaribus meis : — foeminei axillares.
Cupula solitaria, sessilis, magnitudine pisi communis, coria-
cea, profunde 4-partita, laciniis inaequalibus ssepe duabus
longioribus liberis, duabus brevioribus magis minusve coadu-
natis, omnibus oblongo-linearibus integris integerriroisque,
ciliatis, dorso simplici serie squamosis, squamis cUiatis. Nuces
3 in singula cupula, cordatae, exteriores trigonae trialatae, et
plerumque tristylossB, intermedia tompressa bialata et ple-
rumque bistylosa ; alis superne ciliatis.

Tab. VI — Fagus antarctica. Fig. 1. Leaves; /• 2. Cu-
pule with nuts : /. 3. Empty cupule ; /. 4, 5. Nuts:— »««S'-
ni^ed.

It has been long known that a species of Beech inhabited
Van Dieman's Land. Mirbel, who in the volume of the
Memoires du Museum d* Hist. Nat. above quoted, enumerates
all the then known species of the Genus, adds " Je ne cite le
I'agus qui, selon Cunningham, {King's Survey of the Coasts
of Australia, vol. I. p. 158), croit a la Terre de Diemao;
mais elle n 'est encore decrite ni nommee." The allusion to
it in King's " Australia," by Mr Allan Cunningham, is where
that distinguished traveller and botanist gives an enumera-
tion of the several species of trees that grow at Pine Cove,
Van Dieman's Land, and when he says *' Amentace^. Fagus:
Native Birch. Height 40 feet. Diameter at the base ot
the trunk 12—14 inches." — Original specimens gathered by
Mr Cunningham at this place (Pine Cove), are now before me.

FAGUS ANTARCTICA OF FORSTER. 151

In 1831 and 1833 I received specimens from the late Mr
Lawrence, marked, " Betula antarctica^^ but without flower
or fruit. Under this name it is alluded to in Mr Back-
house's very interesting account of the " most common and
remarkable Indigenous Plants of Van Dieman's Land, given
in the Van Dieman's Land Almanack for 1835j and repub-
lished in Hooker's Companion to the Botanical Magazine, Vol.
II. p. 65. — " Betula antarctica" that intelligent gentle-
tnan observes, "or Australian Myrtle, is a beautiful dark
green-leaved tree, growing in many parts of the island, and
forming the great « Myrtle-forest,' twenty miles long, in
Emu Bay. It is found on the side of Mount Wellington,
but has not yet been successfully introduced into gardens.
This tree, however, is not a species of Betula; the young
Snoots, in their earlier stages, appearing to have been mis-
taken for the male blossoms by the English botanists."

In 1837 and 1838, I had the pleasure to receive numer-
ous specimens from my invaluable correspondent Mr Gunn,
and from Dr Milligan. From these gentlemen we learn that
't IS a tree, forming in the western parts of Van Dieman's
Land, dense forests, where the land is always of the richest
quality; and of so umbrageous a character are they, that
cryptogamous plants alone can exist beneath them, or trees
snd shrubs of peculiar habits. Herbaceous plants, as far as
can be recollected, are rarely or never seen beneath their
shade. The timber resembles Elm in appearance, and trees
have been measured, whose trunks are upwards of thirty ieet
in circumference. Dr Milligan found it difficult to procure
specimens with female flowers, well displayed, on which also
are male blossoms, the former being axillary, and developed
only with the growth of young wood, after the latter are
fuHy disclosed on bracteas. When the female flowers are
nnuch advanced, we consequently find no male blossoms, but
on some of our specimens we have remarked both ; as shown
in our figure. I shall dedicate this plant to the zealous
botanist, who, if not the first to notice the plant, is, as far as
I know, the first who has referred it to its proper Genus.

152 fagus antarctica of forster.

Fagus Cunninghami.

Foliis deltoideis coriaceis grosse inaequaliter dentatis (juni-
oribus non plicatis) obsolete nervosis, cupulis capsuliformibus
demum profunde 4-partitis, laciniis lanceolatis spinis mollibus
apice glandulosis obsitis.— (Tab. VII.) |3. foliis majoribus
subrhombeis. y. foliis minoribus cordatis magis coriaceis
basi concavis apice subreflexis.

Hab. Van Dieman's Land. Pine Cove, Macquarrie
Harbour. Allan Cunningham, Esq. Emu Bay, and on the
side of Mount Wellington. James Backhouse, Esq. Frequent
in the western parts of Van Dieman's Land. Dr MilHga^-
Ronald Gunn, Esq.

Arbor, trunco robusto nunc 9 — 10-pedem diaraetro. RamuU
breves, graciles, rectiusculi, distiche inserti, atro-fasci, jum-
ores velutini. Gemmae terminales axillaresque, fere uriciam
longi, glutinosi, stipulati, amentiformes. Stipulse oblongaej
concavae, flavo-fuscae, nitidas, deciduas. Folia approximata,
alterna,disticha, coriacea, seraiunciamad unciam longa, piam-
uscula, deltoidea ; in /3. inferne attenuata, inde rhomboidea;
in 7. cordata ; obscure penninervia, margine grosse inaequa-
liter dentata, sublobata, juniora viscosa sen potius vernicosa,
non plicata. Petioli perbreves, vix lineam longi, pubescentes.
Flores masculi solitarii, brevi-pedicellati, ex axillis folioru
in ramulos novellos. Perianthium membranaceum, fuscutn,
monophyllura 5— 7-fidum, basi attenuatum, extus pubescens,
laciniis acutispatentibus. Stamina 8— 9. Flores foeminei term,
axillares, in ramulos juniores. Cupula solitaris, sessilis,
capsuliformis, ovata, demum profunde 4-partita, lacinu
erectis, lanceolatis, extus spinis mollibus patentibus plurise-
riatis (in singula serie spinis plerumque 3) apice glandules
obsitis. Nuces 3, quarum exteriores plerumque tngon >
trialatae, intermedia compressa bialata, alis superne pro"
tis. Styli 2—3 breves.

Tab. VII Fagus Cunninghami. Fig. \. Var. ^- ^^ '

size; f. 2. Male Flower ; / 3. Male perianth ; / 4- Stamen;
/. 5. Cupule with nuts ; / 6. Empty cupule ; /• 7, 8. Nuts •
— magnified.

y^/. j7. .Ta/7 WZ

J'O^l^S ^}/^/7//^/y//^^//U

FAGUS ANTARCTICA OF FORSTER. 153

I shall terminate this paper with an enumeration of all the
species known to inhabit the southern hemisphere. In the
Species Plantarum of Willdenow, Persoon and Sprengel,
only one is mentioned, and most imperfectly characterized,
the Fagus antarctica of Forster. Mirbel added four new
species, of which number he considered one to be doubtful,
and Dr Poeppig four. The number now amounts to eleven,
if we are correct in referring the Betula antarctica to this
genus, of which I think there can be no doubt. It will be
seen that, with the exception of F. Cunninghami, all are inha-
bitants of Chili or of the Chilian Andes, and of the southern
extremity of South America. Mirbel divides the species of
Fagus known to him, into two groups, as follows : —

Sect. I. Cupula muricata, capsuliformis ; ovaria inclusa ;
folia juniora plicata. Fagus sylvatica. F, ferruginea. F.
chliqua.

Sect. II. Cupula involucriformis,segmentisangustis lacini-
atis, ovaria lateribus exserta; folia juniora non plicata.
Fagus Dombeyi. F. betuloides. F. dubia ?

But in our Australian Fagus^ the involucriform cupula, is
not accompanied by the folia juniora plicata. I shall there-
fore take the divisional characters from the leaves alone.

* Folia impari-pinnata.

1. F. glutinosa (Poep. et Endlich.) ; fruticosa humilis foliis
impari-pinnatis uni-v. bijugis, petiolis pilosis, foliolis utrin-
que hirto-pubescentibus glutinosis serratis terminal! elliptico,
lateralibus oblongis basi inaequalibus. Poep. et Endlich. Nov.
Gen. et Sp. PL Chil §-c., p. 68.

Hab. Fissures of rocks in the coldest regions of the south-
ern Andes of Chili. Poeppig Flowers and fruit unknown.

*• Folia simplicia submembranaceajuniora plicato-venosa.

2. F. obliqua (Mirb.) ; foliis ovato-oblongis obliquis sub-
rhomboideis obtusis duplicato-serralis, basi integris in peti-
olum attenuatis pilosiusculis, perianthiis masculis solitariis
hemisphjEricis sinuatis 30 — 40-andris, cupulis capsulifor-

Vol. II No. 11. X

154 FAGUS ANTARCTICA OF FORSTER.

mibus muricatis 4-partitis segmentis ovatis obtusis, ovariis
inclusis triquetris, angulis alatis. Mirh. Descr. Ament. Nouv.
in Mem. du Mus. (THist. Nat, v. XIV. />. 465. t. 4.

Hab. Chili ; at Conception, and in the interior of the pro-
vinces of Southern Chili, at an elevation of from 1000 to
5000 feet. Dombey. Dr Gillies. Captain Beechey. Cuming.

3. F. procera (Poep. et Endlich.) ; ramulis petiolisque
hirtis, foliis oblongis acutiusculis duplicato-serratis subtus
pubescentibus discoloribus. Foep. et Endlich. I. c. p. 69. t'
197.

Hab. Mountain woods in southern Chili; at Antuco.
Poeppig. Abundant near Valdivia. Bridges {n. 634).— The
flowers and fruit are unknown to Dr Poeppig : but the latter
is abundant on Bridges' specimens which I have referred,
though I own, rather doubtfully, to this species. I had con-
sidered them to be a variety of F. obliqua: but the leaves are
certainly larger, but not so large nor so very elliptica
as those represented by Poeppig and Endlicher ; the under
side is very pale, slightly hairy, the scales or soft spines o
the cupule are larger than in F. obliqua. The station o
Valdivia may be considered the same as that of Antuco .—
and I am almost confirmed in its being identical with tn
F. procera, by the respective remarks of these two travellers-
Bridges states that it is called Roble, and Pillin-titnberi by the
natives, and that it attains a height of from 60 to 100 feet-
■—Poeppig says, « it is a tree from 80 to 100 feet high, that
it is called Rauli by the Chilenos, and that its white and very
hard wood is much valued for ship-building. Cups an
platters are made from the burnt trunks which lie prostrate i
the forests after great conflagrations, and are sold under to
name of Fellin; whence the Chilian word Appelinar, to car-
bonize the outside of a tree, so that the wood within may
become harder. These Pellins are remarkable for their hard-
ness and fragility." Judging from my specimens of J^- ^
qua, I should say that it is liable to a good deal of variation
in the size and outline of the leaves.

4. F. pumilio (Poep. et Endl.) ; truncis decumbentibus,

FAGUS A.NTARCTICA OF FORSTER. 155

ramis ascendentibus, ramulis verrucosis, foliis ellipticis obtusis
basi truncatis duplicato-serratis utrinque petiolisque hirto-
pubescentibus. Poep. et Endlich. I. c. p. 68. t. 193.

Hab. Andes of Southern Chili, clothing the summits of
ridges which attain to a height of from 6000 to 8000 feet.
Poeppig. — Flowers and fruit unknown. The habit and
shape of the leaves are very similar to those of F. antarctica.
— Dr Poeppig remarks that this is a short prostrate tree,
8 — 12 feet long, with a mode of growth not unlike that of
Pinus pumilio. It marks the transition zone from the erect
trees, whose superior limit is indicated by the Fagus alpina^
to the frigid region, where snow lies for eight months of the
year, and where the shrubby Composit^e, and the Violets that
grow in dense capitate tufts, and other handsome plants,
abound.

5. F. antarctica, (Hook. — supra) (Tab. VI.).

Hab. Terra del Fuego, and both sides of the Straits of
Magalhaens. (v. supra).

*** Folia simplicia, coriacea, juniora non plicata.

6. F. Dombeyi (Mirb.); foliis ovato-lanceolatis subrhom-
boideis acutiusculis serratis coriaceis nitidis glabris basi obli-
que cuneatis subpetiolatis, perianthiis masculis ternis cam-
panulatis 4 — 5-lobis 8 — 10-andris, cupulis involucriformi-
bus Isevigatis quad ri par titis segmentis sublinearibus laciniatis,
ovariis lateraliter exsertis triquetris angulis marginatis. —
Mirb. I. c. p. 467. t. 5. Poep. et Endlich. I. c. p. 69.

Hab. Chili, Conception. Dombey. Banks of streams in
the vallies of the Andes in Southern Chili. Poeppig. Cuming,
(without fl., or fr.). — According both to Dombey and Poep-
pig, this forms a lofty tree called by the natives Coygue. It
aifords a useful wood.

•?. F. betuloides (Mirb.); foliis ovato-ellipticis obtusis
crenulatis coriaceis nitidis glabiis basi rotundatis brevissime
petiolatis (subtuspapilloso-glanduliferis), perianthiis masculis
solitariis turbinatis 5 — 7-lobis 10 — 16-andris, cupulis invo-
liicriformibus Isevigatis quadripartitis segmentis sublinearibus

156 FAGUS ANTARCTICA OF FORSTER.

laciniatis, ovariis lateraliter exsertis triquetris angulis margi-
natis. Mirb, L c. p. 469. t. 6.

Hab. Straits of Magalhaens. Comrnerson. South part of
Terra del Fuego. C. Darwin, Esq. (n. 521.)— The young
shoots are entirely clothed with a resinous varnish, the old
leaves are about an inch long, and have very obsolete reticu-
lations especially on the under-side, where they are dotted
with copious resinous papillae, the margins are doubly ser-
rated.

8. F.dubia (Mirb.); foliis ovatis obtusiusculis duplicato-
serratis coriaceis nitidis glabris basi rotundatis brevissime
petiolatis, perianthiis masculis solitariis turbinatis 5 — T-lobis
10 — 16-andris, cupulis Mirb. I. c, p, 4,'7\. t. 7.

Hab. Straits of Magalhaens. Comrnerson Mirbel strong-
ly suspects that this is only a more luxuriant state o^ F. btw-
hides, with smoother, more elongated branches, larger leaves,
which are more scattered, oval, not elliptical, toothed, not
crenulated. It was named Betula arUarctica by Comrnerson
in his Herbarium.

9. F. Forsteri (Hook.); foliis elliptico-ovatis coriaceis glabris
utrinque acutiusculis grosse obtuse serratis minute reticular
nervis primariis obsoletis. (Tab. VIII.)

Betula antarctica. ^' Forst. in Comment. Goett. IX. /'•'*^'
Willd. Sp. PL V. 4. p. 466.

Hab. Terra del Fuego. Forsier (in Herb, nostr.) ^•
Darwin, Esq. («. 155.) Port Famine; Straits of Magal-
haens. Captain King.

Arbor ? Rami subtortuosi, breves, copiosi, rugosi, cortice
fusco obtecti, juniores hinc linea pubescente. Folia nume-
rosa, alterna, | lin. longa, ovata seu elliptico-ovata, has
aequali apiceque acutiuscula, coriacea, glabra, subavenia se
venulis minute reticulatis, subtus areolis depressis, margin -
bus grosse obtuse sed subsequaliter serratis. Petiolus vi
lineam longus, glaber, vel laeviter pubescens.

I have thought it right to give a figure of this plant from
Forster's specimen in my possession, believing as I do, tha
it is the plant intended by Forster for his Betula antarctica.

V^y/.7/ f}./^ TWI

//////AV /'>/rs//T/Y

NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS. 157

With such imperfect individuals, however, as I possess, all
of them destitute of flower and fruit, and exhibiting as is evi-
dent, some slight discrepancies in the foliage, I will not under-
take to say that the Fagus dubia, and the Fagus hetuloides of
Mirbel, may not, together with this, constitute one and the
same species.
Tab. VIII. Fagus Forsteri. Fig. 1. Leaves :—magmJied.

10. F. alpina (Poep. et Endlich.) j foliis ovato-lanceolatis
basi rotundatis serrulatis utrinque hirtis ciliatis supra glu-
tmosis, involucri lobis ovatis dorso margineque appendicu-
latis, appendicibus incisis multifidisve glandulosis. Poep. et
Endlich. I. c. p. 69. f. 196.

Hab. Antuco, on the elevated mountains in South Chili.
Poeppig. — With this species I am unacquainted.

11. F. Cunninghamii (Hook, supra). — (Tab. VII.)
Hab. Van Dieman's Land. (v. supra.)

IX. NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

1. Illustrations of Indian Botany, or Figures illustrative of
each of the Natural Orders of Indian Plants, described
in the Author's ^^ Prodromus Flora Peninsulce Indice Orien-
talis;'* with Observations on iheir Botanical Relations,
Economical Uses and Medicinal Properties; including
Descriptions of recently discovered and imperfectly known
Plants: by Robert Wight, M.D., F.L.S., &c.. Surgeon
on the Madras Establishment.

2- Icones Plantarum India Orientalis, or Figures of Indian
Plants: by Robert Wight, M.D., F.L.S., &c., Surgeon
of the Madras Establishment.

Such are the titles of two very important works, now con-
*Jucted at Madras by the zealous botanist whose name stands
connected with them, and which bid fair, from the comprehen-
sive nature of the undertaking, and its great usefulness, to form
*n era in the progress of Indian Botany. Rheede has given

158 NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

US a Horius Malabaricus, a lasting monument of the talent
and assiduity of its distinguished author; Linnaeus and Her-
mann, a volume on the Vegetation of Ceylon ; Roxburgh,
Wallich, and Royle, have supplied us with the most useful
and most splendid works on the Botany of Hindostan, and
the northern parts of the vast continent of India ; Wight
himself, in conjunction with his able and laborious coadjutor,
Dr Arnott, with a Prodromus of the Flora of the great peninsula
of India ; but the present publications, although apparently
in the first instance only destined to illustrate the Prodromus
just mentioned, have received such powerful assistance,
through the liberality of Dr Wallich, that they bid fair to
embrace figures with remarks of all the Plants of the Conti-
nent of India. — To conduct such gigantic works, requires a
man of no ordinary stamp. Together with an extensive and
familiar acquaintance with Indian Botany, there must be
combined the most persevering industry, a mind capable of
intense application, not overawed by temporary difficulties,
an ardent desire for the difFusion of science, a constitution
not hkely to be enervated by close application in a very
relaxing climate; lastly, there must be at the disposal of
the author an independent property to enable him to secure
a publisher (if indeed publisher can be procured at all)j
or, as is the case hitherto, to justify the author in being
his own publisher. All these rare qualities, we believe, are
centred in Dr Wight. The plates are executed in litho-
graphy, and but for this happy invention in the arts, our
valued friend could scarcely have ventured to grapple with
such difficulties as he must have foreseen to lie in the way-
But this art, although brought to such hitrh perfection in
civilized Europe, had as yet met with but few patrons in our
Asiatic possessions, and some of the obstacles which have to
be surmounted are already shown in the prospectus, accom-
panied by a specimen-plate issued by Dr Wight at Madras,
October 15, 1839.

" I have now," says Dr Wight in a letter addressed to the
Editor of the « Madras Journal of Literature and Science,''

NOTICE OP BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS. 159

"much pleasure in sending you a specime n ofthe work
spoken of at page 74 of the last Number of your Journal.
The plant figured is a new species of the Natural Order
AsclepiadecB, nearly the whole impression of which has been
struck off from my own lithographic press. I may here
observe, that I am well aware of my present imperfections in
this difficult art, but, as every successive trial exhibits some
improvement on the preceding one, I am encouraged to anti-
cipate ample success, when some further practice has confer-
red skill in the management of the press and in the perform-
ance of the various manipulations to be gone through in the
process of printing from stone, and I trust that my first num-
ber will afford satisfactory evidence of the style in which the
work will be finished ; thinking at the same time, that the
specimen now put forth may be looked upon, all things con-
sidered, as an earnest that the work itself will be found an
useful aid to Indian botanists and by no means discreditable
to the state of the arts in India.

" Emboldened by this early success, it is with no ordinary
feelings of satisfaction, that I contemplate the prospect which
It holds out, of enabling me to carry into effect a design
which ten years ago I was preparing to enter upon, the pub-
lication, namelj', of a series of figures of Indian plants, under
the title of ^Illustrations of Indian Botany:^ success being
rendered more certain by the advantages derivable from my
present official situation, as the work may be looked upon as
part of the duties of my office; and, in this light, has received
the sanction and approbation of the Madras Government.

" These ' Illustrations' have been undertaken in the hope
of effectually aiding the advancement of botanical science
among us, and thereby extending our acquaintance with
numerous curious and useful plants, the value of which is
*nown to few, or the knowledge is confined to particular
districts, though the plants themselves may be widely distri-
buted ; and in the not less cheering expectation of perma-
nently bringing to light, under systematic denominations,
many others endowed with the most valuable medicinal pro-

160 NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

perties, of which I have received, from really competent
observers, accounts so satisfactory, that they could not fail to
produce a strong feeling of regret, that the narrators were
unqualified to give me more perfect information regarding
them.

*' Botany has hitherto advanced with tardy steps among us,
the catalogue of Indian botanists having never, at any one
time comprised more than a few names: her most palmy days
having undoubtedly embraced the concluding years of the
last, and first quarter of the present century; during which
Koenig, Roxburgh, Rottler, Klein, Heyne, and Buchanan
Hamilton flourished.

"When we contemplate the impediments which these
truly great men had to surmount in arriving at the eminence
they justly attained in their favourite pursuit ; partly origi-
nating in the imperfection of books treating of Indian plants,
and partly from the engrossing duties they had to perform,
the intervals of which, only, they could devote to botany, we
cannot too much admire their perseverance and devotion to
science ; while they aiFord a striking example of how much
may be done by a skilful division of our time, and a careful
appropriation of our leisure to scientific pursuits.

" While we thus admire their industry in obtaining know-
ledge, we equally regret that, with the exception of the illus-
trious Roxburgh, leisure sufficient was not granted to any--
one of them to leave a comprehensive written record of the
extent of his acquirements, for the benefit of succeeding
labourers in the same field : hence, we are constrained to
acquire much of our knowledge of Indian plants, in the same
round-about way that they did, that is, from general systems
of Botany (greatly enriched by them, certainly), in place of
local Floras.

" These systems, embracing as they do the vegetation of
the whole globe, are necessarily very concise, and the species
so briefly described, as not seldom to render it next to im-
possible to identify the plant from its specific character. One
object of ihe present work is to remedy, in some degree, this

NOTICE OP BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS. 161

defect, which even the most carefully-dravvn characters can-
not always avoid, owing to the inadequacy of language to
find terms sufficiently precise for the designation of the innu-
merable forms which the vegetable kingdom presents, and
especially for distinguishing the varying forms which the
same plant, when produced under circumstances tending to
increase or diminish its luxuriance, is apt to exhibit.

"The insufficiency of language alone, to convey just ideas
of the forms of natural objects, has led naturalists, ever since
the invention of engraving, to have recourse to pictorial deli-
neation, to assist the mind through the medium of the senses,
and, prior to the time of Linnasus, not without good cause,
since nothing could be more vague than the language then
employed in description. Thus the number of figures pub-
lished by the older writers, is truly astonishing. The pre-
cision of modern scientific language, the generalization of
the innumerable objects of natural history into classes, orders,
tribes, and families, and the accuracy and minute details
which the representations of recent artists present, have
wtunately all combined to diminish the necessity for the in-
numerable figures of the older naturalists, the latter cause
having increased their cost so greatly, as materially to dimin-
ish their production even to the extent required for the eluci-
dation of the rapid advances natural history is now making.

"The vegetable treasures of India have undoubtedly been
Highly honoured by the magnificence of the works dedicated
to their illustration, as those of Rheede, Roxburgh, and
Wallich, amply testify ; but, unhappily for science, the first
of these is very rare, and they are all so costly, that few can
afford to purchase them, while, from their size, they can only
be conveniently consulted in the library. In spite, however,
of these drawbacks to their more general use, they have been
of immense service to Indian Botany, and are alike credit-
able to their authors and to the countries which produced
them, while the value of the last is vastly enhanced, by several
very admirable memoirs on different Natural Orders by some
of the most distinguished living botanists.

Vol. II.—No. 11. Y

162 NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

" The work which I am preparing to enter upon, is of a
humbler, but I hope not less useful, description ; its object
being to furnish, at the cheapest possible rate, a series of
accurate figures of plants, with copious analyses of the parts
of fructification, so as, in the words of a highly talented cor-
respondent, (the author of the ' Tabular view of the generic
characters of Roxburgh's Flora Indica,)' to supply the Indian
botanical amateur with the 'one thing needful,' towards
acquiring a correct knowledge of the principles of the natu-
ral method of classification, by presenting him with a series
of diagrams, if I may so call them, which he can compare,
point by point, with the written characters of the Natural
Orders, selecting for illustration as often as circumstances
will permit, such plants as are valued on account of their
useful properties.

" In inviting public support to an undertaking of a kind
so novel in Madras, it is necessary to give some information
regarding the plan and price of the work, though neither can
as yet be said to be definitively determined upon. Several
plans have suggested themselves, but the following seems to
merit the preference.

" The quarto size will be adopted, as aflFording more room
for analysis, and freer scope to the artist in making t"^
drawings, a very considerable number of which are already
prepared. The figures are to be coloured, and on each, m
addition to the name of the order and plant figured, it '*
proposed to write the Tamul and Teloogoo, and occasionally
other names, in both native and Roman characters; and,
lastly, each plate, in addition to its own number, will nave
the general number of the species in my * Prodromus,' » t"^
plant is already described there, to facilitate reference, and
after-arrangement, should that become necessary. The letter-
press, in place of consisting of simple descriptions (as is usua
in such works) of the plants figured, and which can be Htt'^
else than repetitions of the characters already published m
the Flora, will, with the view of rendering this portion of the
work more generally useful and agreeable to both the botani-

NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS. 163

cal and general reader, be devoted to remarks illustrative of
structural peculiarities ; the valuable properties which pre-
dominate, either in the individual figured, or in the Order to
which it belongs; the methods adpoted for procuring these,
and peculiarities of culture, where such are required in their
production.

" In extent, it is not expected to exceed three hundred
plates (but may possibly fall short of that number), to be
published at 'the rate of about one hundred annually, in
numbers, commencing in January, 1838, or so soon as the
names of one hundred subscribers are received; and contin-
ued, either monthly or every alternate month, as maj' be
found most generally convenient and economical. The esti-
mated expense to subscribers will not exceed thirty rupees, per
volume of one hundred plates ; one half of which is the cost
of colouring alone, the remainder being charged for the letter-
press (which will be copious), lithography, paper, drawing,
&c., and at this price it is nearly fifty per cent, under the
English price of similar works.

" This low price is effected by charging little more than
the actual outlay ; it forming no part of my plan to reap per-
sonal profit from a work, the conducting of which 1 look
upon as part of my present official duties. In England,
authors of such works contract with a publisher, possessed ot
the means of continuing the publication until the probability
of remuneration is ascertained ; and who, to remunerate him-
self for the risk and sacrifice of capital at the outset, charges
a profit of from 30 to 40 per cent, on the cost, while he
«njoys every facility which former experience, and the ad-
vanced state of the arts in Europe, give, to ensure the work
being got up in the best style and at the lowest charge. In
Madras, the case is totally different : this is the first publi-
cation of the kind ever attempted here ; we are, therefore,
'"'ithout experience, have no practised publishers, no colour-
•sts; we find it even very difficult to procure colours, and
must depend on the chance of the market for our supplies of
paper, in place of ordering it direct from the maker, of what-

164 NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

ever size, quality and price might appear most suitable; here*
in short, every thing must be done for the first time. I
mention these incidental sources of disappointment in anti-
cipation, lest imperfections should occur at the outset which
might be unavoidable in Madras, but which, in more fav-i
ourable circumstances, would justly merit censure."

Of the " Illustrations," thus courageously begun in 1838
with coloured lithographic plates, eight numbers are now be-
fore us, and they are most highly creditable to Dr Wight and
the artist whom he has employed. We do not look for the
high finish, norbrilliant colouring which characterizes modern
European botanical plates : but we find what is of infinitely
more consequence, copious analyses of the parts of fructiiica-
tion, drawn, as are the entire figures, by a talented native
artist, (Rungia,) who has long been employed by V^
Wight, under his immediate inspection. The botanical
remarks are full and carefully executed, the observations
on the properties and uses of plants are also numerous
and satisfactory, and so important, that we do not wonder
the liberal and enlightened body of men who compose tiie
local government, should extend their patronage and support
to the work. We consequently find the Madras Govern-
ment heading the subscription list for fifty copies. ISinety-
two other names follow as subscribers from the first iNo.
Previous to the completion of the 8th No., 118 more sub-
scribers had come forward, and these we believe all in India,

Ml

so that we confidently expect that the meritorious author win
not only be relieved from all pecuniary loss, but that he will
have the satisfaction of knowing that his labours have been
duly appreciated by those who take an interest in the ricu
and varied vegetation of our Indian possessions.

The arrangement followed in this work, is precisely the
same as that of the " Prodromus." As a specimen of its
nature, we may briefly mention the following as the con-
tents of the first No. The whole is given in the English
language.— Ord. I. RANUNcuLACEiE. 1. A full character
of the Order is given. 2. Remarks on its botanical affinities'

NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS. 165

3. The essential character. 4. Observations on the geogra-
phical distribution. 5. Properties and uses, under which the
celebrated Bish or Bikh of the Nepalese {-^conitum Jerox,
Wall.) is particularly noticed, as ranking among the most
virulent of vegetable poisons. 6. General observations, fol-
lowed by remarks on certain genera and species. — In the
same way are also characterized the Dilleniace^ and the
MAGNOLiACEiE. The plates represent, 1. Clematis Mun-
roana, R.W., and 2. Ranunculus reniformis, JValLf as illus-
trative of RanunculacE^. 3. Acrotrema Arnottianum, M.
W., and Schumacheria castaneaefolia, Wall. (Dilleniace^.)
5. Michelia Pulneyensis, B.W, (MAGNOLiACEiE.) 6. Uvaria
Narum, (ANoNACEiE.) 7. Cocculus macrocarpus, (Menis-
PERMACE^.) and 8. Berberis tinctoria, Lesch., (Berbeu-
iDE^.) In the 4th No., the Order Malvace^, to which the
Cotton belongs, includes a long dissertation on that import-
ant article of commerce, and figures of four kinds are given.
The subject of the cultivation of Cotton in India is amply
treated of, and reasons are adduced for the want of success
which has so generally been experienced. " Could," thus
Dr Wight asks, " could any thing be done to improve the
quality and marketable value of Indian Cotton? To me,"
lie continues, " it appears that much might be done towards
the attainment of this object. According to the system
usually pursued in native husbandry, the soil is rarely, if ever
manured, is but indifferently ploughed, the seeds are never
changed, but the produce from the same stock is constantly
resown,and that too usually broad-cast, so thick that the plants
choke each other in their growth; the young shoots are
never topped ; in short, nothing is adopted having a tendency
to improve the quality, or increase the quantity of the pro-
duce by invigorating the plant, while the land is still farther
exhausted and the plants yet more choked, by crops of other
grain being taken off, while the Cotton is advancing to
maturity. When the crop is at length ready to be gathered,
no care is used in the collecting to keep it clean and free
from dry and broken leaves, and what is much worse, when

166 NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

a great demand for the article exists, the Ryots have even
been known to pull the green pods and ripen them in the
sun, in place of allowing them to become mature and open
on the stalk; much to the injury of the good name of Indian
Cotton, more especially of that from Tinnevelly, which used
to be in high esteem, but has, I am told, recently fallen into
disrepute, owing to that cheat having been practised in 1833
-34i. Ought we not then to endeavour to the utmost, to ele-
vate the culture of the indigenous Cotton, and, by ascertaining
its intrinsic value and cost of production, determine by com-
parative returns, the respective value to the country of the
two kinds ? It may be found that our cottons make a better
return to the country at 6d., than the American ones do at
Sd. per pound; owing to the much smaller cost of cultivation
and larger amount of produce from the same extent of land.

" These, however, are points which I am certain will never
be ascertained, while the culture is left entirely in the hands
of the natives, as they have not the means of securing a re-
gular succession of new seed, nor of bestowing extra expense
on the tillage and gathering in of the crop ; neither have
they the intelligence or means of going in search of better
markets, supposing them to have bestowed the requisite care
to improve the produce ; but must sell it on the spot, possibly
at a rate scarcely higher than their neighbours get for an
article of very inferior value, thus incurring a loss in place
of a gain, for the extra labour and care devoted to its pro-
duction.

" In thus urging greater attention to our native produce,
I am far from wishing to discourage the growth of the exotic
kinds. On the contrary, I feel quite convinced that the
country would derive immense advantage from their more
general culture, on the simple principle of their enabling ws
to bring extensive tracts of country under cultivation, tha
now are either waste or of comparatively little value, since,
on such the American Cottons can be grown, while the Indian
would altogether fail, the latter requiring a soil both rich and
retentive of moisture for the attainment of its highest degree

NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS. 16T

of perfection. Another, and in native practice not the least
important, recommendation of the American short-stapled
Cottons, is the rapidity with which they mature their first
crop, (the time required being even less than that for our
native Cotton,) and their larger produce of wool in propor-
tion to the quantity of seed. On the other hand, however,
the seeds are considered less wholesome for feeding cattle ;
and should such be generally found to be the case, it will
prove a very heavy drawback, if not an almost insurmount-
able obstacle, to its general introduction as an article of
native agriculture."

The DiPTEROCARPE^ are almost exclusively of Indian
origin ; we have the following interesting account at p. 86, of
their properties and uses. " These are various and import-
ant. Almost every species of the Order abounds in balsamic
resinous juice, in very general use in every part of India, and
well known to Europeans under the common English names
o( Dammer, and Wood oil, according as it hardens or remains
fluid on exposure to the air. That kind which is drawn from
the Shoreas or VaticaSi and Valerias^ hardens, and forms
Dammer and Piney ; that from Dipterocarpi retains its fluid-
ity, and constitutes the Wood oil of the bazaars. Some of
the species produce a fragrant resin, which is burnt in the
temples as incense. Dammer is used in India for most of
the purposes to which pitch and rosin are applied in Europe.
Wood oil, either alone, or thickened with dammer, supplies a
common, but useful varnish for wood, possessing the valuable
property of, for a long time, repelling the attacks of the
white ants, as well as resisting the influence of the climate.
The Camphor-tree of Sumatra is a species of Vatica (Shorea
<^amphorifera, Roxb.) and produces the finest Camphor. A
variety of other trees are said to afford this curious substance;
but none are equal to this, either in quality or quantity.
The Vateria Indica (Chloroxylon Dupada of Buchanan and
Ainslie, and Pinne Marum of the Hindoos) yields a resin,
resembling Copal, much finer than that obtained from the
other species native of India, the finer specimens of which

168 NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

are as transparent as amber, and nearly colourless. It is pro-
cured by the very simple process of cutting a notch in the
tree, sloping inwards and downwards. This is soon filled
with the juice, which in a short time indurates by exposure
to the air. When used as a varnish, the common practice is to
apply the balsam before it has become hard ; but when that
is not procurable, the resin, melted by a slow heat, and mixed
with boiling linseed oil, forms a varnish which answers
for most purposes. In addition to these more common
applications of Piney, it is, on the Malabar coast, made into
candles, which diffuse, in burning, an agreeable fragrance,
give a fine clear light, with little smoke, and consume the
wick, so as not to require snuffing. For making them, the
fluid resin may either be run into moulds, or when yet soft
and pliable in course of hardening, be rolled into the re-
quired shape. Some of these candles that were sent home,
were much esteemed, and sold for very high pi'ices, but the
protective duties on made candles, imported into Britain, are
so great, as to amount to a prohibition, and put a stop to this
trade. The crude Piney is however still sent, for the purpose
of being manufactured at home."

" The medicinal properties of Camphor are too well appre-
ciated, to require notice here, while those of Dammer are as
yet but little known. The late Dr Herklots directed atten-
tion to a native remedy for Berriberri, Chloroxylon, black or
liniment, the basis of which is Dammer, and gave a formula
for its preparation which has been published by Mr Malcolm-
son, (page 328 of his essay on Berriberri.) Both these gen-
tlemen recommend it as a useful auxiliary in the treatment
of this most fatal disease. Of its merits, I am unable to
speak from personal knowledge, as I have never witnessed
its use. Nor indeed have I ever seen the medicine ; but Mr
Malcolmson seems to think it preferable to the liniments in
general adopted amongst us, for most cases requiring that
kind of stimulus. As nearly all the plants belonging to this
Order are trees among the most majestic of the forest, they
are esteemed for their timber, as well as for their resinous

NOTICE or BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS. 169

juice, and the well known Saul {Shorea robusta, Roxb.) is
considered by that eminent naturalist, as only second to
Teak, for most purposes requiring a strong durable wood.
As ornamental trees, they merit much attention, not only
on account of their majestic size and handsome forms, but
equally for the beauty of their clustered flowers, and the richly
coloured wings of their curious fruit."

In connexion with the TERNSTiKEMiACEiE, (to which belong
thefavouriteCa»2eZ/ms,andtheTAea,)Dr Wight observes, "The
geographical distribution of the Order in India, both generally
and individually, as regards particular genera and species, has
recently attracted much attention, with reference to the exten-
sion of the cultivation of the Tea P/aw^, it having hitherto been
supposed that it would not thrive, at least to such a degree as
to render its growth an object of commercial importance, be-
yond the limits of those districts in China, whence the produce
has been so long and so largely exported." And he goes on
to speak of the capabilities of India for the production of this
plant. " Mr Royle," he observes, " in a very elaborate article
on the subject, in his Illustraticms of the Botany of the Him-
^yan Mountains^ comes to the conclusion, that the Tea plant
IS virtually a native of a temperate climate, and that the slopes
of these mountains afford the most proper atmosphere and
soil for the growth and culture of this plant — the former, as
partaking of the character of the tropics during one half of
the year, and of the temperate zone the remainder ; the latter
as being formed from the detritus of primitive rocks. In
arriving at this conclusion, which is nearly in accordance
W'th the opinion advanced by Dr Abel, whom he seems to
consider, beyond all comparison, as the best authority, Mr
^oyle has evidently been misled by reposing too great con-
fidence in his guide ; since, strange to say, the inference is at
variance with nearly the whole of the evidence advanced by
himself in support of it. Were the case really such as he
puts it, the south of Europe would afford nearly every re-
quisite for the successful cultivation of Tea, but I greatly
'ear, if ever put to the test of experiment, that some of the

Journ. ofBot. Vol. II. No. 12. May, 1840. z

170 NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

principal requisites will be found wanting. His views are,
however, so well supported, and the contradictory evidence
on which they are made to rest, so ingeniously explained
away, that much diflBculty must have been experienced in
detecting his errors, had not careful and actual examination
of the circumstances under which the plant is procured in its
native country, enabled the Deputation of the Tea Committee,
who went to examine the spots, to point out the very
erroneous nature of the opinions advocated by Dr Abel»
which Mr Royle had adopted and supported with such a
fruitless expenditure of ingenious reasoning. From the in-
vestigations of the Deputation, it appears that so far from the
Tea being a plant seeking the cool climate, clear sky, and
dry soil, afforded by the combined operation of elevation,
free exposure to light, and the rapid drainage of alpine soils,
that the very opposite of all these are the circumstances m
which, in its native country, it seems to delight. There it
was found in mounds, but little elevated above inundation,
but in a porous absorbent soil, under the shade of trees so
dense, that the rays of the sun could scarcely penetrate, and
what is still more remarkable, was confined to one side of the
valley of Assam, so subject to be covered with thick mists and
fogs during the cool season that it was estimated to enjoy
less sunshine by 2 hours than the other, where the plant was
never seen, though in the enjoyment of a clear sky, bright
sunshine, and a temperature greatly reduced by the vicinity
of snow-capped hills. The climate of Assam all accounts agree
in representing as very humid, with a moderate range of
temperature, rainy wet weather prevailing through the greater
part of the year, and often dark and foggy in the intervals.
Mr M'Clelland, who in company with Dr Griffith, was em-
ployed to visit and report on the Tea districts in Assam, thus
writes regarding the first Tea Colony visited by the deputa-
tion near Caju. ' On entering,' he says, * the forests, the
first remarkable thing that presented itself here was the
peculiar irregularity of the surface, which in places was
excavated into natural trenches, and in other situations raisfd

NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS. l7l

into rounded accumulations at the roots and trunks of trees
and clumps of bamboos, as in the annexed figure. The ex-
cavations seemed as if they had been formed artificially, and
were from two to three and even four feet deep, of very irre-
gular shapes, and seldom communicating with each other.
After many conjectures, I found the size of the excavations to
bear exact proportion to the size and height of the nearest ad-
joining trees, and that they never appeared but immediately
under the shade of large branches. The cause thus appeared
to be the collection of rain on the foliage of lofty trees, from
which the water so collected is precipitated in heavy volumes on
the loose and light soil, excavating it in the manner described.

" * The trenches are from one yard to ten in length, and
generally a yard or two yards wide ; and their general figures
correspond with the form of the interstices between the
branches above. The Tea Plants are most numerous along
the margins of these natural excavations, as well as on the
accumulations of dry soil, raised around the roots of bamboos,
fhe soil is perfectly loose, and sinks under the feet with a
certain degree of elasticity, derived from dense meshes of
succulent fibres, prolonged in every direction from various
roots. Its colour is light grey, perfectly dry and dusty,
although the surrounding country was still w^et from the
effects of the rain that had fallen for several days immediately
prior to our visit. Even the trenches were dry, and from
their not communicating with each other, it seemed quite
evident that the soil and substratum must be highly porous,
and different in this respect from the structure of the sur-
rounding surface of the country.

"'Extending examinations farther, I found the peculiar char-
acter of the soil, in regard to colour, consistency, and in-
equality of surface, disappear, with the Tea Plant itself, beyond
the extent of a circular space of about 300 yards in diameter.'

" Again he says (p. 22), of another colony at Nigroo, ' sur-
rounded by teaplants we ascended the mound, the soil of which
's light, fine, and of a yellow colour, having no sandy char-
acter.* * We then traced the plants along the summit of

172 NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

the mound for about 50 yards, when they disappeared where
the soil becomes dark. Now descending to the foot of the
mound, I found the tea plant disappear where the soil, instead ^
of being sandy or clayey, became rich and stiff.' Again
(p. 23), at Noadwar : ' Having entered the skirts of a forest,
which though not under water, was wet and slippery and in
some cases deeply covered with mud, we suddenly descended
from the very bed of an occasional water-course, and at first
sight discovered a total change of soil and vegetation. From
floundering in mud, we now stood on a light, red, dry and
dusty soil, notwithstanding the rain to which it was exposed
in common with every part of the country at the time.
Still speaking of the soil at Noadwar, he continues, 'the
colour of the surface is dark yellowish-brown, but on being
opened it appears much brighter, and on looking to the depth
of three feet, it changes progressively to a deep, pure, orange-
coloured sand, quite distinct from any of the other soils or
subsoils in this part of the district ; and in this remarkable
situation, the tea plants are so numerous that they constitute
a third part, probably, of the entire vegetation of the spot.
The red soil disappears gradually within the limit occupied
by the tea plants. I observed the level of the waters in the
wells in this neighbourhood, to be about ten feet below the
surface of the ground.

" ' From these examples, it will be observed, that a lighW
porous, yellow, or reddish soil is the kind which this plant
naturally prefers, but situated in the midst of water and in-
undation on slightly elevated moulds, supposed by Mr
M'Clelland to be themselves sometimes inundated. It ^"
farther be noticed, that the sites always of small extent, oc-
cupied by the tea plant, were invariably in forests under the
shade of trees, both of which circumstances ought to be well
attended to, in any attempts made to extend its cultivation.

" Climate and exposure. Under this head I find it most
difiBcult to elicit precise information from the authorities be-
fore me, owing to the contradictory nature of the details,
originating, not in the want of care on the part of the writers,

NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS. 173

for ihey have examined the subject with much attention, but
owing to the vast extent of surface over which the tea plant
is procured, and the remote situations of the countries in
which it is cultivated. It is now grown with success in Java
under the equator, and is said to be raised as far north as
the 40"^ of northern latitude; it is also cultivated on the banks
of the Rio Janeiro in 22^° S. latitude. In Siam and Cochin
China, between the 10th and 16th parallels of N. latitude, it
is produced in considerable quantity ; while in China, judg-
ing from the enormous quantities exported, and ^ the still
greater consumed in that empire, it is clear it must oc-
cupy most extensive tracks of the country, and be subject to
very great varieties of climate, both as relates to temperature
and humidity, which in my opinion, goes far to prove that it
may be cultivated with success in almost any tropical climate,
combining humidity with a moderate range of temperature.
It is true we are told that unless the climate partakes more
of the temperate than tropical character, that the tea pro-
duced will be deficient in some of its most esteemed qualities,
the" fine aroma, &c., but these I suspect it owes rather to soil
and skilful preparation of the leaves when gathered, than to
the character of the climate under which they have been pro-
duced. Peculiarities of soil in which plants are reared exert
much influence on the qualities and products of vegetation ;
some plants growing in a very humid or marshy soil are
intensely acrid, the common garden celery for example, but
which when raised on a rich dry soil, becomes mild and
esculent. Other plants present the opposite phenomenon,
that of losing their acrid or aromatic properties when removed
from a dry to a wet situation. To quote examples of the efi'ect
of soil in modifying the qualities of vegetable products, would
be but to waste time ; as every one's experience and reading
must have furnished him with cases in point, and that too
under circumstances in all other respects the same. In like
manner, there is every reason to believe that the different
qualitiesof Tea are owing, not somuch to difference of climate,
as of soil, to the sickly or vigorous condition of the plant

174 NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

when the foliage is gathered, and the more or less perfect
course of preparation to which it has been subjected.

The only parts of the Indian peninsula, so far as I am
aware, which seem in any degree fitted for the profitable
culture of this shrub, are some portions of Mysore and Mala-
bar; especially the mountain -valleys of the latter, which
partake of the proverbial humidity of the climate, combined
with such an abundance of forests as would at once suffice by
their density to afford shade against too much light, shelter
against cold blighting winds, and finally preserve an equable
and humid atmosphere over the plants at all seasons of the
year. Whether such a union of favourable circumstances
can be found, in combination with the peculiar light porous
soil which this shrub affects in its native country, is not easy
to say; but in a country enjoying a range of temperature,
rarely, if ever exceeding 85", or falling below 60°, with
extreme humidity, and abundance of forests to supply shade
from the sun and shelter from the winds, there seem to exist
so many chances of success, that I would strongly urge the
propriety of having the attempt made. Mr Huxham, a not
less active and enterprising than skilful planter on this coast,
would, I think I may safely add though I have had no com-
munication with him on the subject, gladly undertake the con-
ducting of such an experiment, if supplied with plants. If ""y
conjectures as to his willingness prove correct, I should recom-
mend his being furnished with plants for that purpose ; and
if procurable, would advise them to be brought from Chma,
as from having already been long subjected to artificial culture,
such plants are likely more readily to accommodate themselves
to new circumstances, than those derived from the wild stock.
Once acclimated on the coast, which seems the most suitable
locality for commencing the experiment, it will probably
prove an easy matter to extend the culture to Mysore. On
the east coast, success can scarcely be expected, on account
of the extreme heat and dryness of the climate."

The AuRAKTiACEiE, or Orange-family^ as may be supposed
from the great importance of their fruits, and their being

NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS. 175

exclusively of Eastern origin, are treated a good deal in
detail by Dr Wight; and no less than eighteen closely printed
pages are devoted to the Guttiferce, an Order as remark-
able for the beauty of the trees composing it, as for the value
of the timber in some (as Calopht/llum), and the gum-resins
produced by others. Xanthochymus piciorius, and Garcinia
pictoria, of Roxburgh, both yield an imperfect kind of Gam"
boge; but the former of so ordinary a quality, and possessing
so little of the chemical elements of that substance, that Dr
Wight had been led to doubt if it could really belong to that
Order, and taking into consideration the quinary (not binary
as m GuttifercB) arrangement of the parts of the flower, he
has removed the Genus to HypericinecE, and places it near
Vistnia. The plant however yielding the true Siam or
Chinese Gamboge of commerce, is not known to botanists ;
out from a careful analysis of a gamboge of Ceylon, the pro-
duce of the Hebradendroncamhogioides of Graham, (as given by
Dr Christison, in Hooker's Camp, to the Bot. Mag. vol. 1 1, p,
193. ta6. XXVII.) there can scarcely be a doubt but it belongs
to some plant of this natural family. This valuable memoir
on the Guttiferce is terminated by a Synopsis of all the
known Indian species, with copious observations, especially
relating to the Genus Hebradendron^ which shows what close
attention our author has paid to this interesting group of
plants. This article closes the eighth and last part that has
yet reached Europe of this very excellent work.

A few words require to be said on the second of the pub-
lications above alluded to of Dr Wight, namely, his ** Icones
Piantarum Indite Orientalis, or figures of Indian Plants."
Scarcely had the first No. of this indefatigable and patriotic
author's «* Illustrations" appeared, than he became sensible
^hat the number of plates which the plan of that work ad-
mitted, was inadequate to the attainment of one of its prin-
cipal objects, namely, the full elucidation of the distinctive
characters of the Natural Orders, as explained in the de-
scriptive portion of the work. " For instance," he observes,
'»n the description of Capparidea, where several examples ore

176 NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

quoted in support of particular statements, such as Cababa,
Gynandropsis, Polanisia, &c., not one of which, although all
common plants, may be known to the majority of readers,
the ' Illustrations' alone can afford but little assistance to-
wards acquiring a correct knowledge of the peculiarities they
are intended to explain : this information I am desirous of
communicating through the aid of additional figures. Again,
when treating of the ' Properties and Uses of Plants,' many
are mentioned as meriting attention on those accounts, but
of whose forms the name communicates no definite idea.
— For want of figures, Dr Ainslie's 'Materia Medica of
Hindostan,' the compilation of which cost him nearly twenty
years of incessant application and research, remains to this
day little better than a monument of abortive labour, so few
persons, of the many in this country who consult it, posses-
sing sufficient acquaintance with the plants named to be
able to recognise them even when laid before them, and fewer
still to go in search of them when wanted. Hence, ot
nearly five hundred species of plants included in that work,
as used for medicine, food, or in the arts, scarcely one-tenth
is known to Europeans, and perhaps not more than a third to
natives generally; and, of the latter, unbotanical readers have
no other means of acquiring a knowledge than through the
oral communications of natives, whose acquaintance with the
plants indicated, being entirely traditional, without any guide
to direct them always to the same plant, is as likely to be
wrong as right." To supply, then, an accurate book of refer-
ence, containing correct delineations of all useful plants, so as to
establish the native names on a correct basis, is another and not
the least important purpose of these figures. — " The grand
object of this work," Dr Wight concludes in his Prospectus,
(from which we have been quoting,) " may be summed up '"
a few words; viz., to give to India (so far as the limited re-
sources of a private individual will permit), that which England
has so long enjoyed in 'Smith's English Botany,' a standard
botanical book of reference^ by the publication of correct figures
of as many Indian Plants as I possibly can, and in the short-

NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBI/ICATIONS. 177

est period of time, to which may be added, at the smallest
possible cost." These 4to. plates are offered at the low price
of ten for a rupee. It is no small merit of this work, that
the labour of printing the greater proportion of these plates
has been undertaken by Dr Wight himself. These plates
are really excellent ; especially those of the later numbers.
No 5 is the last which we have received. Pages of letter-
press are now and then given, explanatory of the figures
printed on one side of a leaf, so that they may be cut out
and fastened to the plates to which they belong, for greater
convenience of reference. We heartily wish Dr Wight
health and long life, and such abundant success as that he
may see his important labours brought to a satisfactory con-
clusion.

3. Iter Hispaniensei or a Synopsis of Plants collected in the
Southern Provinces of Spain and in Portugal, with Geo-
graphical Remarks and Observations on rare and unde-
scribed Species; by Philip Barker Webb. Paris &
London.

4. Otia Hispanica; seu delectus Plantarum rariorum aut
nondum rite notarum per Hispanias sponte nascentiura,
auctore Philippo Barker Webb. Pentas I. Paris et
London.

iN the first volume of our Companion to the Botanical
Magazine^ we took occasion to notice the commence'ment
of Mr Webb's admirable '' Histoire Naturelle des lies
(Canaries," which he publishes in conjunction with M. Ber-
thelot. That work is rapidly progressing, and it has reached
the 45th Livraison. The beautiful atlas on the Geographic
Botanique, is completed, and we believe four more Livraisons
'''ll bring this splendid and useful book to a conclusion, a
book worthy of ranking with the most philosophical and
"lost scientific publications of the age ; and of which the
plates, whether representing the scenery, the costume or the
Vol. II.—No. 12. 2 a

178 NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

varied objects of Natural History, are beyond all praise.
We trust to recur again to this work when it shall be con-
cluded. In the meanwhile we gladly direct the attention of
our readers to two Botanical Treatises written by the distin-
guished naturalist and elegant scholar, Mr Webb, on the
Plants of the southern provinces of Spain and of Portugal.
The nature of the Iter Hispaniense is best explained by the
following extracts from the preface : —

" Ten years," says Mr Webb, " have elapsed since em-
barking from Belem at the mouth of the Tagus, for the
island of Madeira, I took leave of the Spanish peninsula.
During two years, from the spring of 1826, to the 6th of May,
1828, I had examined more or less the whole of that fertile
region, which extends along the shores of the Mediterranean,
from the foot of the Pyrenees to the mouth of the Guadal-
quivir; the neighbouring coast of Africa, from the mountains
around Tetuan to the south of Cape Spartel ; and the greater
part of Portugal, from Braga in the north, to the chains of
Cintra and Arrabida in the south. Two years afterwards,
on my return from the Canaries, in company with M. Ber-
thelot, I again saw Gibraltar and its environs, whence we
sailed to the low islet of Alboran, beyond the mid channel of
the Mediterranean betwixt Spain and Barbary. From thence,
the wind not permitting us to make Melilla, we left behind,
not without regret, the lofty mountains of the province of
El Rif, in Morocco, and cast anchor amongst the three
islands now called the Zapharines. From thence we finally
touched at Oran and Algiers, disturbed at that time both by
their recent conquests, and the political dissensions of the
conquerors, and altogether unfitted for our peaceful pursuits.

" Such was the course of a journey, too short if measured
by the space explored, and too quickly accomplished, if regard
be had to the interest attached to the localities. Turned
always towards the south, I did not stop till I reached Madeira
and the Canaries, hastily collecting on the way such objects
as the season offered. Much therefore is left undone in tl>ese
rich fields of Flora, in which, notwithstanding the gleanings

NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS. 179

of learned men, from Clusius to Bory de Saint Vincent, the
labourers have been too few for the abundance of the harvest.
Since then, M. Rambur, a zealous Zoologist, and author of a
Fauna of Andalusia, has brought with him from the same
country a valuable collection of plants; a part of which, owing
to his kindness and that of M. Decaisne, I have been enabled
to examine. M. Edmond Boissier of Geneva, last of all, in
1837, has carefully explored the whole kingdom of Grenada;
and the botanical world will in a short time profit by the
results of his interesting investigations, concerning which a
short notice has already appeared in the Bibliotheque Univer-
selle of Geneva, and the Compositce in the Prodromus of Pro-
fessor de CandoUe.

" Other pursuits and various accessory causes have retard-
ed the study of my Spanish herbarium, and it was only
towards the end of 1837, that I began to select from it the
species which appeared altogether undescribed, and such as
seemed to need further illustration. The drawings and
plates of many of them are already finished, but as this is a
work of much outlay both of money and time, I have followed
the example of many esteemed authors, and anticipated its
publication by a Prodromus or Synopsis of its contents.
Such has been the oriffin and intention of this little tract; in
executing it, I have added to it a list of such species as though
long known in other regions, were unlooked-for denizens of
*"e Spanish soil ; and others, concerning which it seemed
desirable to have confirmed accounts, or precise localities. I
have passed over most of those species which are common every-
where on the borders of the Mediterranean, and many more
which the imperfect nature of the specimens renders it diffi-
cult to decide upon ; nor have I named Portuguese plants,
when already cited by Brotero, except for some special pur-
pose either of elucidating rarer species, or of recording new
stations. This little catalogue thus composed will perhaps
not be useless as tending to illustrate the vegetable geogra-
phy of the northern hemisphere. On this account, I have fre-
quently insisted in the notes on the affinities, which have been

;180 NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

rarely attended to, of the distribution of species at the two
extremities of the Mediterranean under the same latitude,
and this not in herbs and annuals which migrate easily, but in
permanent or arborescent species, and in mountain vegeta-
tion. The Canarian Flora first drew my attention to this
subject. Our knowledge likewise of the vegetation of south-
ern Europe, which has been the object of too many isolated
labours, is obstructed by a mass of puzzling synonyms. As
far as time and circumstances virill permit, I have striven to
clear away some of this accumulation of Augean rubbish ; and
where I shall be found to have erred, the cause of error will
liave doubtless proceeded rather from the wish to unite the
same forms, than from any desire to create new names.
Let us hope that this and similar works may at length awaken
the Spanish botanists from that wm X^Sa^yov (3u6-jv, in which
they have too long indulged. It is to them alone that we
must look for a complete catalogue of the richest and most
varied Flora of Europe, for as Pliny truly says, after Italy
the garden of the world, ' exceptis Indi« fabulosis, proxime
quidem duxerim Hispanium quacumque ambitur mari.' "

The Oaks being trees of peculiar interest, attracted Mr
Webb's particular attention, and his catalogue comprises
eleven species, of which, however, one is Mauritanian. They
are divided into three groups. I. Quercus Decidu^. 1-
Q,Robur, L., (comprehending Q, pedunculata, and Q.sessili-
fora, of authors). 2. Q. Toza, Bosc; the geographic range
of which is much wider than is generally supposed. " I
gathered it not only in Spain, plentifully, but likewise in the
woods around the Bosphorus, and in the valley of Domoiia
Dereh on the Black Sea. It will doubtless be met with in
other intermediate points between these widely separated
stations."_II. SuBDECiDUiE. 3. Q. humilis. Lam. "This
IS altogether a south-western species. I believe the neigh-
bourhood of Gibraltar to be its easternmost station. It
entirely covers the arid tracks where it appears, reaching a
height of from six inches to three feet, though I have seen at
times bushes which have attained twelve or more feet. 4.

NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS. 181

Q. Lusitanica, Lam. " It has been the fate of this remark-
able tree to have been overlooked for more than two hundred
years after the time of Clusius, and then to have been almost
simultaneously rediscovered and described under a multitude
of names by various authors. This too is the more singular
as regarding a tree which produces an object of primary im-
portance, namely, the gall-nuts of commerce. Clusius indeed
remarks, 'galli autem extremis ramulis nascuntur, iisque in
officinis venales reperiuntur, perquam similes,' and in fact
when compared with the Quercus infedoria, both as originally
collected by Olivier, and as found by Labillardiere in Syria,
and by myself and M. Parolini in Phrygia, the Spanish
plant turns out to be identical with the Levant species, whose
product is so universally employed. This oak begins to
appear both in the eastern and western portion of the old
world between the forty-first and forty-second degrees of
northern latitude. It does not seem to pass the Pyrenees in
the west, and I found it to the east to the north of Constan-
tinople in the valley of Domouz Dereh, which opens on the
Black Sea. How much farther northwards in this direction
I am unable to say. It descends as far south as Syria, but
how far it follows in the west the chain of Mount Atlas can-
not be yet ascertained. It is not indigenous in the Canaries,
but as well as the chestnut trees has been introduced by the
Spanish colonists." — 5. Q. JSispanica, Lam. This is the
famous oak cultivated in this country as the " Luccombe,"
or "Exeter" oak.— III. Ilices. 6. Q. Suber. 7. Q. Ilex,
L. 8. Q. Bal/ota, Desf. " Clusius confounds this species
^ith the Ilex, though the figure of his Ilex major, (Mar. Pi.
Hisp.), evidently belongs to Ballota. Lamarck first mentioned
a variety of this plant with entire roundish leaves such as it oc-
curs frequently under the name of Q,rotundifolia. Desfontaines
described the species accurately, and the name he gave it is
far preferable to that of Lamarck, which refers to a peculiar
form of the plant, to which alone it should remain attached.
The Ballota begins to appear mixed with the other holm
^aks between the forty-first and forty-second degrees of north

182 NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

latitude, and continues to increase till, in the south, it is by
far the most common species. It seems to make its appear-
ance in Greece in the same latitude, and is perhaps the tree
called Entanodrj^s and Hemeris by Theophrastus, but its
eastern station seems to need further investigation ; for it is
not impossible that the Hemeris of Theophrastus may belong
to the varieties of Q. Robur, mentioned as eatable by Pro-
fessor Tenore (Syll. page 469). The distinctions between
the Ilex and Ballota^ are frequently little apparent in isolated
specimens, but I observed that the peasant distinguished the
two, accurately, at a distance, which I was for a long time
unable to do. The leaves of Ballota have always a tendency
to assume a round rather than an elliptic form: toothed and
entire leaves are mingled on the same branch, and the down
with which they are clothed is much thicker and of a differ-
ent quality, the branches are stiifer, and the fruit, besides
being sweet, is very long and cylindrical. It is of a much
less hardy nature than the Ilex, which becomes a large forest
tree when cultivated in England ; whilst a BaUota which I
preserved for near twenty years in a warm exposure, had
scarcely reached six feet during that period."— IV. Cocci-
FER^. 9. Q. Cocci/era, L. 10. Q. pseudo-coccifera, Desf.
11. Q. Califurnica, Webb. (Q. pseudo-coccifera, LabiH'
Dec. V. p. 9. t. 6.f. I. excl. f. 2. et synon. Desf.): this is a
Mauritanian species.

Under Rhododendron Ponticium, L., (the common species
of our gardens,) the author remarks, « this species originally
discovered by Tournefort in Pontus, was found likewise by
Xabillardiere in Syria near Seyde. I have not had occasion
to compare the Spanish specimens with those of the original
locality, but they are certainly identical with the Syrian
plant. Thus it appears that under the same latitude the
plants of the eastern extremity of the Mediterranean are
reproduced in the west. The Cedar of Lebanon reappear-
ing on the mountains of El Rif in Morocco, and the oak of
the east which produces the gall-nut covering the hills of
Spam, are other not less striking examples ; whilst the sub-

NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS. 183

tropical species which vegetate in Arabia between the 25th
and 30th degrees of north latitude, are found again in the
Canaries."

For the characters of new species, remarks on genera and
species, and geographical observations, we must refer to the
little vohime itself, which, though a brochure of only eighty
pages, includes a great deal of valuable matter.

The first fasciculus of the " Otia Hispanica,^* besides a
beautiful vignette title-page from the pencil of M. Berthelot,
Contains, on a folio size, five plates of new or little known
Spanish plants, with full analyses and ample specific char-
acters and descriptions, with remarks, in Latin. The first
species is the Holcus caspitosus, Boiss. 2. Artemisia Grana-
tensis. 3. Cytisus tribracteolatus, Webb. 4. Adenocarpus
Boissieri ; and 5. Salsola genistoides ; under which is given a
"Chenopodearum Itineris Hispaniensis Revisio." — We shall
hail the appearance of the continuation of this valuable and
scientific work. Mr Pamplin informs us that copies are on
sale at his residence, 9, Queen Street, Soho Square, London.

5. The British PhcBnogamous Plants and Ferns; arranged on
the Linna^an system, and analyzed after the method of
Lamarck, with a comparative analysis of the Natural
Families. By John Ralf, M.R.C.S.

This is an unpretending and very useful little manual of
British Botany, where the whole of the classes, orders, genera
and species of the British flowering-plants and ferns, are ana-
lyzed according to the well-known binary system of Lamarck,
and yet the genera and species are preserved in their Lin-
n«an arrangements. Mr Ralf is a well-known and very
indefatigable Cornish botanist, and has not compiled his
Flora by the help of books alone, but by a diligent study of
plants themselves; and we heartily wish it the success it
deserves. To one already versed in some degree in botany,
*he little volume is an admirable pocket-companion, while

184. NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

making an excursion into the woods and fields and mountains
of this country; and the chief objection to its more general
usefulness, is the extreme brevity of the characters ; so that we
have not a sufficient number of marks by which to identify a
given genus or species. As an example of this, we have at
this moment the book lying before us at page 72, where the
species o£ Silene are described; and the first division stands
thus: —

SILENE.

I_ C Stem very short, single-flowered. ... 5. acaulis.

C Stem elongated, many-flowered. ..... 2. {^c.)

Now, there are other species of the genus, such as S. conica,^
S. Anglica, &c., which, in a dwarf or starved state, may be
found to come under the first of these two characters; and
the curious structure of the leaves of S. acaulis, which would
at once determine that beautiful plant, is entirely omitted.
Nor has this difficulty been lost sight of by the able author,
who thus explains the mode of employing his little book:—
"The student," he says, "having acquainted himself with its
class and order, must carefully compare the plant with the
contrasted character in each paragraph, whilst he is referred
from one number to another, till he has detected its genus.
Next, turning to the genus, he will pursue his way, through
the numbered paragraphs, till he arrives at the species. He
must now take up a Flora, and on referring to the full descrip-
tion both of genus and species, he will not fail to discover
whether his conjecture be right, or whether he be at fault.
In the latter case he must, of course, retrace his steps with
more caution; but, after a little experience, his difficulties
will become fewer, and his chance of success will be raised
almost to certainty."

Two appendices are added to the volume; the one a brief
analysis of the classes, orders, and families of the natural
St/stem, with references to the more extended tables of the
Linnaean which precede it ; and, secondly, a glossary of the
technicalities used in the larger analysis. The author con-
cludes his preface by "commending his analysis to the

NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS, 185

patronage of his fellow-students in this delightful science,
which, to those who cultivate it, furnishes at once a recreation
both healthful and innocent, and an instructive and not un-
useful occupation. He speaks with some confidence of these
its invaluable qualities, and he does so with gratitude to the
Author of Nature, who has permitted him to contemplate
Him in his works, and to perceive order as well as beauty in
one of the fairest portions of His creation, and therewith to
solace and to cheer those hours which otherwise might have
brought to an invalid only uneasiness and heaviness of spirit,
during long years of necessary separation from his family and
home."

6. Primitice Flone Sarnicce ; or an Outline of the Flora of
the Channel Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and
Serk : containing a Catalogue of the Plants indigenous to

. the islands, with occasional observations upon their dis-
tinctive characters, aflBnities, and nomenclature. By
Charles C. Babington, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c., &c.

7. Supplement to the Flora BatJumiensis. By Charles C.
Babington, &c. &c.

Mr Babington has been long known as a most diligent
investigator of British plants, and as an acute observer of
specific differences. To the " Flora Bathoniensis," published
some years af^o, the author has now added a supplement;
and he has rendered much greater service to the cause of
British Botany by his researches in the Channel islands, a
group, the vegetable productions of which had previously
engaged very little attention, « probably," as Mr Babington
observes, " because of their situation. Being connected geo-
graphically with France, and politically with England, the
natural history of these islands has been neglected by the
scientific men of both countries;— those of the former not
looking upon them as part of France, and the latter right-
ly (?) considering them as beyond the natural boundaries of
Vol. n No. 12. 2 b

186 NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

the British isles." We must confess that we can by no means
assent to Mr Babington's views of these islands being beyond
the pale of the British Flora ; we know not what can bring
countries or islands within such boundaries, if political pos-
session and continuity of property do not — British islands
in the English channel: — together with the fact stated above
by Mr Babington himself, that " the scientific men of France
do not look upon them as part of that country." And surely
if the vegetation of Greenland and Iceland, which countries
geographically belong to America, be included in the Flora
Danicay well may that of the islands in question be comprised
in a Flora of Great Britain, without oifence to any power.
We are not on that account, however, the less grateful to
Mr Babington for so meritoriously devoting his time and bis
talents to the formation of this interesting manual. Catalogues
of plants are never prepared with so much accuracy as when
detailed, by competent authors, in local Floras, and it is a
great pleasure to us to see the number of these so greatly
increase. But even, geographically speaking, if the species
found in the Channel islands be considered which are com-
mon to England, the aflBnity is very striking. Of the 848
species of flowering plants and ferns found in Jersey and
Guernsey, " the following only are not included in British
Floras (as English), although several of them are now found
to be not uncommon natives of England."

" Ranunculus ophioglossoides. Centaurea Isnardi.

Erucastrum incanum. Hypochaeris glabra, /3- Balbisii> (Ken'*

Sinapis Cheiranthus, (sands near Pe- Mr Borrer.)

nard Castle, Swansea, Mr Joseph Senecio erraticus, (Buttington, Mont-

Woods.) gomeryshire, C.C.B.')

PolygalaTulgaris,/3. ox3^tera,(Sus8ex, Ecbium violaceum. [places.)

Mr Borrer, — near Liverpool, C. C. B.) Orobanche barbata, (on ivy in many

Arthrolobium ebracteatum, (Scilly Linaria Pelesseriana.

isles. Miss White.) Salvia clandestina.

Myriophyllum alterniflorum, (Strop- Armeria plantaginea.

shire, Rev. A. Bloxam.) Atriplex rosea, (common on the British

Hypericum linarifolium. coasts.)

Callitriche platycarpa, (common in Atriplex deltoidea, (common near

^"g^"**-) London.;

NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS. 187

Orchis laxiflora. Scirpus pungent.

Neottia aestivalis. Festuca rubra, /3. sabulicola, (Britiih
Allium sphaerocepbalum. coasts.)

Potaraogeton plantagineus, (common Bromus maximus.

in Britain.) Bromus diandrus, fi. rigidus.

Thus there would appear to be only 12 species not yet found
m England, a very small number, considering the proximity
of these islands to the coast of France, and their comparative
remoteness from those of the mainland of Britain.

The preface contains a brief outline of what has been done
by previous naturalists towards a Flora of these islands ; an
interesting account of their general features, climate, &c.;
together with that of their geological structure, the latter
from the pen of J. G. Lukis, Esq., of Guernsey.

8. Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony. By
Dr Lindley.

Although forming a part of the Appendix to the first
twenty-three volumes of the i5otomc«/i265'i«te^, this pamphlet
's, we believe, to be purchased separately ; and it is of too im-
portant a character to be passed by unnoticed, for here, in a
brief space of only fifty-eight pages, besides short remarks
01 the soil and climate of that part of Australia, and
hvely miscellaneous notices respecting certain Orders which
prevail in the Colony, such as the MyrtacecB, LeguminoscPf
RutacecB^ Lasiopetale(B, DroseracecBy FittosporacecBy Compo-
sitcB, Epacridetsy GoodeniacetB, StylidiaceaSy Proteacea, Hcemodo-
facecB, OrchidacecBi and less extensive families both of
^xogensy and Endogens, — there are given specific characters
of 283 new species. The groundwork of the collection here
described, is a very extensive package of dried specimens
sent to this country by Mr James Drummond,* who formerly

* Mr James Drummond is brother to the late Mr Thomas Drummond,
whose labours in N. America and untimely death at Cuba, must be familiar
to most of our readers.

188 NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS.

had the charge of the botanic garden at Cork, (in the
neighbourhood of which he discovered the Neottia viviparaani
Pinguicula grandiflora, §-c.,) and who has been long located
in the Swan River Colony, This extensive herbarium, con-
taining many duplicates, was capable of forming several sets,
which Mr Bentham kindly undertook to divide, and they were
purchased by a few botanists, to whom the circumstance was
made known, for the benefit of Mr Drummond; and many of
our readers will be glad to know that other collections are
shortly expected to arrive from the same source. Nothing
can exceed the beauty of a very large proportion of these
plants, some idea of which may be formed by the coloured
lithographic plates which accompany the Sketch now under
consideration, where, on ten plates, are given eighteen
species, many of them no less remarkable for their curious
structure than for the brilliancy of their colour. There are
likewise some excellent wood-cuts, illustrative of certain
Orchidaceous plants, and one of Lmdotiia, a new genus of
Haloragea ? This work is a most valuable contribution to
our knowledge of Australian botany.

9. Plantas HartwegianaSy imprimis Mexicanas, adjec-
tis nonnullis Grahamianis, enumerat novasque descri-
bit Georgius Bentham e Societate Linnseana Londin-
ensi.

This work, so important to the student of Mexican botany,
already extends to 72 pages, and furnishes a catalogue, not
only of « 400 beautifully dried Mexican species, gathered by
G. J. Graham, Esq., about the city of Mexico and in the
mining districts of Tlalpuxahua and Real del Monte," which
are m the author's possession ; but what is of greater conse-
quence, also of the valuable collections which are in the course
of distribution, and which have been made, or are forming, by
Mr Theodar Hartweg, now engaged by the Horticultural

NOTICE OF BOTANICAL PUBLICATIONS. 189

Society of London as their collector in Mexico : to which
are added specific characters and descriptions of the very
numerous new species. A full account of this mission we
believe is in the course of preparation for the Transactions of
the Horticultural Society. The preface to Mr Bentham's
work, being written before the arrival of a second collection,
only gives us the following information : — that " Mr Hart-
weg, who set out for Mexico at the close of the year 1836,
was commissioned to collect and transmit to the Society
seeds, roots, and plants; but at the same time, he was allowed,
under certain restrictions, to furnish on his own account, sets
of dried specimens for those who should subscribe for them
through the Society. The first remittance has now been re-
ceived and distributed, with numbers attached to each speci-
men ; and it is the object of the following pages to make
known the corresponding names to the subscribers, and to be
the means of publishing such genera or species as appear to
be new." — « The greater portion of this first parcel (Nos. 1
to 258 inclusive,) was collected by Mr Hartweg in 1837, to
the north of the town of Mexico, on his way to Zacatecas,
chiefly about Guanaxato, Lagos, Aguas Calientes, and
Bolanos, with, probably, a few picked up during his short
stay in the neighbourhood of Vera Cruz."— While Mr
Bentham's Catalogue was in the press, a second and a third
collection arrived, amounting in all, we believe, (for we
speak at this moment from recollection) to more than 600
species ; and the list now under consideration extends to No.
517.

With that energy for which the author is remarkable in
every case where he can further the cause of his favourite
science, he has kept pace with the distribution, so that scarcely
has a subscriber received his share of these most interesting
plants, than he finds them recorded in this « Enumeration' It
is true, that hitherto, prompted by a most liberal spirit, the
author has gratified himself with presenting these pages
to his personal friends, and wherever he thought them likely
to prove useful; we trust, however, that he will comply

190 DESCRIPTION OF BALLIA.

with the wishes of the same friends^ and make them available
to the public generally.

X. — Description of Ballia, a new Genus of Alg(s. By the
Hon. W. H. Harvey.

[Tab. IX.]

The interesting and singularly beautiful plant, which forms
the subject of the present notice, was discovered in the year
1803, by Robert Brown, Esq., who informs me (through our
mutual friend, Mr N. B. Ward,) that he first found it on
the shores of the larger island of Kent's group in Basss
Straits, where it was growing, attached to the rocks, near low
water mark ; and that he afterwards saw it cast ashore at Port
Dalrymple, Van Dieman's Land. Mr Brown has also received
it from Mr Webster, Surgeon of the Chanticleer, who collected
a considerable number q^ Algce at Staten Land and Terra del
Fuego, where also it is supposed he procured this plant. "
Mr Brown's conjecture that Agardh's Sphacelaria callitrichai
Alg. Europ. t. VL is merely a battered and faded specimen
of our plant, be correct, as there is much reason to suppose,
we have still another habitat; that supposed Sphacelana
having been found by M. Gaudichaud (a naturalist attached
to Freycinet,) in the sea near the Falkland Islands. The
specimens from which our figure and description were taken,
were gathered by the late Mrs Smith at Port Arthur, Van
Dieman's Land, and by Mr Ronald Gunn at Circular Head in
the same island, and communicated to Sir W. J. Hooker
by the latter in 1838, together with an interesting collection
of the marine plants of Van Dieman's Land, which will
form the subject of a future paper.

Thus it appears that our plant has a very wide geographi-
cal range in the Southern Ocean, extending at least over 12
degrees of latitude, and 145 of longitude; but when we take
Among the new species of this collection, is a very distinct and beauti-
ful Champia ( C. Tasmanica,') a member of a genus hitherto supposed to b*
peculiar to the Cape of Good Hope.

roin. Tad. ji:

DESCRIPTION OF BALLIA. 191

into account the very slight attention hitherto paid by travel-
lers to the Cryptogamia, but especially the Algae, we may ex-
pect that when these tribes come to be more carefully looked
after, future observers will detect it, wherever there is land, at
a latitude of from 40" to 50^ south ; and we may, I trust,
confidently look to receive it from the Southern Island of
New Zealand, if not from South Shetland itself, on the return
of the Antarctic expedition of Capt. Ross.

The following are its generic and specific characters. The
generic name is bestowed in honour of Miss Anne E. Ball*
of Youghal, a most successful and zealous algologist, who has
added numerous new species to the Irish Flora, among which
is the rare Sporochnns Cabrera,

Ballia. Harv.

^rons rosea, lucida, rigida, diorgana; caulis cylindricus,
cartilagineus, inarticulatus, fibrillis vestitus : ramuli cornei,
articulati, distichi, pluries pinnati, pinnis oppositis. Fructus:
massa subglobosa, fusco-rubra, in apicibus sphacelatis ramu-
•orum majorum et minorum immersa. — Genus Callithamnio
colore, SphacelaricB substantia, fructu, habituque affine.

J' Ballia Brunonia, Harv. (Tab. IX.) — Sphacelaria calli-
tricha? Agardh Ic. Alg. Eur. t. VI.

Hab. Ad rupes in raari Australi. Apud "Kent Islands"
et ad portum « Dalrymple, V. D. Land," Diis. R. Brown.
Apud « Staten-Land," D. Webster. Prope Insulas « Falk-
land," D. Gaudichaud. Ad portum " Arthur," V. D. L.,
I>na, Smith. Ad caput " Circular" dictum, D. Gum.

Badiz conica, unciam lata, e fibris constituta. Caules
plurimi, 6-12 uncias longi, basi linea diametro apicem versus
a« setam porcinam attenuati, teretes, inarticulati, fibrillis
nimutissimis, simplicibus, falcatis, vel ramosis, subpinnatis
densissime vestiti, ramosissimi. Rami subdistichi, alterni

• Sister to Robert Ball, Esq. of Dublin, the distinguished zoologift.

192 DESCRIPTION OF BALLIA.

vel subdichotomi, flexuosi, axillis acutis vel obtusis, erecti;
superiores plus minusve divisi, saepe in flabellam expansi, vel
ramulos fasciculatos ex apicibus ferentes: rami omnes ramulis
articulatis, distichis (vel rare tristichis), pluries pinnatis,
creberrime obsessi. Hamuli (in circumscriptione) lineari-
lanceolati, bi-tripinnati, pinnis pinnulisque oppositis, creber-
rimis ; ramuli-ultimati-pinnati (vel plumuke) quam rachide e
quo oriunt multoties tenuiores, pinnulis creberrimis, contiguis,
subulatis, acutis. Pinnce et pinnulce nunc tristichae. Articuli
pinnarum sesqui-longiores ; pinnularuin diametrum aequantes;
superiores breviores : articulus singulus apice concavus, bast
convexus, superior in inferiorem insertus, e cellula unica
formatus, sacculam endochromce includens. Fructus: massa
subglobosa vel oblonga, fusco-rubra, in apicibus sphacelatis
rachidium ramulorum majorum et minorum immersa ; apex
fructifera nunc elongata, nunc contracta. Color purpureo-
roseus, pellucidus j marcescente in viridem, tandemque in
albo-luteum mutatus. Substantia caulium cartilaginea ; ramu-
lorum tenuis, corneo-membranacea, rigida, hyalina.
^ It will be at once perceived, that our plant has many points
in common with Sphacelaria, from which genus however, I
venture to pronounce it, according to the present views of
systematic algologists, to be abundantly distinct, and in this
opinion my friends Dr Greville and Mrs Griffiths concur.
Unimportant as colour confessedly is in most classes of plants,
It has been found to be a very correct indicator of affinity
among the Algae, and so constant that it has been made the
basis of arrangement in the systems of Lamouroux, Agardb,
and their followers. Sphacelaria is a genus of the olivaceous
series ; Ballia belongs to the florideous, in which it may stand
as the analogical representative of the former. But it is not
merely in colour that the latter differs ; the substance of the
frond, and the structure of the joints, present very striking
distinctive characters; and the opposite ramuli are very
unusual in Sphacelaria. The subs tance of the lesser branches
is of that peculiar, horny-membranous, hyaline nature, which
distmguishes some tribes of zoophytes, and is found among the

DESCRIPTION OF BALLIA. 193

Algffi in the SiphonecB; that of Sphacelaria, though rigid, is
more of the nature of the cellular tissue of other Algae. But the
structure of the joints presents a still more striking character ;
each joint is concave at its superior end, convex at its inferior,
having thus a somewhat cordate figure, the convex end being
inserted into the joint immediately below it, while the concave
receives in like manner the one above. These joints consist
of a single cellule, and contain a bag of colouring matter
which is collapsed in a dried state. The ramuli do not ap-
pear to spring from these, but from accessory cellules placed
at the upper end of the main cellule of the joint, and con-
necting it with the joint next above it.

Mr Brown suggests, that Agardh's Sphacelaria callitricha
may be only our plant in a faded state — an opinion that I
think highly probable, as the Ballia assumes in decay a pale
green colour. The magnified portion offers some slight dis-
crepancies, chiefly that the ramuli are less close. Thejoints
appear to be of the same peculiar construction. In winter,
the Ballia is frequently found entirely destitute of the jointed
2nd pinnated ramuli, or merely clothed with their remains,
and Mr Brown supposes that this annual shedding of its
lesser branches may be connected with the propagation of
the plant. Perhaps, the sporular mass which generally ter-
minates the rachides of the pinnated-ramuli or plumules, may
be retained till these are thrown off. Many other Algae, it is
^ell known, are deciduous in a similar manner.

Tab. IX.— Ballia Brunonia. Fig. 1. Plant, nat. size;
f' 2. 3. portions of branches;/. 4. portions of the main stem;
/ o. jointed hairs or fibres with which the main stem is
clothed : — more or less magnified.

Vol. II.— No. 12. 2 c

194 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

XI._BOTANICAL INFORMATION. •

INTELLIGENCE RESPECTING MR GARDNER'S JOUR-
NEYS AND COLLECTIONS.

(Were it not for the press of other valuable communications, we would
gladly have devoted a considerable share in the present No. to miscellaneous
botanical matter ; but -we must confine ourselves to giving some account
of the further progress of Mr Gardner in his arduous and hitherto most
eminently successful journeyings in Brazil. The " Annals of Natural
History," and the earlier pages of this Journal contain an account of his
progress to Oeiras, the capital of Piauhy: and the two last letters from
which we made extracts, as given at pp. 33 and 37 of this volume, were
dated, respectively, May 20, 1839, and July 6, 1839. Owing to the
disturbed state of the country, a previous letter written from Villa de
Crato, Sertao of Ceara, dated Feb. 5, 1839, (two months after that very
interesting one published in the Annals of Natural History, v. 3, p. 327,
from the same place), miscarried, and did not reach our hands till March
of the present year (1840). From this we shall now offer some portions,
in order that a continued record, however brief, of Mr Gardner's travels,
may find a place in these pages.}

Villa de Crato, Sebtao of the Pkovince
OF CeaeA, Feb. 5, 1839.
" My Dear Sir, — About two months ago I did myself the
pleasure of writing you a long letter from this placfe, giving
you an account of my residence in it up to that period. At
the same time I despatched to Aracaty, on the coast, four
large boxes, containing dried specimens of 470 species of
plants for you. For reasons assigned in that letter, I "^^^
compelled to send them en masse, and shall be under the
necessity of doing the same till I reach the coast, for this '^
better than running short of paper on my journey to the west
of Piauhy. If the division of my specimens cannot be effected,
please to let me know, that I may adopt arrangements for
going home to do it myself when I shall have arrived at
Para.*

* This task of dividing the specimens for the subscribers is, I trust, now
generally understood, confided to Mr Wra. Pamplin, jun.. 9, Q"^"
Street, Soho, London. Ed.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 195

" I flatter myself that the Crate collection will give you,
and my other subscribers, every satisfaction, it being well
preserved and the species quite different from what I have
hitherto sent. I have since made another small collection
, of 120 species, which also contains some very good things,
partly gathered here, and partly at a place called Barra do
Jardin, about fourteen leagues farther south ; and these I have
forwarded by the same route as the former. A box contain-
ing living plants and a parcel of seeds for Mr Murray, and
another box of my own, filled with fossil fish from the Barra
do Jardin, are also sent ; on the top of the latter are three
large birds and two small bats, which I would thank you to
take out and present to Dr W. D. H. Among the dried
specimens is a quantity of the root of a small arborescent
Bigjwnia, said to bear purple flowers, (but I have not seen
them). I should wish that this root were sent to Dr Chris-
tison, who obligingly offered to analyze and make experi-
ments as to the medicinal properties of any thing of the kind
which I might forward to him. The tree itself is called
Toca-je, and the root, rasped down and infused in cold water
till the water becomes perceptibly tinged, is used here as a
specific for all kinds of internal haemorrhages, and especially
for those from the uterus. As a self-taught medical practi-
tioner of this place assures me that he has; employed this
remedy again and again in such cases with perfect success, it
Would be well to try its properties.

" In my last letter I told you that it was my intention to
forward it and my other despatches to Pernambuco by a
Portador, which I did. On his return about a fortnight ago,
, after an absence of forty-four days, he brought me a large
packet of letters, among them yours of the 24th August,
which I need not say proved most welcome and uiteresting,
as were the six numbers of the Annals of Natural History.
This is a most useful and excellent publication, and 1 have
already carefully perused all the articles it contains, only
regretting that so long a time must elapse before 1 can see

196

BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

the continuation of h. It gives me much satisfaction to
learn that my plants from the Rio San Francisco arrived in
good order, for I had feared such might not be the case, as
they were packed during the damp season, when sometimes
the most sedulous care will not preserve articles from mould,
and they also lay long in town before being sent off. I was
not aware that Blanchet had visited the Rio San Francisco;
I thought he had not gone far from Bahia; but, however
this may be, sure I am that no one has ever been where
I am now, nor in the country whither I am about to pro-
ceed; so that there can be no doubt that the present and
future collections will be rich in ^lovelties. I am sorry
to hear of the decease of Mr Winch, one of my original
subscribers ; but among so large a number, it must be ex-
pected that some will fall off, and I am reluctant to lessen
the number of sets which are made up, as I hope that
other botanists may come forward to take them, and
sooner or later, all may be disposed of. It gives me great
satisfaction to know that Mr Bentham and yourself, are
engaged in preparing lists of my plants, as they will thence
derive a great additional interest. Mr Bentham will be the
very person to undertake the Compositce, and I am more than
ever anxious to collect specimens of that tribe.

« It is certainly quite delightful to hear of the spirit and
liberality with which His Grace the Duke of Bedford carries
on his botanical pursuits. I do all in my power to contri-
bute to his already vast collections of living plants, as indeed
I am in duty bound, and only fear he may sometimes think
me not so active in his behalf as I ought to be, owing to the
many difficulties that lie in the way of transmitting home
growing specimens. A careless ship-captain, who takes no
interest in their fate, is a very inefficient guardian to such
perishable treasures.

" As Fern* grow readily from ripe seeds, my plan is to collect
seeds of all such species as seem likely to prove new or
striking. As to my finances, I am well aware that my in-

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 197

come must now depend entirely on what the collections pro-
duce, and do hope to be enabled to cover my expenses, for
I always endeavour not to spend one farthing beyond what is
necessary for the making of proper collections.

"You were no doubt right in not sending me all the instru-
ments I some time ago wrote to you for ; the barometer
would soon have been broken, travelling here is such rough
work. My chief desideratum in this way is a good portable
microscope, of the kind you generally use, for though I
possess two excellent pocket lenses, they are not sufficient for
my purpose ; and I will therefore thank you to purchase me
such an one as your own, whenever you think my funds will
bear the outlay, and send it to me at Pernambuco. I now
proceed to detail my proceedings since I last wrote.

"On the 11th of September, a few days after 1 had de-
spatched my collections to the coast, I started for the Villa
de Barra do Jardin, about fourteen leagues south of this
place, and separated from it by a branch of the Serra de
Araripe, about ten leagues long, and running from west to
east. The road skirts the base of the Serra, for about half
its length, then ascends, and continues right across it to
Jardin, a distance of perhaps nine leagues. The breadth of
the Serra is eight leagues, and level as a bowling-green, and
since no water is to be found on it, travellers have generally
to carry as much as will serve during the greater part of a
day. The Tabolina, as all such flats as this are called,
is entirely covered with vegetation similar to what I have
already described as existing on it near Villa de Crato. On
"ly journey I found nothing new, except a RoUinia which I
gathered on the ascent ; it is a small tree, not unlike R. Um-
9ifolia, (St Hil.) but a totally different species.

"On reaching Jardin, I received the kindest welcome from
the Capt. Antonio da Cruz, who, bearing of my intended
arrival, had prepared a house in the town for my reception.
The country around was still more scorched than about
Crato, and my collection consequently received but small
additions, though I met with a few very good things, different

198 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

from what I had before seen. One is a tree about twenty
feet high, with small odoriferous light yellow flowers, arranged
on short axillary distichous racemes. I think it will prove
to be a new genus, and even constitute the type of a new
Order, intermediate between LoranthacecB and Hamamelidea.
The enclosed description, drawn up from the living plant,
you may consider worthy of publication ; at all events, it will
convey an accurate idea of the parts of fructification, &c.

"During my stay at Jardin, I made two other short excur-
sions : one to a place called Macape, five leagues east of it,
and another to Mundo Nova, three leagues in a westerly
direction ; neither, however, was very productive in a botan-
ical point of view. Returning from Mundo Nova, I collected
a fine leafless Fiscum, and a species of Copai/era, (C. coriacea,
Martins) ; the latter is a noble large tree, common on the
top of the Serra, and affording abundance of Balsam; it is
called Pao cT Olho, by the natives. At Mundo Nova, I saw
for the first time, Chorisia crispiflora, but like all the other
trees there, it was both out of flower and fruit. It attains a
height of thirty to forty feet, with a wide spreading top, and
a stem which near the ground does not exceed three or four
feet in circumference, but bulges out towards the middle till
it becomes as thick as the body of a laro-e cow. It is called
Barriguda. Another tree that I found here is known by the
name oi Imleuzina: its fruit when ripe is said to be delicious,
but what I saw was quite green; still I have ascertained this
tree, which grows to a large size, to be a species of Spondias,
" During my stay at Jardin, I made a pretty large collection
of Fossil Fishy the specimens exist in water-worn limestones,
along the base of the Serra de Araripe, and will no doubt
prove interesting in a geological point of view as affording a
clue to the discovery of the age of the rocks in this district.
I have sent a small set to my kind friend Mr Bowman, along
with a sketch of the geology of such parts of this province as
I have visited, he having obligingly offered to make public
any discoveries of the kind of which I might transmit him an
account.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 199

" On my return to Crato, I again made several excursions
in its vicinity, and picked up a few more rarities ; the whole
of which, together with those from Jardin, amounting to
120 species, I have packed up in readiness to send them off.
The rains having now set in, sufficiently to aiford grass and
water for the journey, I start for Oeiras the day after to-
morrow, and expect to reach it in about eighteen days, as I
shall make no delays on the road. There it is my intention
to remain till the rains are over, probably in the month of
May, and thence proceed to the mountains, to the east of
the Tocantins, where I hope to botanize for three or four
months at least : then I proceed to the Rio Tocantins, and
descend it to Para, which, if all is well, I shall reach before
this time next year. But respecting all this, you shall learn
more when I have the pleasure of writing to you from Oeiras.
The plant I sent in my last collection under the name of
(Enothera Brasiliensis, is not an CEnothera, but a Jussieua —
a worse mistake this, than that of the gentleman who sent you
Parnassia palustris for a new Hypericum. The pods on the
top of the box belong to the Hymenoeay of which there are
specimens in the collection.

" I have sustained a severe loss in the decease of that close
and valued companion, my watch ! it stopped about a month
ago, and I am not physician enough to set it going again.

« G. Gardner."

The 120 species above mentioned, collected partly at Crato,
and partly at Barra do Jardin, were brought by the same
vessel that conveyed the letter from Para, and are forwarded
to Mr Pamplin for distribution. They will be found to
occupy a hiatus in the numbers already distributed, from
1913 to 2033,* inclusive. Unfortunately, from the long
detention of the boxes at Para, the insects had commenced
their work of destruction, from which all the other collections
"ad been so peculiarly exempted ; but the greater number of

• The total number actually arrived in this country it 2468.

200 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

species being hard-leaved plants, the mischief has been very
limited, confined to a few Compositce, and some other delicate-
leaved plants ; and of these, scarcely a particle of the foliage
remains.

(While the present No. of our Journal is in the press, the packet from
Rio has brought us a most interesting letter from Villa da Natividade,
Province of Goyaz, dated Nov. 3, 1839 : — from which it will be seen how
steadily Mr Gardner is following up his plans, mentioned in his July letter
from Oeiras, as given by us at p. 37 of this volume ; and we trust, and in-
deed cannot doubt, that additional subscribers to these splendid collections
of plants from the interior of Brazil will come forward to patronize thw
well-educated man of science, who in the most disinterested manner, perils
his health and his life for the sole purpose of furthering the cause of that
branch of natural history, to which he is so devotedly attaclied.)

Villa da Natividade, Peovince or GoiM,
Nov. 3, 1839.
" My Dear Sir, — My last letter to you, together with the
collections accompanying it, which were despatched from
the city of Oeiras for Pernambuco, early in June last, have, 1
sincerely trust, long ere now reached Glasgow in the same
excellent condition in which they left me. Since then 1 have
accomplished a long journey, and got together what I consider
to be by very far the most splendid collection that 1 have yet
made in Brazil. In my last letters, I took the opportunity oi
informing you that, owing to the unsettled and revolutionary
state of the Province of Maranham, through which my ^oate
must have lam, 1 was compelled to relinquish the plan for going
to Para, and that my intention was to proceed up throug
central Brazil to Rio de Janeiro. For the fulfilment of this
determination, I left Oeiras on the 22d of July, and journey-
ing southwards, reached, on the 20th of August, the sma
Villa of Paranagoa, situated at the southern extremity of the
Province of Piauhy. Although the season was far advanced
when I made this journey, I collected 200 species, not a fe*
of which will prove to be new. Among them is an unde-
scribed Cabomba, the floating leaves of which, like those o

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 201

C. aquatica, (Aubl.) are peltate, but are otherwise very dif-
ferent, in being about an inch long and not more than two
lines broad. A small white-flowered Mayaca, which is not
described in Sprengel, a Drosera, several curious Eriocauions,
two small white-flowered species of Nymphcea, several Gom-
phias, three Mouriri/Sf a Biichnera, numerous LoranihaceeB^
Jussieua sedoides (H. et B.,)Salvertia convallariodora (St. Hil.)
several Palms, a great many LeguminoscB, and not a few
Compositce.

" On the 29th of August, we resumed our journey, and still
proceeding in a southerly direction, reached, on the 21st
September, the banks of the Rio Preto, which runs through
that part of the Province of Pernambuco lying between
the Provinces of Piauhy and Minas Geraes. The place where
we stopped is called Santa Maria. Some rather high Serras
over which we passed during this journey, afibrded me a
beautiful collection of plants, amounting to upwards of 200
species; among them are some fine Eriocaulons, Melastomacece,
and Compositce, a Vbchysia, and a splendid new Qualea, with
a stem nearly 100 feet high; a species of Diplusodon in fruit,
two of Mouriria, and one of Dipterix, which latter is a fine
large tree, and when in flower forms one of the most beauti-
ful objects I have seen in this country : a pinnate-leaved
^Jiopala, from the banks of the Rio Preto, and a splendid
annual Gentianeous plant, which was however, nearly out of
flower when I found it. The corolla is hypocrateriform, its
limb of four divisions, violet-coloured, and the tube yellow;
stamens four, which, together with the style, are declinate.
It grows about three feet high, and is much branched, with
connate leaves. Also a Comesperma, numerous species of
S^yptis, a Lecythis, several Malpighiacece, two or three kinds
of Anthodon, many Loranthaceoe, a splendid Cyrtopodmm,
springing from the stem of a large Palm, the flowering-stalk
about four feet high, much branched, and bearing numerous
orange blossoms, spotted with red, which exhale an odour of
Wallflower; some fine species of Gompkia, a Callisthene,
perhaps Cfasciculata (Mart.) &c., &c.

Vol. II._No. 12. 2d

202 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

*' For the next nine days, our journey was of the most fatigu-
ing description, through an uninhabited country; it was also
attended with much danger, owing to a tribe of Indians from
the Rio Tocantins, whose hordes infest the neighbourhood
of Santa Maria, where they have lately committed raany
serious outrages. On one occasion lately, shortly before oar
arrival, these brigands attacked a Fazenda in the absence of
the men, burned the building, killed three women, and
took away alive three children. We were, however, well
armed : I carried a pair of large holster pistols, and a brace
of pocket ones. Mr Walker, my assistant, was provided
with a small sword, one of my men had a carabine, and
another my double-barrelled gun. Happily we had no oc-
casion to make use of our weapons. For five days we con-
tinued our route westward along the banks of the Rio Preto,
and after leaving it we crossed the Chepada da Mangabeira,
which is eight leagues broad, as level as the ocean, and for
several leagues entirely destitute of either shrubby or arbores-
cent vegetation. The setting of the sun, which I witnessed
while crossing this dreary tract, reminded me of being out at
sea. After we had passed the Chepada, the following day
we entered on the Serra do Domo, and on the 29th of Sep-
tember reached an Indian mission of the same name. On this
journey I made another splendid collection, consisting of up-
wards of 250 species. Among them I may mention numer-
ous beautiful Melastomaceee, one of which belongs to the
curious genus Tococa (Aubl.); many fine Composite; of these
one in particular, an herbaceous plant with yellow blossoms
like a sun-flower, about nine inches in diameter, seems to form
a new genus of the division Galinsogea, DC. I also found
nearly twenty species o^ Eriocaulon, one of them is a splendid
branched species, from three to five feet high; two or three of
Peltodon, a few Gentianeee, a Krameria, a new procumbent
Acanthospermum, and some new and very curious Hyptides, a
Lobdia, Isoetes lacustris, (Linn.), several fine Gutti/erat a
beautiful Vaccinium, about six feet high, with racemes of
scarlet flowers, numerous Leguminosa and MyrtacecBy a lovely

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 203

new purple-blossomed Bletia, of which I have since found a
variety with pure white flowers, and have obtained roots of
both; also a pretty small-leaved and yellow-flowered CaUisthene
and a magnificent MelocacttiSy the plant of which is four or
five inches in diameter, with long recurved spines, and bears
fine wrhite flowers measuring three or four inches in length,
and when expanded 2^ inches across. I possess a great many
plants of this Mehcactus, which I hope to be able to preserve
alive. I also found three species of HelictereSj and one of the
beautiful and odoriferous genus Spiranthera of St Hilaire.
It is perhaps the S. odoratissima of that author, as it agrees
tolerably with the description in De Candolle's Prodro-
mus, but the flowers of my plant are pure white: also a
splendid species of Norantea, similar to the one I sent from
Pernambuco, a beautiful purple-blossomed Diplusodon, a very
handsome suffruticose Bignonia, about a foot high with pale
yellow flowers; it grows in round clusters about a foot broad,
and is common on dry upland campos; a new Ichthyothere,
half-a-foot high, numerous and fine species of Malpighiacea,
an Eryngium, a large yellow-flowered Qualea^ perhaps the
same as one sent from Oeiras, &c., &c. We remained among
the Indians in the Aldea of Douro a fortnight. The mission
was founded by the Jesuits more than a century ago, and is
now fast falling into decay; it contains about 250 persons in all,
^y far the greater part of whom are but little removed in
point of civilization from their savage brethren of the woods.
During my stay here, I made considerable additions to my
stock ; among others I may mention two species of Diplusodmi
in fruit, a new species of the genus Encyclia (of Hooker), and
another Ichthyothere, a suff^ruticose marsh-plant, about five feet
high. A beautiful Rubiaceous shrub, with numerous scarlet
flowers about three inches long and narrow lanceolate leaves,
here attracted my particular attention; it is probably a
Portlandia, and grows on the banks of a small stream which
passes the Aldea of Douro, its roots being almost always
covered with water, and its stem attaining a height of four
fevt. I also found a fine Posoqueria and a little dendrord

204 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

Sauvagesia not described in De Candolle's Prodromus, several
shrubby Ilpptides, numerous CompositcB^ two splendid suf-
fruticose Apocyneous plants, both from two to three feet high,
one having broad leaves and hypocrateriform flowers of a pink
colour, about two inches across, and belonging apparently
to some genus near Vinca ; the other with decussate foliage,
green above and very white below, with white hypocrateriform
flowers. The pink-blossomed species is peculiarly beautiful.
I likewise found here two erect subshrubby Passion-fowers,
two feet high ; Amaryllis solandrcBflora ? (Lindl.,) an Alstr(B-
meriay several Asclepiadece and Lantanas, an Amyris, kc, occ.
"On the 13th of October, we left Douro, and on the 25th
reached this place (Natividade) which is about thirty leagues
distant from Douro in a westerly direction. Here I mtend
to remain for a month or two, principally to recruit my
horses, which have suffered a good deal from the long journey
they have made, amounting to no less than 250 leagues.
The rains have also set in, and the roads, which are bad
in the most civilized parts of Brazil, are a thousand times
worse in the deserts by which I am now surrounded. On this
latter journey I have again collected many plants, chiefly be-
longing to the same Genera and natural Orders as on t e
two former ones, mentioned above, but the species are ditte -
ent, as Malpighiacece, Ruhiacece, iMntancs, a Qual^^^i **^
species oi Jchthyothere, several new Jatrophas and Erythroccywns^
&c. : also a species of the tree called by the Brazilians
Mangaba, but with much broader foliage and larger fruit than
the one sent from Pernambuco, and a very fine Cyrtopodtv^f
having spotted flowers and some points of agreement wi
C. punctatum, but the petals very obtuse. Orchidea have no
been very plentiful in this neighbourhood, still those speci
which I met with are fine, and I have obtained good roots
them all, which I trust will reach Europe in a living state.
CactecE are scarcer still; but the Melocactus mentioned above,
and a very beautiful crimson-flowered Cereus that I gatherea
between Oeiras and Paranagoa, are valuable acquisitions to
that tribe. 1 regret to say, however, that several plants oi

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 205

the latter, spite of all my care, have decayed, and I fear it
may not be in my power to replace them.

" On the journey between Douro and this place, a load of
my dried plants encountered a sad misfortune. On cross-
ing the Rio de Peixe, the horse which was carrying two
large boxes of specimens fell down, just as he was emerging
from the water, and one of the boxes dropped into the river,
and before we could extract it, the water filled it ! It is only
a botanist who can imagine what I felt, when I saw upwards
of 2000 specimens completely drenched and apparently ruined
for ever. My first care was to unpack them and put them into
dry paper, but so many specimens were laid on every sheet,
that this process had but little effect in dissipating the mois-
ture, and it was my intention next day to unpack them all
agam, and spread them out in the sun. Meanwhile having
emptied the box of water and dried it, the plants were de-
posited in it again, and for greater security the package was
put upon a stronger horse, which had not however proceeded
above half-a-league, when in crossing a small rivulet, I had
the mortification to see the box which contained the wet
plants, as well as that which had previously escaped the
disaster, both plunged below the water. The unlucky
animal which carried them was going first, and instead of
entering at the right fording-place, he stumbled into a deep
hole with a muddy bottom, and in struggling to extricate
nimself, flung off' both the packages ; and before they could
^ got out, they were in a worse state than the one which
had suffered in the morning. If I felt much chagrined on
the former occasion, you may imagine what was my distress
when I saw the hard labour of many weeks, the produce of
a district, previously unexplored by any botanist, thus con-
signed to ruin. All that could be done was to pour the
water out of the boxes and resume our journey. Fortunately
for my plants and me, we reached that evening a Fazenda,
where the principal article manufactured was Mandiocca
flour; and here, since it rained heavily all next day, I obtain-
ed permission to have the use of two large stoves, on which

206 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

I dried, sheet by sheet, all the plants which had been wetted.
It was, however, the hardest day's work I ever encountered,
for 1 was incessantly occupied over the heated stoves, from six
o'clock in the morning, till after midnight. From having
been thus promptly attended to, the specimens have not suf-
fered nearly so much as I had feared they would do, still
many of them do not look so well as at firet.

" I am very glad that you advised me to make a journey
into the Province of Piauhy, and feel very confident that
when the results of my present labours reach you, they will
gratify you also by the number of new forms that thus will
be added to your herbarium. It was certainly some disap-
pointment to me on leaving Oeiras, that the disorganized
state of the country forbade my proceeding directly westward
to the Tocantins ; but I now see that it was on the whole
fortunate that my design was thus frustx-ated, as the late
period of the season would not have allowed me to collect halt
the number of species I now possess. At present, my collec-
tion amounts to rather more than 800 species, all of which
have been gathered in the short space of three months and a
few days. It also contains as many complete sets as any or
my former ones, and instead of lessening the number of sets,
I have increased them to about thirty. I ought, however, to
mention, that without the active help of Mr Walker, a young
Englishman, who has accompanied me as an assistant, my
stock would not have been nearly so numerous as it is.

" My intention at present is not to quit the Province oi
Goyaz till the rains are nearly over, which will be about the
month of March ; and I have adopted this determination for
two reasons, because of the bad roads, and also on accoun
of the great difficulty of preserving specimens properly ai-
ring the wet season. By that time I expect to have more
than 1000 species, and before I reach Rio, I hope to add as
many more. From this place 1 mean to go to Conceisao, »
few days' journey to the southward, and then turn directly
east to Arrayas; and so soon as the season permits, cross tne
Serra das Araras, and gain, in a slanting direction southwards,

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 207

the Rio San Francisco. I intend to go up this river to Sahara
and Villa Rica, from which latter town I shall again do my-
self the pleasure of writing to you. There too I trust to find
letters from you and my other friends ; and as it will then,
(in the end of May or beginning of June,) be more than a
year since I shall have heard from Europe, I hope not to
be disappointed in this expectation.* In the desert country
where I now am, one hears nothing, not even the news of
Brazil.

" As r^ards money matters, I need not tell you that a
journey like this is attended with no little expense. My

* The subjoined Stanzas, penned by Mr Gardner, under the influence
of those feelings which are so creditable to one far separated from home
and friends, were sent along with these letters to a young correspondent in
Scotland. They were never intended to meet the public eye ; but we
venture to insert them here, as a proof of the superior education and ami-
«bie disposition of this zealous young Naturalist.

Stanzas, ivritten in the Interior of Brazil.

" I wander alone on a distant strand, —
But deem ye that thoughts of my father-land,
Bringing bright visions of by-gone days.
Ne'er warm my heart with their fervid rays ?
That its mountains and valleys, the friends of my heart.
Can e'er from the well-spring of memory depart ?
No ! — all that was dear in my boyhood's time
Is dearer still in this distant clime.

" I wander alone, and often look
For the primrose bank by the rippling brook.
Which, wakened to life by vernal beams.
An emblem of youth and of beauty seems ;
And I ask where the Violet and Daisy grow ?
But a breeze-bome voice in whisperings low.
Swept from the north o'er southern seas
Tells me I'm far from the land of these.

" I wander alone, and I listen in vain
For the clear sweet note of the skylark's strain.
As it breaks on the ear from her home on high
At the gleam of morn in the eastern sky :

208 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

troop of horses now amounts to nine, I am on the point of
purchasing other three, and before I reach Rio I expect it
will be needful for me to have three or four more, as we are
obliged to carry every thing with us, provisions, cooking
utensils, and often even water itself. Besides the young
Englishman mentioned above as having accompanied me
from Crato, I have three men in my employ, and amongst us
an ox scarcely lasts a month ; happily a very fat one costs
about four or five dollars only. The mode in which we pre-
serve the beef is by cutting it into very thin layers, sprinkling
them with a little salt, and drying them in the sun. Thus
cured, the meat becomes almost as hard as a piece of deal
board, and is generally cooked by roasting on a wooden spit,
and eaten along with the ground root of the Mandiocca. It
requires good teeth to masticate such food, and I am becom-
ing very tired of it, as we do not see fresh beef above once
a-month. Figure to yourself one plate of saw-dust, and
another of roasted sole-leather, and you have our bill of fare
for daily breakfast, dinner, and supper. My greatest com-
fort is a good stock of excellent tea, which I purchased before
leaving Pernambuco, and which is not yet exhausted, but
this again I have to drink without milk, and the sugar is
about as white as peat earth. Notwithstanding all these dis-
comforts, the people here say there is no place on earth equa'
to Goyaz. Poor souls ! they know no better.

But wherefore list ? — when her joyous lays,
Like a lov'd one's voice, are heard always !
They breathe in the echo of bygone years
And the Past in the Present again appears.

" I wander alone, and my wandering eye
Is dxmm'd with a tear as it gazes on high.
On the myriad worlds of argent hue
Spangling the dome of ethereal blue,
Or glances round on the flowery earth.
Where so much of odour and beauty has birth ;
And I sigh that no friend of my bosom is nigh,
To gaze on these scenes with a kindred eye."

" ViUa da Natividade, Province of Goyaz, Brazil, Nov. 1839"

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 209

"From Oeiras, I wrote pretty fully about my finances,
and told you that I expected to receive a handsome present
from the person on whom I had performed the operation of
lithotomy. I have now to inform you that before I quitted
that place, he gave me 250 Spanish dollars, or about £50
sterling, which I need not say came very opportunely, and
enables me to reach Villa Rica with my present stock, where
I trust your letters will be awaiting me, and afford me further
directions. In the meanwhile, I do hope that those botanists
who have hitherto kindly supported my mission, will still
continue to do so, now that my collections are much more
valuable, and obtained with such increased expense to me.
I feel quite certain that none of these collections can be sent
to Europe before I reach Rio de Janeiro, which will be about
the end of July, 1840. My first business on arriving there,
will be to divide the plants into sets, and forward them home
With the least possible delay; and as regards myself, you may
expect to see me in Scotland some time in May or June of
1841 . In the commencement of that year, I intend to gather
a large stock of living plants on the Organ Mountains, and
elsewhere in the province of Rio, to take home in a growing
state under my own eye. But you shall hear more of this
hereafter."

Notwithstanding our observation above, that we should
confine our " Botanical Information,''^ to the notice of Mr
Gardner's Travels, we must here insert that which Dr Steu-
del has communicated to Mr Pamplin, relative to Mr Schim-
Per's extensive Herbarium of Abyssinian plants. "The division
of the specimens is proceeding with for the subscribers as
quickly as possible ; yet, it may be another month from this
time (May 1), before the first delivery of three hundred
species, (those collected previous to the end of 1837,) can be
made. Of these three hundred, one half are hitherto unknown
to European botanists, and there are many entirely new
Genera among them."

Vol. II No. 12. 2 E

210 schomburgk's guiana plants.

Mr Pamplin has received the collections of Abyssinian
seeds, and has already delivered the sets to those who previ-
ously subscribed for them ; but a few sets still remain in his
hands, which are offered at the non-subscribers' price of
£2, 7s. 6d. the hundred species ; and packets of two hundred
kinds can be made up, if desired. Mr Pamplin requests
that if any of the original subscribers for these seeds have
not yet received their respective sets for the £2. 2s. per
100 (paid in advance), they will have the goodness to apply
without delay for them. — These seeds are said to be in excel-
lent condition, in good full-sized packets, and to be peculi-
arly interesting. Several of them come under the denomi-
natioi\ of " Semina Plantarum usui ceconomica in Abyssinia
cultarum."

Mr Pamplin wishes it to be known, that some sets of Mr
Gardner's Ceara and Piauhy plants are still unsold, which
are open to new subscribers on the original terms of £2 the
100 species; and we may ourselves observe, that the very
few remaining sets of Mr Gardner's Pernambuco and Ala-
goas plants (only six in all), will immediately be placed in
Mr Pamplin's hands, as the agent for Mr Gardner.

XII. — Contributions towards a Flora of South America. — -E""'
meration of Plants collected by Mr Schomburgk in British
Guiana. — By George Bentham, Esq., F.L.S., &c., &c.

{^Continued from page 146 of this Vol.l

Chrysobalanace^.

The only character upon which Brown is disposed to place
an absolute reliance, as between LeguminoseB and Rosacea,
the relation of the odd sepal to the axis, (Verm, Schrifl- ea.
Nees IV. p. 56), is not an easy one to observe in Chrysoba-
lanaccfB, where the pedicels are often more or less twistedj
and the ultimate ramifications of the inflorescence very fr^'
quently dichotomous, with terminal flowers; in those species,

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA plants. 211

however, where I thought I could trace it satisfactorily, it
has appeared to me that the fifth division of the calyx, that
which subtends the larger or more perfect stamina and the
carpel, is the lowest or anterior one, the fifth petal being
posterior ; thus agreeing in this respect with Leguminosee^ as
they do in their irregular flowers and solitary carpel, and
leaving the basilary style and erect ovules as the only positive
characters by which they can be distinguished from Legumi-
nos(s^ and which at the same time separate them from Rosa-
cecB.

In their habit, the Chrysobalanacece approach nearer per-
haps to QuiUajeiB^ among Rosacece^ than to any Leguminosce ;
'or, besides the simple foliage, whenever the inflorescence is
developed beyond the simple raceme with uniflorous pedicels,
the ultimate ramifications at least are regularly dichotomous,
each flower terminating a branch, or placed in the dichotomy.
1 have never seen this disposition in Leguminosce, for even in
those genera of that Order which have acymose inflorescence
{^castaphyllum, Triptolomea,) the ultimate branches of the
cyme are racemose, with the flowers lateral. In the case of
those ChrysohalanacecB where the racemes are really simple,
the habit is not very different from that of EtahaUitti or of
the simple-leaved Crudyce among Casalpiniete.

There is much confusion among botanists as to the limi-
tation of the published genera of Chrysobalanacece, which it
*'ll be difficult to settle absolutely until more be known of
their fruits. In the meantime I have endeavoured, among
those genera of which I possess specimens, to draw the fol-
lowing characters from the flowers only.

• Ovarium biloculare.

1. PannanMW, Juss.— Calyx 5-fidus. Petala5. Stamina
fertilia 15 in orbe completo disposita, {Neocarya, DC), v. 7—8
unilateralia {Petrocarya, DC.) Ovarii stipes calyci adnatus.

♦♦ Ovarium uniloculare,

2. Chrysobalanus, Linn— Calyx late campanulatus, 5-fidus.

212 SCHOMBURGK'S GUIANA PLANTS.

Petala 5. Stamina fertilia circa 20 unilateralia. Ovarii
stipes tubo calycis brevissimo adnatus. CymaB axillares.

3. Moquilea^ Aubl. — Calyx late campanulatus 5-fidus.
Petala 5. Stamina fertilia ultra 30 in orbe complete dispo-
sita. Ovarii stipes tubo calycis brevissimo adnatus. Racemi
terminales.

4. Couepia^ Aubl.^-Calycis tubus elongatus apice obliquus,
limbus 5-fidus. Petala 5. Stamina longe exserta ultra 30
in orbe complete disposita {Eucouepia), v. circa 20 unilater-
alia {Hemicouepid). Ovarii stipes tubo calycis longe adnatus.

5. Grangeria, Juss. — Calyx late campanulatus 5-fidus.
Petala 5. Stamina 15 in orbe complete connata omnia fer-
tilia v. uno alterove sterili. Ovarii stipes tubo calycis bre-
vissimo adnatus.

6. Hirtella — Calycis limbus 5-fidus. Petala 5. Stamina
fertilia 3 — 8-(interdum 10—12?) unilateralia longe exserta.
Ovarii stipes tubo calycis obconico v. elongate adnatus.

7. Licania. — Calyx campanulatus 4 — 5-dentatus v. breviter
5-fidus. Petala 0, v. 4 — 5, parva. Stamina fertilia infra 15'
Ovarium in fundo calycis sessile. — Hujus generis sectiones
sequentes forte pro tot generibus habendas sunt.

1. Batheogyne. — Calyx late campanulatus. Petala 0.
Stamina fertilia 10 — 12 unilateralia breviter exserta.

2. Leptobalarms — Calyx late campanulatus. Petala 0.
Stamina 10 in orbe complete disposita omnia fertilia exserta.

3. Microdesmia. — Calyx ovatus. Petala 5 minuta v. nulla.
Stamina fertilia circa 10 unilateralia inclusa.

4. Eulicania. — Calyx ovatus v. subglebosus. Petala 0.
Stamina fertilia 3 — 5 unilateralia inclusa.

5. Hymenopus. — Calyx ovatus v. subglebosus. Petala
4 — 5. Stamina inclusa altius monadelpha, fertilia 5 ^
unilateralia.

The fruits of Chrysohalanus^ Hirtella^ and Licania, as fa""
as known, are nearly the same, the pericarp thick and flesny»
but not pulpy, splitting more or less when dry into several
valves from the base to about the middle. In Chrysobalanus,
it is more fleshy and rounder; in Hirtella, usuaWy obovoid or

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 213

olive-shaped; in Licania, narrow-ohovate, oblong, clubshaped,
or even linear. The fruits of Parinarium^ and of Couepiot are

already sufficiently described; that of Moquilea is unknown

Acioa of Aublet appears to have many of the characters of
Couepia, but, judging from a very indifferent specimen, has
not the habit, and I have no means of examining theflovt^ers.
Thelyra of Du Petit Thouars, and Prinsepia of Royle, are
unknown to me.

281. Parinarium campestre, Auhl. — DC. Prod, W.p. 527.

— Balantium cordifolium^ Desv, Prod. PL Ind. Occ. p. 34

On the Essequibo and Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 535.

282. P. (Petrocarya) brachystachyum, (sp. n.); foliis oblongis
acummatis basi in petiolum brevem biglandulosum angustatis
subtus incanis, adultis supra glabratis, cymis folio brevioribus
in axil] is supremis et ad apices ramorum subpaniculatis, caly-
<^'Dus semi-5-fidis. — Ramuli tomentoso-pubescentes. Folia
pleraque bipollicaria, juniora supra tomentosa; vense paral-
Jelas prominentes. Stipulse lanceolato-acuminatae deciduas.
'-^alyces parum minores quam in P. campestri. Petala ob-
longa vix inaequalia. Stamina longiora vix exserta, fertilia
'5 sterilia brevia circa 8. Discus staminifer ut in caeteris
speciebus pilis longisdensis reflexis villosus. — British Guiana,
Schomburgk, n. 785.

283. P. (Petrocarya) coriaceum (sp. n.) ; foliis ovato-ol>-
longis acuminatis basi cuneatis subtus v. junioribus utrinque
ramuiisque tomento subaraneoso incanis, adultis supra gla-
bris nitidis, staminibus sterilibus minutis v. nullis. — Arbor
30-pedalis. Stipulse parvae fuscae cito deciduae. Folia cori-
acea 2i — 3-pollicaria integerrima nonnunquam insequilate-
••alia. Paniculse thyrsoideae axillares folio multo breviores.
Bracteae minimse deciduse. Calyx incurvus 2^ lin. longus
"ncanus, dentibus brevibus ovatis acutis. Petala vix dentibus
caiycinis longiora. Stamina fertilia 7 vix dentibus calycinis
longiora, sterilia dentiforraia vel rarius uno alterove elongate.
Ovarium villosum biloculare. Fructus junior carnosus sub-
ylobosus glaber monospermus, maturum non vidi — On
il'f brook Anna-y. British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 65.

214

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS.

284. Chrysobalanus pellocarpus. G. F. W. Meyer, Prim.

Ft. Esseq. p. 193. — Sand-banks of the Essequibo. Schom-

burgk, n. 220. — The leaves are very nearly as in the common

Icaco, but the fruit is more that ofaHirtella, narrow obovoid,

much less fleshy than in C Icaco, and opening from the base

to about the middle in five valves. The seeds have a thid

testa, no albumen, the cotyledons thin but somewhat fleshy,

and a very short radicle, which seems to be the case with

all the HirtellcB and Licanice I have been able to examine.

The albumen figured and described by Gsertner appears to

me to be the somewhat fleshy portion of the testa from which

the outer coating is separable. Zuccarini {Flora, 1832, XI.

Beibl. p. 78), describes the testa of Hirtella as very thin and

membranaceous, closely adhering to the embryo, and the

cotyledons as glued together by their margins, which I have

not found to be the case in any species I have examined. Is

it possible that he can have considered as belonging to the

cotyledons that coating which Gartner considers as albumen?

and which I should describe as a portion of the testa, since it

is certainly vascular.

Moquilea of Aublet has been joined by Martius and
Zuccarini with Couepia of the same author, and the former
appellation given to the group thus formed, which is to be re-
gretted, as the first named genus is but little known, and the
new species described all belong without doubt to Couepia,
which may now be considered as a well established distinct
group. The true Moquilea has nearly the flower of Chry-
sobalanus, from which, as long as the fruit is unknown, it can
only be distinguished by the racemose inflorescence, and the
stamens being fertile in the whole circumference of the flower;
the former, in few, if any cases, a good generic character, and
the latter, if adopted, requiring the corresponding adoption as
genera of the above-named sections of Parinarium, Couepia,
and Licania. I have not, however, ventured to join Moq^i^
to Chrysobalanus, in order to avoid further confusion if the
discovery of the fruit should hereafter render it necessary to
separate u again. The following new species, being n. 992

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS- 215

of Gardner's Pernambuco collection, has the flowers of
Moquilea: — M. tomentosa, foliis obovato-v. elliptico-oblongis
acutis utrinque ramisque tomento laxo candidis demum supra
denudatis, racemissubsimplicibus(in M. Guianensi paniculato-
ramosis.) Folia 2-pollicaria. Stipulae lanceolato-subulatas.
Racemi in ramisannotinis 2 — 3-pollicares. Pedicelli calyce
breviores uniflori. Calyces incani late campanidati semi-5 —
fidi. Petala parva. Stamina circa 40.

285. Couepia (Eucouepia) comosa (sp. n.) ; foliis ovato-
ellipticis oblongisve acutis basi rotundatis coriaceis supra
demum glabratis subtus tomento brevissimo rufis, panicula
terminal! stricta, calycis tomentelli tubo cylindrico, petalis
extus pubescentibus ciliatis, staminibus ultra 40 orbe com-
pleto— Folia 2 — 3-pollicaria, juniora supra tomento tenu-
issimo laxo scabriuscula, adulta vix nitida. Panicula vix
basi ramosa 3 — 5-pollicaris. Calycis tubus 4 lin. longus,
apice obliquus, laciniae superiores tubo sublongiores. Petala
superiora 5 lin. longa. Stamina pollicaria — Falls of the
Essequibo. Schomburgk, n. 28.

286. C. (Eucouepia) br acteosa (sp. n.); foliis ovali-ellipticis
aniplis brevissime acuminatis basi subcordatis crassis coriaceis
^■'gidis supra nitidis subtus leviter canescentibus, racemis
brevibus densis, bracteis ovatis appressis calyce sessili vix
brevioribus, staminibus circa 40 orbe complete — Folia 4-6
poll, longa, 21 — 31 poll. lata. Venae subtus valde promi-
nentes. Bracteee fuscse dorso pubescentes margine membran-
aceae. Calyces tomentosi. Petala alba glabra.— Sandy
savannahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 485.

To the same section Eucouepia, should be referred Moquilea
grandiflora. Mart, et Zucc. ; M. Uiti, Mart, et Zucc. ; and
AT Canomensis, Mart.; all described by Zuccarini in the
above-mentioned part of the Flora, p. 90 to 92.

887. C. (Hemicouepia) multiflora (sp. n.); foliis ovali-
ellipticis amplis brevissime acuminatis basi subcordatis crassis
coriaceis rigidis supra nitidis subtus incanis, panicula terminali
tomentosa, bracteis parvis deciduis, petalis glabris, staminibus
circa 30 unilateralibus.— Folia fere C. bracieosce sed subtus

216 schomburgk's guiana plants.

candidiora et majora saepe 8-pollicaria. Pedicelli breves,
inferiores cymosi S-T-florL Stamina 6-8 lin. longa. Flores
albi — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 112. — Probably
near to C. Paraensis.

Among the described species, the section Hemicouepia
would include Mog^mTea XttM^Aiawa, Zucc. {Hirtella polyandra,
Humb. et Kunth) ; Moquilea Paraensis, Mart, et Zucc;
Chrysobalanus ovatifoliuSt Schott, in Spr. Syst., and perhaps
also Chrysobalanus macrophyllus, Schott. — Blanchet's n. 2775
from Utinga appears to be a new species of the same set.

288. Hirtella Americana, Aubl PL Guian. I. p. 247. t. 98.—
H. racemosa, Lam., DC. Prod. II. p. 529.— Banks of the
Essequibo, Schomburgk, n. 23, and in a few sets also n. 7.
French Guiana. Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 81. Panama.
Cuming, n. 1114. — This species varies much in the presence
or absence of long hairs on the young branches, in the degree
of pubescence of the spikes, and in the form of the small bracts,
which are sometimes ovate at the base with a short subulate
point, sometimes subulate almost to the very base. I should
therefore suspect that the II. oblongifolia, DC. Prod. II. P-
529, and Zucc. I.e. p. 82, is the same thing.— ^. filiformis,
Presl, Symb. Bot. II. p. 23. t. 69, seems to be also the same
as this.

289. H. hexandra, mild.— DC. Prod. II. p. 529.— 2//cc.
l.c.p. 83.— British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 80.

Gardner's n. 993 from Pernambuco, and 1591 from Ceara
appear to be ff. coriacea, Zucc. I.e. p. 83. No. 370 of Gard-
ner's Organ Mountain collection is a new species, nearly allied
to H. hebeelada, Moricand in DC. Prod. II. p. 529, and may
be thus characterized : — H. Gardneri; " foliis subpetiolatis
amplis ovatis brevissime acuminatis basi subcordatis supra
pilosis subtus ramisque dense rufo-velutinis, racemis simph-
cibus, calycis rufo-villosi tubo turbinato, staminibus fertilibus
septem." The true hebeclada (if I am right in my determin-
ation) has the leaves less hairy, especially above, and they are
narrowed or at most rounded at the base.

200. H. buUata (sp. n.); foliis ovali-ellipticis vix acuoiinutis

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA plants. 217

basi cordatis buUato-rugosis supra hirtis subtus rufo-villosis
nervis utrinque rarnis racemisque densissime rufo-velutinis,
racemis elongatis strictis subcompositis, bracteolis peltato-
glanduliferis, calycis hirsutissimi tubo oblongo, staminibus
fertilibus 5 — Folia subsessilia 3-4 poll, longa. Stipulse et
bracteselanceolato-subuiatse. Pedicelli 1-4 — flori. Bracteolae
breves lalae glandulis stipitatis peltatis ciliatse. Calycis tubus
1| lin., laciniae tubo aequilongae intus glabrae. Petala vix
calycem requantia. Filamenta glabra 4-5 liu. longa.— Near
mount Arawogany, British Guiana. Schomburgk.

291. H. rubra, sp. n.; foliis ovato-oblongis acutiusculis
V. breviter acuminatis coriaceis subtus ramisque velutino-
tomentosis, supra scabriusculis ad venas hirtellis, racemis
paniculatiSjbracteasstipitato-glanduliferisjCalycibussubciliatis
tubo ovato turbinate, staminibus fertilibus sex. — Vix non
characteri ZuccarinianoZ?. glandulosts conformis, calycis tamen
tubus (1 lin. longus) basi attenuatus est, flores teste Schom-
Durgkio rubri nee albi, et stamina fertilia semper sex. Petioli
brevissimi sunt. Folia 2-2J pollicaria.-^Savannahs near
Pirarara. Schomburgk, n. 113.

Gardner's specimens from Ceara, marked in my set n.
1591 ? agree with J^Mccanne's character of H. ciliata, except-
ing that I find always eight instead of seven fertile stamens.

292. H. paniculata, Sw. — Zucc. Lc, p. 85 — H. hirsutOy
Lam.^DC. Prod. II. p. 528 On the Essequibo, Schom-
burgk, n. 7 French Guiana. Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 58.

293. H. eriandrOf sp. n. ; foliis ovali-ellipticis acute acu-
minatis basi rotundatis utrinque sparse pilosulis subscabris
ad venas ramulisque rufo-pubescentibus, racemo composito
ferrugineo-pubescente, bracteis bracteolisque parvis subeglan-
<luIosis, calycis tubo obconico brevi, staminibus fertilibus 7,
fiiamentis basi villosis.— Folia 3-4-pollicaria, novella, acumine
excepto, utrinque velutina, adulta demum fere glabra vix
coriacea. Panicula in specimine meo a ramulo laterali
abscisso brevis est et parce ramosa. Bracteolae nonnullae,
glandula unica stipitata terminatae sunt.— Pedrero, Schom-
burgk, n. 886.

Vol. 11 No. 12. 2 F

218 schomburgk's guiana plants.

294. H. scabra (sp. n.) ; foliis ovatis breviter acuminatis
basi rotundatls coriaceis utrinque ramisque scabro-punctatis,
paniculis laxis brevibus, bracteis bracteolisque parvis nudis,
caljcibus leviter puberulis tubo cblongo, staminibus fertili-

bus 6-7 glabris Frutex ramosissimus 8-10-pedalis. Folia

pleraque vix bipollicaria. — Near mount Roreima, Schom-
burgk, n. 1051.

Gardner's n. 864, and Tweedie's n. 1262, and Presl's H.
elliptica, Symb. Bot. II. p. 23 in obs., are the Brazilian form
of H. triandra.

Gardner's n. 1149 from Pernambuco, is the only Licania
I am acquainted with, of the first section which I have called
Batheogyne ; to the sectional characters given above, the fol-
lowing may be added : L. turbinata^ foliis ovatis obtusis vix
acuminatis basi rotundatis subcoriaceis utrinque ramisque
glabris, panicula brevi, pedicellis dichotome 3-5-floris.—
Calyx major quam in caeteris Licaniis magnitudine iere
Chrysobalani Icaco.

295. Licania (Leptobalanus)/Je«</M/a (sp. n.) ; foliis ovato-
oblongis acuminatis crassis coriaceis utrinque ramisque glabriSj
panicula ampla ramosissima laxa, florum gloraerulis p^
cellatis, calycibus incanis ad medium 5-fidis. — Arbor oW-
pedalis ramis usque ad terrara fere pendulis. Stipulae
specimine jam delapsae. Folia 2^ — 4-pollicaria nitioa.
Bracteae minutissimae acutse. Flores albi. Calyx 1? ""'
longus incanus, laciniis intus coloratis. Petala 0. Stamina
sequidistantia laciniis calycinis subduplo longiora. Filamenta
basi pilosa. Fructus lineari-cylindraceus v. superne pariim
aitenuatus, 1^ poll, longus, vix li lin. diametro, carnosus,
unilocularis. Semen unicum elongato-lanceolatum. — Lagoons
of the Rio Negro. Schomburgk, n. 906,

296. L. (Leptobalanus) aperta (sp. n.) ; foliis ovatis acumi-
natis basi rotundato-truncatis coriaceis subtus tomento \^^^
incanis v. demum glabratis, panicula parce ramosa, florum
glomerulis sessilibus v. vix brevissime pedicellatis, calycibu''
ad medium 5-fidis patentibus ramisque paniculae tomento
brevissimo incanis.— Arbor. Folia 2-3-pollicaria. Panicul®

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 219

rami elongati subsimplices. Calyx 1 lin. longus laciniis
ovato-lanceolatis obtusis. Stamina 2 lin. longa, glabra, — On
the Curassawada, Schomburgk, n. 593.

297. L. (Leptobalanus) fiorihunda (sp. n.) ; foliis ovatis
acurainatis basi rotundato-truncatis coriaceis subtus tomento
tenui subincanis v. demum glabratis, panicula ampla ramo-
sissima, florum glomerulis longiuscule pedicellatis, calycibus
ad medium 5-fidis ramisque paniculas tomento brevi incanis.
— Folia fere L. ajoerte, inflorescentia diversa. Pedicel li
2-5 lin. longi, floribus 3-7 dense dichotome cymosis sub-
capitatis. — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 897, and in some*
setsn. 871.

298. L. (Leptobalanus) pubiflora (sp. n.); foliis ovali-
oblongis brevissime acuminatis tenuiter coriaceis subtus
canescentibus, panicula ampla foliosa multiflora, floribus
glomeratis subsessihbus, calycibus cis medium 5-fidis ramis-
que paniculse tomentoso-pubescentibus. — Arbor. Stipulse
parvae, fuscae, deciduae. Rami subteretes juniores puberuli
demum glabri. Folia superiora (quae sola adsunt) 3-polli-
caria brevissime petiolata. Racemi ramosi in axillis superi-
oribus solitarii, et ad apicem rami fasciculati paniculam
formant amplam divaricatam. Fiores albidi secus ramos
dense dispositi. Bracteae minutae. Calyx \\ lin. longus intus
viliosus. Stamina praecedentium — On the Upper Essequibo,
Schomburgk, n. 136.

Licania humilis of Chamisso and Schlechtendal and L.
Turiuva of the same authors, belong evidently to my section
I-eptobalanus, and the latter one is probably very near L.
pnbiflora.

299. L. (Microdesmia) mollis (sp. n.) ; ramulis velutino-
pubescentibus, foliis ovatis ellipticisve acuminatis basi sub-
cordatis supra nitidis glabris v. ad venas pubescentibus subtus
incanis nervis velutinis, paniculis parce ramosis velutinis
florum glomerulis sessilibus, calycibus incano-pubescentibus
striatis dentibus ovatis, petalissubnuUis. — Folia 4-6-pollicaria,
petiolo brevi velutino. Stipulje lanccolato-linearcs. Pani-
cula; rami subsimplices. Calyx II lin. longus. Stamina

220 schomburgk's guiana plants.

calycem vix sequantia, fertilia circa 10, 4-5 minima sterilia.
Petalum interdum unicum minimum adest. — On the Rio
Negro, Schomburgk, n. 910.

A second species of this section may be thus characterized:
L. (Microdesmia) rigida; foliis obovato-oblongis obtusissimis
basi rotundatis rigidis supra glabris demum nitidis, subtus
incanis venis reticulatis prominentibus, panicula cano-pubes-
cente ramis rigide divaricatis, florum glomerulissubsessilibus,
calycibus incanis striatis obtuse 5-dentatis, petalis quinque
minimis. — Folia superiora 3-5-poliicaria, petiolo brevi sub-
biglanduloso. Panicula pedalis. Bractese fuscae orbiculato-
concavae deciduae. Calyx 1 lin. longus. Petala obovata
ciliata. Stamina fertilia circa 10 brevissime exserta, steriua
pauca minute dentiformia. Ceara, Gardner, n. 1592.

330. L. (Eulicania) leptostachya (sp. n.) ; foliis ovatis v.
ovato-oblongis acuminatis basi angustatis supra glabris subtus
ramulis racemisque toraento albo lanatis, racemis elongatis
subsimplicibus basi foliosis, florum glomerulis sessilibus, caly-
cibus campanulatis tomentosis quinquedentatis, starainibus
fertilibus circa sex, fructu albo-lanato. — Arbor30-50-pedalis.
Rami penduli. Folia fere L. incance, subtus tamen densius
tomentosa. Racemus (seu spica) interruptus, gracilis, 3-o-
poU. longus ; glomerulae inferiores foliis caulinis conformibus
subtensae, superiores bracteae lanceolato-subulatse. Calyx
linea parum longior, latius quam in L. incana. Fructus
oblongo-clavatus semipollicaris.— On the Upper Rupunoony>
Schomburgk, n. 111.

301. L. (Eulicania) incana, Aubl. PI, Gen, l.p.WQ- 1- *^'
foliis ovatis v. ovali-oblongis acuminatis basi plerisque angusr
talis vix coriaceis supra nitidis subtus incanis utrinque veno-
sisj racemis terminalibus axillaribusque subramosis, ram's
brevibusdensiflor is, calycibus subgloboso-campanulatis, fructu
obovoideo-oblongo incano. — Folia 2-pollicaria (v. teste A«-
bletio 3-pollicaria). Stipulae lineari-lanceolatae. Racemorum
ramuli vix pollicares. Flores 1 lin. longi sessiles incani-
Stamina inclusa, 5 inferiora fertilia, e quibus ilia laciniis caly
cinis opposita longior a sunt Pirarara, Schomburgk, n-T^^-

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 221

302. L. (Eulicania) crassifolia (sp. n.); foliis ovatis v,
ovali-oblongis acumlnatis basi plerisque rotundatis crassis
coriaceis supra nitidis subaveniis subtus incano-tomentosis,
racemis axillaribus terminalibusque subramosis, calycibus
subgloboso-campanulatis, fructu breviter obovoideo rufo-to-
mentoso. — Vix L. incancB varietas. Folia consistentia multo
crassiora. Racetni potius rufiquam incani. Fructus crassior
brevior. — Savannahs of the Rupunoony, Schomburgk, n.
388, and in some sets 381.

303. L. (EuUcania) coriacea (sp. n.) ; foliis ovato-oblongis
obtusis V. vix obtuse acuminatis crassis coriaceis supra nitidis
subtus subcanescentibus, racemis terminalibus parum ramosis,
ramis elongatis rigidis multifloris, calycibus ovato-campanu-
latis — Folia saepe obliqua 2 — 3-poHicaria. Stipulae minutae
subulatae. Rami paniculse 2— 3-pollicares. Fiorum glo-
merulffisessiles. Calyces incani ultra I^ lin. longi. — On the
Essequibo, Schomburgk, n. 50.

304. L. (Eulicania) parviflora (sp. n.) ; foliis ovatis acumi-
natis crassis coriaceis supra nitidis subtus minute lepidoto-
subcanescentibus, paniculis parce et rigide ramosis, florum
glomerulis subsessilibus, calyce globoso-campanulato breviter
5-dentato, staminibus fertilibus 5 brevissimis. — Folia 2 — 3-
poUicaria. Stipulse subulatae. Flores non incani vix ^ lin.
diametro. On the Rio Negro, Schomburgk, n. 977.

305. L. (Hymenopus) divaricata (sp. n.) ; foliis ovali-
ellipticis oblongisvebrevissimeet obtuse acuminatis basi rotun-
datis cuneatisve f^labris coriaceis, panicula divaricato-ramosa
pubescente, florum glomerulis subsessilibus, calycibus cam-
panulatis minute pubescentibus 4— 5-dentatis, petalis 4—5,
staminibus fertilibus circa 7.— Arbor 30— 40-pedalis. Folia
3— 5-pollicaria. Stipulae lineari-lanceolatae crassiusculae de-
cidusD. Flores vix 1 lin. longi. Petala dentibus calycinis
subaqualia. Stamina dentibus calycinis vix ^uilonga, fer-
tilia saepissime 7, semel tamen 8 vidi.— Sandy soil, British
Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 463.

306. L.? (Hymenopus?) heteromorpha (sp. n.); foliis
obovato-oblongis v. obovato-cllipticis obtusisfimis emargi-

222 schomburgk's guiaka plants.

natis, basi angustatis utrlnque glabris, petiolo brevissimo
biglanduloso, panicula terminali ramosa, florum glomerulis
sessilibus, calycibus aliis globoso-campanulatis dentibus sub-
aequalibus, aliis longe infundibuliformibus dentibus 2 — 3 maxi-
mis. — Folia 2 — S-polIicaria. Stipulae lineares, deciduae.
Panicula tomentosa, ramis vix ramosis. Flores numerosi
parvi tomentosi, aequales sessiles vix | lin. longi, irregulares
1 lin. longi in stipitem longiuscule attenuati, calycis limbi
dentibus 2 — 3 tube gequilongis, 3 — 2-brevissimis, calyces
nonnulli inter has formas intermedii. Petala in utraque
forma 4 — 5 minima. Stamina fertilia circa 5.— Pedrero on
the Rio Negro, where the bark and leaves are used for making
a scarlet dye. Schomburgk, n. 873.

COMBRETACE^.

307. Laguncularia racemosa^ G<ertn. — DC. Prod. lU- P'
17. — French Guiana, Leprieur.

308. Combretum elegans, Humb. el Kunth. — DC. P^od-
Wl.p. 19.— British Guiana, Schomburgk, n. 87, in some of
the later sets.

309. Combretum aurantiactim (sp. n.) ; inerme, arbores-
cens, foliis ovali-elli pticis oblongisve breviter acuminatis
supra glabris subtus lepidotis, spicis axillaribus ebracteatis,
calycibus infundibuliformibus aureo-lepidotis, staminibus
longe exsertis,fructibusobovato-subrotundislate4-alatisaureo-

lepidotis. — Folia angustiora minora quam in prgecedente,
fructus breviores. Calyces supra ovarium tenues apice lato-
campanulati, nee ab ovarii apice tubuloso-campanulati.
Flores aurantiaci nee rubri. — On the Essequibo, Schom-
burgk, n. 87 in the first sets.

310. Combretum obtusifolium. Rich.— DC. Prod. lH-/'*
19? — On the Essequibo, Schomburgk, n. 55.

311. Cacoucia coccinea, AubU — DC. Prod. III. P- 22.—
In moist situations on the banks of rivers, British Guiana,
where the seeds are used for poisoning bats. Schomburgk?
n. 272.

MRS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 223

Rhizophore^.

312. Cassipourea serrata (sp. n.) ; foliis oblongo-ellipticis
acuminatis breviter late et argute serratis basi rotundatis,
floribus subsessilibus, petalis pinnatitn multifidis. — Frutex,
ramis junioribus puberulis demum glabratis. Stipulae lance-
olatae sericeae deciduae. Folia ultra 6 poll, longa, 2 — 2^ poll,
lata, juniora margine et subtus sericea, adulta glabra. Flores
fasciculati, 3 in quaque axilla, bracteis brevissimis ovatis cili-
atis circumdati. Pedicelli vix 1 lin. longi, crassiusculi. Caly-
ces 2ilin. longi campanulati vix ad medium 5-fidi, crassiusculi,
extus adpresse pubescentes intus sericei aestivatione valvata,
Petala 5 oblonga, stipite filiformi, laciniae longse subulatse
plumoso-ciliatse in alabastro plicatse antheras foventes. Sta-
mina circa 25 cum petalis ad basin calycis perigyna, ima basi
cohaerentia in annulum interne expansum in discum brevem
perigynum multilobatum. Filamenta exserta glabra. An-
therae oblongse, loculis rimi longitudinali dehiscentibus. Ova-
rium basi lata calyci affixum, depresso-globosum, hirtum, tri-
loculare, ovulis in quoque loculo 2 pendulis. Stylus rectus
exsertus, hirtus, integer, stigmate dilatato-trilobo. — On the
Essequibo and Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 527.

(^Tobe continued.)

XIII Journal of a Tour in Ceylon; by Mrs Colonel

Walker.

(Our readers may recollect that the first article in the
" Companion to the Botanical Magazine," was an account of
the ascent of Adam's Peak in Ceylon, from the pen of the
same accomplished lady. During every excursion of this
liind, both Colonel and Mrs Walker have been indefatigable
in collecting the vegetable productions of this rich and fertile
island; and we trust ere long to have it in our power to make
known many, if not all, of these interesting discoveries, which
Imve been so liberally communicated to us. — W. J. H.).

224 MRS COL. walker's TOUK in CEYLON.

" My Dear Sir William,

" You were kind enough to give my little
journal of our excursion to the top of Adam's Peak so
flattering a reception, that I felt inclined, on my return from
a tour which Colonel Walker and I made in February and
March, to communicate to you the result of our observations
and remarks during our progress through parts of theislaml,
till then unknown to us, and indeed, in some places, not
previously visited by any European. Various circumstances
have hitherto prevented my putting this intention in execu-
tion ; amongst others, the extreme heat of Colombo this
season quite incapacitated me for any exertion either bodily
or mental ; and now that the change of monsoon has cooled
the atmosphere, I find the time that has elapsed since my
return, has so much weakened the interest of the subject, even
in my own estimation, that I fear I cannot hope to render
it amusing or interesting to others. Besides this, there is the
awful idea presenting itself to my imagination, that my lucu-
brations may appear in print ! which, however foolish it may
be, does influence me in some degree. And the very attempt
at doing something better may deprive my little narrative
of the only merit my Adam's Peak Journal could pretend to,
viz., that of having no pretensions whatever, having literally
been written entirely for my own amusement, without an idea
of its ever meeting any eye save my own. I shall, however,
as you formerly expressed a wish for such communications,
look over the journal, or rather notes, kept on our excursion,
and give you whatever may appear worth transcribing.

" We left Colombo on the 26th of January, and bent our
course towards Point de Galle, the southernmost extremity
of Ceylon ; this route is too well known to adroit of any
thing new being said on the subject. The road runs almost
the wliole way close to the sea, and is mostly through a co"'
tinued Cocoa-nut forest. The country is populous, there
being straggling villages on each side of the road ; yet, if you
except the cocoa-nut plantations, there is little cultivation to

MRS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 225

be seen ; indeed, none, but occasional small patches of the
Sweet Potatoe {Convolvulus Batatas)^ or what I believe, is now
called Batatas edulis, which they plant on little mounds
like new-made graves in a country church-yard. Between
Amblamgodde and Hukady, wherever there is water suflS-
cient for the purpose, the air is poisoned by the effluvia from
the decaying cocoa-nut husks, which are steeped, as flax is
at home, to prepare them for the manufacture of coir rope;
the smell is even more offensive than that of flax undergoing
the same operation. In this stage of the journey, there is
also a good deal of lime made from the coral and shells
collected on the beach, for burning which, we remarked
quantities of the trunks of old Cocoa-nut Trees, cut up into
regular lengths ; we were led to notice this circumstance, as,
generally speaking, I do not think the cocoa-nut is ever used
as fire-wood for domestic purposes. The smoke from these
lime-kilns, is only not quite so bad as the putrid cocoa-nut
husks, so that, altogether, this is a disagreeable stage to the
traveller, although there is some little appearance of industry
m it, not met with elsewhere on this route, where the people
seem perfectly idle. It is probable that their only occupa-
tion is that of fishermen, as the beach is covered with small
fishing Dkonies, in which they fish at a considerable distance
from the land.

" I shall give you separately, a list of the plants, cultivated
and uncultivated, which we remarked between Colombo and
Galle ; and only mention here those used for any particu-
lar purpose, or such as greatly abound. At Cultura, they
make hedges of the Cerbera Manghas in that neighbourhood ;
and as far as Amblamgodde, Convolvulacea are very preva-
lent, extremely various, and many highly beautiful. From
Bentotte, where the Galle district commences, the vegetation
begins to vary, the prevailing plants being CaciuSy Pandanus
odoratissimiis, and Crinum toxicarium, which covers acres in
some places and of which, and the Pandanus, fences are made.
In a river near Galle, we found the Nymphea Lotus, with
deep rose-coloured flowers, ii^great abundance ; the natives

Journ. ofBot. Vol. II. No. 13. June, 1840. 2 .;

226 MRS COL. walker's tour in CEYLON.

eat the roots of this plant, the seeds also are chewed hy the
children. The neighbourhood of Galle is swampy, and in
this wet soil Delivaria ilicifolia is very common, and the
Cerbera Manghas grows to a great size, quite a forest tree.

" From Galle we made an excursion up the Ginderah river,
as far as it is navigable. The bank, on one side, has been
lately cleared of wood and jungle, and a towing path made
which enables boats to be impelled against the stream. We
embarked at a place called Wak-welle, about five miles
from Galle, at 7 a.m., and reached Badagamme, a quarter
past 9. The scenery, rich and pretty but flat, reminded us of
some parts of Bengal ; we saw nothing new in the botanical
way, in the course of this day's journey. Badagamme is
remarkable as having been the first missionary station where
a church has been built in the interior of the island; and a
sight so uncommon in this part of the world, cannot but
excite the most gratifying feelings from many causes; but
from none more than the recollections of home, with which
the appearance of a village church is associated : there are
likewise schools for the native children, and two good houses
for the resident missionaries. I visited this place fifteen years
ago, when the foundation of the church was just laid, and
then thought the establishment promised well, and certainly
expected much more would have been effected ere this time;
but I believe there is little perceptible improvement in the
habits or character of the natives. It is difficult even now to
induce them to send their children to school ; the congrega-
tion at church, the missionary told me, consists almost entirely
of children ; from which it would appear, that the former
pupils cease to attend when grown up and become their own
masters. The vegetable kingdom seems to improve more
under the care of the missionaries than the moral world :
every thing planted in their gardens appears to thrive luxuri-
antly. I never saw the fruit of the Flacourtia inermis so fine
any where; it makes an excellent jelly, much resembling, and I
thmk as good as, the red currant at home ; it is called by the
natives Lotvilowi, and by thq English here Looy looy; it i«

MRS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 227

also used for tarts. The Rambootan, [Nephelium lappaceum),
an excellent fruit, and the Bread-fruit {Artocarpus incisa),
appear to thrive vigorously, and we here found for the first
time, the Croton variegatum in full flower.

" The church and houses of the missionaries, as well as
that we occupied, belonging to our friend Mr W., agent for
government in the extensive district of Galle, are all situated
upon distinct small hills, or knolls, surrounded by paddy
fields, which are probably under water in the rainy season.
We spent the next day at Badagarame, in hopes our collec-
tors might pick up something new in the neighbourhood ;
but although the vegetation is very luxuriant and varied,
they brought us nothing uncommon. Convolvuli abound, and
the Impatiens cornuta is very frequent here, and in many
other places on the coast, as well as in and about Kandy.

" The banks of the river during our next day's progress
were pretty, and clothed with fern and many other plants,
but few of them were in flower ; I only observed Ixora cocci-
neoy Melastoma Malabarica, and a species of Neriumt which
appears to differ much in its habits from N. Zeylanicum,
being found only on the banks, and hanging quite over the
river; but, on examination, we could detect no difierence
except in the size of the leaves, which are much narrower, a
point hardly sufficient to establish another species, as the
shape and size of the leaves of many plants vary so much in
the same species. About three miles from Badagarame, low
bills appear in the distance ; the navigation of the river is
much impeded by drift-wood and trees, which must have
been unavoidably precipitated into it, when clearing the steep
banks for the towing-path. Our boat, though very comfortably
fitted up for the traveller, we found of a bad construction for
river navigation ; it was on the principle of the common
canoe, with what is called the out-rigger, which requires
sea-room; it frequently caught in the drift-wood, or stuck
among the rocks where the channel was sufficiently wide for
a larger boat to have passed through with ease. A broad
flat-bottomed boat I should think better suited to river navi-

228 MRS COL. walker's tour in CEYLON.

gaiion. As we proceeded, the hills in the distance increased
in height, and about 2 p.m., we had our first view of Hinni-
doon Kandj/y called by the English the Haycock, from its
form, an object of interest to us on the present occasion, as
an ascent to the top of this mountain was to terminate our
excursion in this direction. Our being able to achieve this
feat or not, had caused much discussion, and given rise to some
bets among our Galle friends. This hill, though not much
above two thousand feet in height, so much overtops all the
surrounding country, that it is a very conspicuous object at
sea, and all ships approaching the island from the east or
south, make the Haycock before any other part of the land
is visible. The Deputy-assistant quarter-master-general,
who had lately ascended it, found it a particularly command-
ing spot from whence to take angles, make observations, &c.
By 3 P.M., we arrived at Maplegame, where we were
to remain for the night, being obliged to halt whei'e we could
find lodging ; this was a horrid place, a native house situated
under foliage so dense as to exclude light and air. "^
found however a pleasant walk, with some pretty views o
the surrounding country, the Haycock conspicuous in tlie
distance,' and remained out till dark. Our dinner was pre-
pared in an open space with a roof over it, surrounded by a
wall two or three feet high, in front of the house, leavmg us
completely exposed to the gaze of a mob of people assembleo
from the neighbouring village, who had probably never wit-
nessed the Knife and Fork exercise. This publicity I disliked
very much at first, but I found it a vain attempt trying W
get rid of our spectators ; for if our servants sent them offj
they either returned immediately, or were succeeded oy
another set as numerous as the first. This was the case
throughout the whole of our journey, and we found ourseiv
obliged to submit quietly. In our walk we observed two o
three different species of Laurus, and two Loranthij new to u
Notwithstanding much coughing and squalling of children
during the night, we contrived to sleep more comfortably
than we had expected; but were glad to take a very earlv

MRS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 229

breakfast, and depart from this disagreeable place as soon as
we could.

" From hence we were told we should find some difficulty
and encounter five dangerous places on the river, which was
so low, that even the boatmen entertained doubts of our
reaching the village of Hinnidoon; however, patience and
perseverance, with the exertions of our boat's crew, (who really
did not spare themselves,) conquered all obstacles, and we got
to the end of our voyage at 4 p.m., having hardly discov-
ered when we surmounted the Jive dangers we had been pre-
pared for. These were some rocky rapids, however, which
when the river is full and the current strong, may be rather
perilous.

" This morning, just as we embarked, we observed a young
alligator plunge into the river close to the boat ; hitherto we
have hardly seen any living animal, very few birds, very few
msects, and no fish, though we were told they abound in the
river. This alligator, the first and last we met with on our
journey, and a white monkey, were all we remarked. The
Amaryllis Zeylanica was common on the banks ; and a species
of Aponogeton^ the roots of which the natives eat, is very abun-
dant in the bed of the river, where I saw several old women
up to their middles in the water employed in collecting it.
In many places the banks were clothed to the water's edge with
a species of Bassia, and a tree remarkable for the deep and
bright red colour of its young shoots. Our people called it a
kind of Ironwood, {Mesua,) which it certainly resembles in this
particular ; but as we could neither procure flower nor fruit,
We had no means of satisfying ourselves on this subject. Arum
spirals was also frequent "in the river.

" The Genderah seems to flow through a tolerably well
cultivated country, the land on each side being enclosed, and
fences running down to the river-bank. The scenery is pretty,
and the fragile looking temporary bridges erected in many
places over its tributary streams, add much to its picturesque
beauty; some of them are very high, and of considerable
length, consisting merely of the trunks of trees, and requiring

230 MRS COL. walker's tour in CEYLON.

a very steady head to venture across them. In a short time,
however, I doubt not this river will be cleared, and good
bridges built, so as to render the navigation easy and expe-
ditious, as a spirit of improvement and enterprise has been
awakened in the district, from the liberal and enlightened
policy of the agent of government. A considerable grant of
land has been lately applied for by a gentleman acquainted
with the cultivation of the Sugar cancy which he thinks likely
to succeed well in this part of the island. The plant is known
to thrive in many places, but it has never been cultivated to
any extent, nor any trouble, taken to introduce the best
kinds. With capital, skill, and industry, I have no doubt
Ceylon may become one of the most fertile countries in the
world ; every thing grows so luxuriantly here. But I must
return to Hinnidoon.

•' From the Rest-House we set off about 8 a.m., crossed
the river, and travelled a mile or more before we commenced
the ascent of the Haycock hill, which we found exceedingly
steep, very long and very fatiguing ; its first abrupt rise is
rugged, the hills covered with coarse grass and many low
shrubs common about Colombo. After accomplishing this
first stage, as it may be called, the view is very beautiful, the
path continues for some distance along a level ridge descend-
ing a little in some places. Before again beginning to ascend,
the path enters a thick wood of various forest trees, and soon
becomes exceedingly rugged and steep, without a level rest-
ing place till the summit is attained; the wood and jungle all
the way so thick and high, that nothing can be seen, and the
air so much excluded as to render the heat very oppressive.
We were told that in the dense. forest which covers this
mountain, are found many of the most valuable woods of the
island. Ebony, {Diospyros Ebenum) Calaminder {D. pu^es-
cens) Satin-wood, {Swietenia chloroxylon) , and many others,
of which a long list was given us by the Modlear, or headman
of the district, who had been prevented by public business
from accompanying us to the top of the hill, but joined us at
our return to the rest-house. The Nepenthes, so common in

MRS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 231

the cinnamon plantations about Colombo, grows here to a
great size ; I remarked it climbing over the tops of high trees,
its leaves and pitchers greatly exceeding in dimensions any
I had seen elsewhere. Many of the trees were clothed to the
summit by Pandanus scandens, and P. humilis also abounds ;
of the leaves of this plant, which are upwards of three yards
in length, the natives make mats ; the perfume of its blossoms
is even stronger than that of the flower of P. odoratissimus, in
a room, it is overpowering, though fragrant in the open air.
Of the Pahn tribe we saw several, particularly the thorny
Caryota, and C, mitis, the flower of which is exceedingly
beautiful when it first bursts through its green spathulate
bracts and calyx of deep rose-colour, shading off" to a pale
pink, adhering closely, though at irregular intervals, to the
pure white ivory-like pedicels which form the large drooping
panicle. I attempted to draw it, but could not at all please
myself, and gave it up in despair.

" It was twelve o'clock when we got to the summit of the
niountain, and the wood having been recently cut down by
the deputy-quarter-master-general's party, we had a most
extensive view although the day was not very clear, and
we were perhaps too late in getting to the top to see as
much as may be descried under more favourable circum-
stances. To those who have no object in ascending this hill
but to admire the beauty of the scenery, I should say their
trouble and fatigue would not be recompensed ; and advise
their being satisfied with the view from the level ridge, at the
top of the first ascent before entering the wood, from whence
in my opinion the scenery looks much more beautiful, though
of course, not so extensive. Precipitous and rugged as the
path is, my Coolies contrived to carry me in my little Ma-
dura palankeen, nearly to the top, not without my frequently
feeling under considerable apprehension of being tumbled
out : however, no accident happened. The latter part of
the way I was obliged to walk, or rather scramble, as I also
did all the way down to the top of the first rise, aff'ording
food for an abundance of leeches as I went along. This was

232 MRS COL. walker's tour in CEYLON.

the fii'st time I had ever been bitten by these creatures,
though I had often witnessed their voracious attacks upon
others ; I had a great dread of them, but experienced no in-
convenience from their bite, not even being aware of it till I
found myself bleeding profusely in many places.

" We got back to the rest-house about 4 p.m., a good
deal fatigued, and covered with blood and mire. Remained
at Hinnidoon next day, examining our botanical acquisitions,
having sent our people to collect every thing new to be found
in the neighbourhood. At 8 next morning we embarked,
and got to Badagamme about half-past 4, where we slept
and spent the next forenoon, returning to Galle in the wan-
ing, after a very pleasant excursion with which we were much
gratified.

" On the 18th of February, we again set off from Galle, on
our route to Matura, but made a slight detour from the mam
road to visit Cogle lake. ' On one of its seven Islands, our friend
Mr W. has a comfortable bungalow, where breakfast was pre-
pared for us. Between Galle and Cogle, the whole of the
coast plants seem to be concentrated; we found, in that short
drive, all the plants we have between Colombo and Galle,
and in the lane leading from the main road to Cogle, many

■ 1 T

Others, particularly Solandra oppositifolia (of Moon) which 1
had never met with on the coast before. In and about Kandy,
however, it grows almost to a tree ; here it is only a large bush.
A Pancratium^ very handsome, Gomphocarpus volubilis, the
beautiful Cultura Convolvulus, {Pkarbitis?) which I had seen
nowhere else, and many others not in flower. I was quite
surprised by the extent and beauty of the lake, and its
islands, all of which are covered with thick jungle, excepting
the one on which Mr W.'s bungalow is situated; he has here
also a kind of menagerie, where there are some very fine elk,
and other species of deer, monkeys, &c. In high tides this
pretty sheet of water communicates with the sea, from which,
at one extremity, it is only separated by a narrow sand-bank.
The water at Wilmot Island is brackish, but said to be fresh
farther from the sea; it seems of considerable extent, abounds

MRS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 2.33

with fish, and the Cogle crabs are considered particularly good.
Alligators are not uncommon, and we were told a sheep had
been seized and carried off the island a short time before we
were there.

" Having sent our gig and horses round to the end of the
lake near the sea, by which the Matura road runs, with the
intention of rowing down the lake to join them again, we
Were advised, from the high wind and threatening appearance
of the weather, not to delay our departure too long, and
therefore set off at 12 o'clock. Our boatmen did not prove
themselves weather-wise, as the wind, instead of increasing as
they foretold, soon fell considerably, and after an hour's
rowing, we reached the extremity where we found our car-
nage waiting for us ; in fact, I suppose the people wished to
get rid of us as soon as they could, that they might enjoy the
rest of the day in idleness. In passing pretty close to one or
two of the islands, we ascertained the most prevailing trees
to be Sonneratia acida, a Ficus, new to us, Ardisia solanacea,
and a shrub which we had found on the road between
iJentoteand Amblamgodde, with which we were unacquainted.
On leaving Cogle lake, we lost the luxuriant and varied
Vegetation which had been so remarkable during our morn-
ing's drive, and for several miles saw nothing but Cocoa-nut
trees. The first novelty we met with in the vegetable world,
^as some fine trees of the Barringtonia speciosa, which we
had not observed since we left Colombo, and we again saw
I'ournefortia argentea and Convolvulaceoein abundance, varying
in colour, and in the size of their leaves, but, I believe, only
varieties of those we had formerly met with about Cultura,
and elsewhere. We reached Belligame between 2 and 3
P-M., and in the evening took a walk, to see a figure as large as
^'fe, cut in relief, upon a rock, not ill executed and said to be
a Rajah, whose name I forget, and of whose history I am
profoundly ignorant. In a garden near the rest-house, we
found a species of Hemandia, new to us, a large handsome
tree in full flower.

" Left Belligame at 6, and got to Matura before 8 a.m.,

Vol. n No. 13. 2 H

234 MRS COL. walker's tour in CEYLON.

nothing remarkable presenting itself on the road; but the
place, whicli in this part of the world may be called a town,
surprised me by the number of large and comfortable looking
houses it contained. I found, afterwards, that many of the
most wealthy and respectable native families live here. The
fort of Matura, within which the rest-house is situated, is very
pretty, and the rest-house excellent. The plants we particularly
remarked in our drive this morning, wereSolandraoppositifolia,
Calanchoe pinnata, and Stravadia ruhra^ which ornatnented
the road on each side, in many places. Delivaria ilicifoUa
abounds in the ditch round the fort of Matura, where we
remained all next day, to make arrangements for our future
journey; as, from hence, our mode of travelling was to be
entirely changed, the roads to the interior admitting of no
wheel-carriages, hardly a bridle path.

" In the evening we drove to Dondra head, which I had
fancied a fine bold promontory, and with this preconceived
idea, passed the place, without knowing it ; till, observing
our drive to be much longer than was anticipated, we dis-
covered that we had gone far beyond the point we were ift
search of, which, on our return, we found to be no way very
remarkable, a low rocky point, seen from the fort of Matura.

" Tuesday^ 2\st of February, — At 4 p.m. we left Matura
after a great deal of trouble, with the only really determinedly
insolent set of Coolies I ever met with in Ceylon. The people,
now aware that they cannot be forced to work, if disinclined,
and that, in fact, travellers are completely in their power,
do exactly as they please ; setting at defiance all established
regulations, as to the weight of their burdens, the sums they
are to receive daily, or according to distance, (so much a
mile,) fixed by. government. Even after forcino- the hapless
wayfarer into their own terms, they frequently refuse to
complete the distance they have been engaged for, put down
their loads, and declare they will go no further, having taken
care to be paid so much in advance, without which they will
not stir. This bad start alarmed us as to our future pro-
gres.s, and indeed, throughout our journey it proved our only

>1RS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 235

ilifBculty, though we met with none so bad as the Matura
people. In the interior, the natives still retain a kind of awe
for the headmen, tlirough whom we succeeded in procuring
coolies; but this will not last long, and even now, the head-
men are disagreeably circumstanced, in being obliged fre-
quently to give orders, which they have no power or means
to enforce. This state of things certainly requires to be
amended ; but how, I do not pretend to know.

'* We got off, however, at last ; Col. W. on my pony, an
animal, as he knew from experience, well calculated to sur-
mount the difficulties we were likely to encounter, and I in
my Madura palankeen, having sent b^k our gig and horses,
and dismissed our baggage carts (here called bullock bandies)
at Matura. For the first two miles our road passed through
what the natives term gardens, in most of which were respec-
table looking houses; then we travelled for a mile on a
raised dyke or daur, as it is here called, through a swamp,
in many places under water; the remaining part of our
evening's journey through paddy-fields, from which the crop
had just been removed. Slept in a house belonging to a
native headman, at a place called Attadewa, and saw many
plants, but nothing new. A good deal of coffee seems to be
cultivated by the natives in their gardens.

"Our road next day continued for four miles through paddy
fields, on good raised embankments, with low wooded hills
in the distance, a fine fertile and (for Ceylon) well-cultivated
country; most of the way near the course of the Pantura
river, which we crossed, and again travelled through enclosed
gardens, containing jack, bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, plantains,
and coffee. The remaining part of our day's journey was
again through paddy-fields, on which the crop was still
standing. I saw a number of the birds here called water
hens; when alarmed by our approach, they always ran to-
wards the river. I never observed them take wing. By ten
o'clock we reached Wellihene, our halting-place for the day.
Boodu appears in higher consideration in this part of the
country than on the coast, if we may judge by the si«e and

236 MRS COL. WALKEK's tour in CEYLON.

respectable appearance of several temples dedicated to him,
which we remarked in this stage. Doors do not seem to be
considered necessary at Wellihene, at least there were none
to the hut which we occupied, and our night's rest was dis-
turbed by the visits of two Pariah dogs, which annoyed us
greatly. From Wellihene to Mura Wakka there is less
cultivation, more jungle, the distant hills are higher, and our
road not so level as it has hitherto been. Reached Mura
Wakka at nine. Here we found most comfortable quarters
in a house belonging to the Modlear of the district, who was
waiting our arrival at this place. We remarked on our
route two large Boodist temples, but of more fragile mate-
rials than those seen yesterday, which were solid brick build-
ings. We again crossed the river by a ferry-boat, which we
found gaily decorated with cocoa-nut leaves, &c., in compli-
ment to us. This used to be done formerly at all the rest-
houses, ferries, &c., whenever Europeans, of any rank in the
service of government, travelled. The washermen oi the
village were obliged to find clothes to cover the walls and
roof, and even to spread on the floor, for which they were
entitled to no remuneration. Now, this is all dispensed with,
or if ever done, the people do not fail to claim something
for their trouble, which it is but fair they should receive.
In front of the Modlear's house at Mura Wakka, there is the
largest Bomhax (petitandra, I believe,) I ever saw. During
the day I generally amuse myself by drawing any thing we
may have picked up by the way, either pretty or uncommon,
and take a walk in the evening. This place is remarkab e
for the quantity of rain which falls about it, and the weather
did look so threatening, that we were afraid to venture an}
distance from the house. Some loud claps of thunder, ho
ever, cleared the air, and a little rain fell — just enough to
spoil our stroll, and to make the leeches very active; the)
are a great nuisance, and destroy the pleasure of walking •
the country, if the soil be in the least damp : when pe»-
fectly dry, the leech is never seen, but after the slightest
shower, the ground seems alive with them. Left our com-

MRS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 237

fortable quarters at 6 next morning. Road mostly through
low jungle, with occasional paddy-fields. Breakfasted and
remained till 3 in the afternoon at a place called Katte-
poolla. A native here displayed a very fine cheetah* skin,
which he seemed anxious that we should purchase : he had
shot the animal in the neighbourhood some weeks before.
Soon after leaving this place, we commenced ascending a
very steep and rugged hill ; the sun excessively hot. Near
the summit we began to find plants common about Kandy ;
a species of Rubus, and some Acanthacece not found on the
coast. In about half-an-hour, we turned off the road to see
a very fine cascade, formed by the fall of the Mature
river (near which we have travelled almost all the way) over
very high and bold rocks, clothed with magnificent wood ; a
sight which well repaid the trouble of scrambling about a
quarter of a mile through the jungle and down a pretty steep
hill. Our friend the Modlear, however, had facilitated our
progress, by having a path cut through the jungle for us.
The river is here called the Kiriwane Ella. Our route con-
tinued rather rugged, until we approached Birilapanatra,
when it became level, and the country cultivated. The
neighbourhood appears very populous. We reached our
halting-place about 6, followed by a crowd of people, and
all the children from all the villages round, who, never having
seen a horse before, far less one with a man upon his back,
took Colonel W. for some centaur or other unknown mon-
ster. Of this crowd we could not get rid as long as daylight
continued; but, fortunately, the pony was more the object of
attraction than ourselves. An assistant Wesleyan missionary
has resided at this place for four years. He has several
schools in this and the neighbouring villages, but he does
not himself seem to think his labours have been attended
with any very beneficial effects ; at least, he says the progress
is very slow, though he hopes there are some symptoms of
improvement amoTig the natives. He owns, however, that

* The hunting Leopard of iho East Indies.

238 MRS COL. walker's tour in CEYLON.

even those who profess to believe in Cliristianity, are apt
to recur to their old superstitions, when attacked by ill-
ness or any other misfortune — inflictions, they suppose, of
demons or evil spirits, and to propitiate whom they make
their offerings and address prayers for relief. The poor man
seemed very tired of his long banishment, and anxious to be
removed from this station.

" As we were to have a new set of Coolies here, we were
obliged to remain next day to make arrangements; for evea
with the assistance of the Modlear, we had great difficulty in
procuring people, and without him should never have suc'
ceeded. I was disappointed with the appearance of the
country in this vicinity, having heai-d it highly extolled.
I believe, however, the soil is very fertile, and produces fine
crops of paddy, the only article raised; but I doubt not that
coffee and other things would thrive as well wei^e they tried.
Until the place becomes more accessible by good roads being
made, there can be no inducement to any one to settle here,
or cultivate with a view to export produce. The expense oi
carriage would swallow up all profit; but I believe it is m
the contemplation of government to clear roads through the
district, which I should imagine might be done witliout much
difficulty. The paddy grounds form the greatest obstacle,
as the roads must be very much raised and extremely solid,
the crop requiring to be almost constantly inundated. I *^
wrong jn saying nothing but Rice was cultivated at Birila-
panatra ; as the surrounding hills have, in many places, been
divested of jungle for the purpose of planting Kurakkau*
(jE/e«sinc) and other grain requiring less moisture, i"^*
people clear the sides of the hills, cut down the trees, and burn
the jungle; then scratch up the earth a little and sow their
seeds. After getting only one crop from it, the land remains
fifteen years useless, during which time the jungle springs op
again, and the same operation is repeated. I have remarked that
tlie first plant which grows on the lately cleared land is a species
of CrotoHy which is very abundant in every part of the island
I have visited, frequently covering a great extent of ground

MRS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 239

to the exclusion of all other vegetation. I do not think we
found any new plants in this neighbourhood. Among the
trees Vateria Indica is common, from the seeds of which the
natives make a kind of bread ; they prepare it for use, by
taking the inside of the fruit out, this they wrap in a cloth,
covering the whole with a quantity of the leaves of the tree ;
it is then placed for some hours in a stream of running water,
and is not eatable until it has undergone this process. The
resin which exudes from the tree is used by carriage painters,
I suppose, as a varnish. The Mura Wakka Modlear who
accompanied us, is my authorityfor the above mentioned facts.

"26^^ February. — This day we entered terra incognita, no
European having travelled farther on our present route. We
started a quarter past 5, a.m., the first half hour through paddy
fields, which is the most disagreeable of all travelling, the paths
bemg too narrow to afford room for two men abreast, as my
Coolies carry my palankeen, or even safe footing for a horse ;
add to this, the inequality of the surface, from the succession
of small dykes, or embankments, formed to retain the water,
which are not apparent when the crop is standing, and it may
be easily imagined how very unpleasant it is to travel over.
We then crossed a ridge of hills, more paddy-fields, and more
hills, our whole route being a succession of cultivated valleys
and jungle-covered hiHs, the valleys becoming narrower and
the hills more ruo-aed and mountainous as we advanced to-
wards the interior of the island.

"At a place called Kattewelle, we entered the ColonaCorle,
where the authority of our friend, the Modlear, ceased, and
were soon after met by the Standard-bearers, Tomtomers, &c.,
of the Coral, or headman of the Corle, or district, a remnant
of Kandyan customs now rarely practised. One man pros-
trated himself on the ground before me, touching it with his
forehead, a degree of servility one does not wish to see from
one human being to another; but, in general, the Kandyans
have gone to the opposite extreme, and are now barely civil,
even to the governor. The Coral having had intimation of
our approach, had had the path cleared of jungle and made

240 MRS COL. walker's tour in CEYLON.

Otherwise passable, though in some places rather narrow ; and
I was sometimes apprehensive that the two outside Coolies
might have slipped down the precipice, but it is astonishing
how they contrive to keep their footing, where one would
imagine none but a goat could cling. Between eight and
nine arrived at Dapene, where we found the Bungalow
gaily decorated in the Cingalese fashion, with cocoa-nut leaves,
Areca-nut flowers and fruit, Lycopodium^ &c., and breakfast
prepared for us. We found here another very handsome
ErytkrinOi and great quantity of Phoenix farinifera in the
jungle. At eleven, we again set forward, drums beating and
colours flying, to gratify the Coral, who joined us here, and
seemed disappointed at our not having allowed his musicians
to perform, after they met us on the confines of his district.
The road now became mountainous and rugged, with occa-
sional narrow strips of cultivation in the valleys; about half
way down a very long and steep hill, an opening in the jungle
afforded us a very extensive view of a flat country towards
the sea, which I doubt not is visible on a clear day, probably
the Tangalle, and Hambantotte districts. As we descended
this mountain, the dwarf-jungle gave place to fine forest-trees
of various descriptions, amongst which I recognised some
splendid Dillenias, and Horsfieldia odorata of a great size. In
this forest our people also found the Ceylon Gamboge-tree^ Dr
Graham's Hebradendron ; the leaves appeared to me larger
than those we had formerly seen ; but as we could not pro-
cure either fruit or flower, we could not ascertain if the plant
differed in any other particular. The Gamboge oozed copi-
ously from the pieces of the bark our servants brought to us.
At the bottom of this hill, by the side of a pretty stream,
and under the shade of fine trees, where our people stopped
to rest themselves. Colonel W. found two or three new plants;
and I remarked a number of beautiful Dragon-flies, and some
large and showy Butterflies. From hence our road was more
level. The prevailing plant in the jungle PhyUanihus £»»-
hleca. We arrived at the Mado-wanwelle, (the capita^ °^
the district) at half-past 2, preceded by the Coral's band,

MRS COL. WALKER S TOUR IN CEYLON. 241

tliumping and blowing with might and main, and followed
by the inhabitants, old and young, male and female, of every
village we passed through : the people being so idle that they
never have any occupation to keep them at home. The
country appears very populous, Mado-wanwelle being a very
large village, less straggling than is generally the case in this
country, and the houses situated near each other, and under
the finest Jack-trees, I ever saw ; one, near the Coral's house,
measured more than twenty feet in circumference.

" On our arrival, we found the house decorated for our
reception, as before described, and in addition, a lighted lamp
on each side of the door, ornamented with the flower of the
Areca nut tree — throwing a feeble light in broad day, with a
glorious sun shining brightly ! the table was covered with
h'uit, pine apples, pomegranates, oranges, plantains, a species
ox melon, jambos and young cocoa nuts, the liquid contents of
which we found deliciously cool and refreshing. There was
likewise honey comb, and very excellent sugar-candy made
from toddy drawn from the Jagherry palm, Caryota urens. I
had often before seen what is called Jagherry, but it always
appeared to me a very coarse apology for coarse brown sugar
■ — this was really excellent sugar-candy, such as I have often
bought in my younger days; it is pepared by simply boiling
the toddy, after straining it through a cloth, until it becomes
the consistency of syrup ; it is then tied up in the spalha
which covers the flower of the areca nut, (and which almost
surround the tree)* and left to dry in the sun, when most of
Jt crystallizes, and what remains liquid is poured off".

" 27M We remained here, having again to change our

people, who never like to go beyond the limits of the district
in which they reside. The Coral seemed to have very little
authority, and made great difficulty about procuring us Cool-
ies. As he could speak no English, and we no Cingalese,
we should have been at some loss how to get on, had not our
friend the Modlear, who understood English tolerably, accom-

• Each parcel of flowers has a separate gpatlia.
Vol. II._No. 13. 2 I

242 MRS COL. walker's tour in CEYLON.

panied us to this place and acted as interpreter. Our sitting
room being open on all sides, we were surrounded by gazers
all day. In the evening we took a walk, which we wished
to prolong, finding the scenery very pretty, and the vegeta-
tion highly various; but we were told it was not safe to ven-
ture far from the village at that hour, on account of elephants,
which are very numerous in the neighbourhood, and attracted
to the immediate vicinity of the village by a large sheet of
water — not exactly a lake, but what on the continent of India
is termed a jeel. The proof of elephants being numerous was
evident from the great number of stages fixed in the trees,
from whence the people guard their fields at night. On
hearing the approach of the enemy, by the crashing of the
jungle as they draw near, they descend from the trees, and
proceed with lighted torches in the direction from whence
the sound proceeds; the elephants no sooner see the lights
than they take fright and retreat to the jungle, otherwise the
paddy-fields would be totally destroyed. In this neighbour-
hood, lieutenant G., 90 Light infantry, had shot seven or
eight elephants a few days before we were here : he had ex-
plored his way up from Tangulle I believe, and expected to
have met us here.

" 28th. Set off at 6 in the morning, first half-hour through
pretty lanes, with many plants forming hedges on each side;
the country appears to have been much more cultivated form-
erly than it is at present, there seem to have been good roads
also, now mostly overgrown by different plants particularly a
Calanchae, introduced with care a few years ago, and now, a
most troublesome weed not to be got rid of. After passing
through some fine paddy-fields, the country became more
rugged, and having crossed a small stream, we commenced
our first steep ascent, which was certainly rather laborious,
though my Coolies surmounted it easily. The hacraaae people
nave much harder work; as I have always eight men for my
palankeen when the stage is mountainous, and six when level,
the palankeen is very small and light, so that it is no load for
ihem at all. We had been prepared to meet with great

MUS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 243

difficulties on this day's journey, some of the people asserting
that it would be quite impossible to get the poney along : but,
as is generally the case when the expectation is raised, the
reality seldom comes up to it; and having pictured to our-
selves something tremendous, we were agreeably surprised
to meet with little or no difficulty, and to get to the summit
of our most formidable ascent, by a little after 9. Here
we had breakfast, and allowed our people a few hours'
rest.

"The top of this mountain, called Koombooroogamehella,
seems to be flat for a considerable extent, and cultivated.
ConvolvulacecB again appeared in this day's journey; I re-
marked at least six diflFerent species— and on the summit of
the mountain, where the ground had been cultivated, saw a
very handsome rose-coloured Urena, which I had before
noticed in similar situations, on the tops of hills, which had
been under cultivation ; the scenery as we ascended was ex-
ceedingly varied and beautiful. We were preceded this
morning by our Musicians. This custom, though it seems
ridiculous to us, has its origin in reason, and expediency —
having an opposite effect from the strains of Orpheus, alarm-
ing, and scaring away, instead of attracting, the "savage
beast" — proving that the elephants have a good musical ear,
and cannot bear the approach of Cingalese tomtoms and
pipes, the most discordant of all noises.

"The descent of Koombooroogamehella we found much
longer, more difficult, and fatiguing than the ascent. It was
near 2 p. m., before we arrived at Tambegamowe a very short
distance from the bottom of the mountain, where we were to
halt for the rest of the day. Soon after commencing the de-
scent we had a most splendid view of Adam's Peak and the
surrounding country.

"Tambegamowe affords the most disagreeable quarters we
I'ave yet met with, small, dark, hot, and dirty. The head-
man's wife requested permission to pay her respects to me,
or, in other words, to gratify her curiosity, never having seen
a European female before. She came with a crowd of other

244 MRS COL. walker's tour in CEYLON.

women, who, I hope, will not conclude that a// English wo-
men are old, because the only one they have seen, unluckily
happens to be so. On our rugged route to-day Col.-W.'s
poney lost a shoe, and he began to fear he would be under
the necessity of walking all the way to Balengoelde, but for-
tunately, the horsekeeper had picked up the shoe, and we
contrived to get it fixed on again tolerably well. Having so
often mentioned our band, I must attempt to describe the
instruments of which it consisted.

"Three long narrow drums, slung across the chest, and beat
at both ends, by the hands of the performers, who wear on
the left wrist two loose brass bungles or bracelets, which,
striking together by the motion of the hand in beating the
drum, make a loud ringing accompaniment,' one broader and
shorter drum, carried in the same manner, struck on one end
by a stick, and on the other by the hand ; a pair of small
drums fastened together, and beat on one end only, by the
hands of the performers; a kind of pipe which I cannot well
describe, but which makes a very loud and discordant noise,
two of these wind-instruments, I think completed our musical
party ; but at Tambegamowe it was joined with two dancers,
who capered about for my amusement while I was arranging
myself comfortably in my Palkee, and at every halt on the
road resumed their exertions. They certainly could not be
said 'to trip it on the light fantastic toe,' for their legs were
loaded from the ankle nearly to the knee, with numerous
rows of small brass bells, which of course caused a loud jing-
ling when they danced, and made the people look as if they
had got Elephantiasis. On leaving the village, we passed as
usual through paddy-fields, and (after crossing the river,) for
some miles through low jungle, differing, entirely from any
we have hitherto seen, the plants being almost all Limonias,
or at least belonging to the same family, one very handsome,
and powerfully fragrant, which I have seen in gardens at
Colombo, and thought a plant introduced from China; there
may be some specific difference however, were the two plants
compared. A species of Carissa was also common, and a

MRS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 245

new plant which Col. W. could not make out, as we could
only find the male flower, the blossom of all these plants beinf^
white,and infull flower, spangled the dark green of their foliage
ni a very remarkable manner. After crossing another river,
or perhaps the same at another place, we found a great quan-
tity of the Vanilla, formerly got at Cultura, here climbing over
very high trees and hanging in festoons from one to another.
Mr Nightingale pronounced this the V. aromatica, froni a
drawing of mine which Col. W. showed him. As I have
twice sent copies of this drawing home, I hope you will soon
decide upon it. This day's journey has been mostly through
thick jungle and quite level, so that we have seen little of
the country over which we liave travelled. We crossed an-
other stream on the banks of which we found a Bungalow
erected of bomboos and Talipot leaves, there being no village
in the neighbourhood it was rather hot during day time, but
cool at night, and quite water-tight, as we had a heavy shower
m the evening which did not penetrate. I amused myself
through the day by drawing an Orchideous plant, the first we
have found in flower, belonging to Lindley's Ophrydece.

"2d 3Iarck. — Left Waratene at 6 a.m., re-crossed the
river, and immediately began to ascend a very long and
steep hill ; the descent was more rapid, and in some places
very steep and ru<Tged. Then followed a long tract of
abominable paddy-fields, the most tedious and disagreeable
parts of our journey ; we crossed another range of hills
covered with uninteresting jungle, chiefly the Croton which
I formerly remarked, and which almost always springs up
after the land has been cultivated. I saw nothing new, but
a magnificent Capparis, with very large white flowers, C.
grandis 1 suppose. Our route continued over several ranges
of hills from the tops of which the scenery was very fine, the
mountains in the distance assuming a variety of picturesque
forms. Tree Pada (Adam's Peak) was seen, looking less
majestic than usual, from the great height and bold outline
of many of the nearer mountains; one particular hill, not far
from Ballingodde is wonderfully fine from many points of

246 MRS COL. walker's tour in CEYLON.

view. For the two or three last miles, we travelled through
a jungle, consisting entirely of low Guava trees, or rather
bushes, Psidium punilum ? The fruit is very delicious, when
eaten fresh pulled, having none of the strong taste and
smell it acquires when kept.

" It was half-past 10 when we arrived at Ballingodde, at
the residence of the first Jdigar, who received us most hos-
pitably. It seems to be the object of the Kandyans to bury
their houses in places where they cannot be seen, and from
whence they can see nothing. From the upper story of the
Adigar's house, nothing was visible but the roofs of the low
buildings round it, and the tops of some plantain trees, though
situated in a beautiful country. The Coral's house at Mada-
wanwelle was buried exactly in the same manner.

*^ Friday the 3c?. — We remained at Ballingodde, and set
off with the intention of takino- a Ions walk in the evening,
but were soon driven back by a heavy shower and loud peals
of thunder. At dinner the Adigar made his appearance, and
went through the ceremony of dining with us, everylhuig
in the English style. Recommenced our journey early next
morning, and crossed a small river by a wooden bridge, and
travelled as far as Alentneura, on a broad regularly made
road, which, however, was carefully carried over the highest
part of every hill in its course, the ascents and descents m
some places being quite precipitous. In half an hour we
crossed the river Walloway, over which we were ferried, hut
obliged to swim the poney. At Alentneura, we break-
fasted ; it seems a populous village, with a large Boodist
temple. The scenery between this place and Ballingodde is
very pretty; but from hence to Gallegame, it is quite en-
chanting, becoming more and more beautiful every step ^^
proceeded, and the variety of plants of all descriptions, trees,
shrubs, and flowers, quite endless. I never enjoyed anythmg
more than this day's journey, and only regretted the impro-
bability of my ever travelling over such a delightful route
again. We were fortunate enough to get to Gallegame just
before a heavy shower fell. Our habitation here is o^ the

MRS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 247

most airy description, originally built as a temporary accom-
modation for the governor's party, who last year paid the
Adigar a visit from Neuwera EUia; it is now in a ruinous
state, but luckily, we found the roof still good, and contrived
to make ourselves very comfortable. On this day's journey
we again found the Hebradendron, so that there can be no
doubt of its being indigenous.

" Next morning we got up early, and walked back on our
yesterday's road, as far as the rocky river which we had
crossed on a temporary bridge made of branches of trees
covered with sods ; it was now impassable, the river had risen
so much in the night, that our bridge had been almost com-
pletely washed away. The scenery about this river, (tlie
Billool-oga,) is very fine; I found our walkback very fatiguing,
at least two miles was up hill all the way, and the sun very
powerful. I was here again requested to exhibit myself to
the ladies of the village, as a specimen of my countrywomen.
I told them they ought to have seen a young friend of mine,
who passed this way lately, and who would really have been
a good sample ; but they assured me they preferred seeing

an old lady rather an uncommon fancy. It was some time

before I could f^et rid of my visitors, who seemed much
amused with my proceedings, when I commenced drawing a
flower which 1 had picked up in my morning's walk. Our
people found one or two Orc/iide<s in blossom, but all terres-
trial, and belonging to the tribe Oplirydete, their flowers
small and inconspicuous. I made drawings of most of them,
which you will find among those now sent; I had seldom
time, however, to make more than an outline while on our
journey, and indeed, it was very difficult to accomplish even
that, being obliged to sit in an open place where my paper
was first blown away, and in an attempt to secure it, my
dissected flowers irrecoverably lost, after I had been halt
an hour employed in picking them carefully to pieces.
This was no small trial of patience I can assure you. Here,
ten of our Coolies decamped in the night, and for some time
it seemed very doubtful whether we could replace them or

248

MRS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON.

not ; and as we were assured of our next stage bein" bv far
the most difticult of the whole journey, we could not attempt
it without our full complement of people. The headman of
the village having at last succeeded in procuring substitutes
for the runaways, we took an early breakfast, and set off
about 8 o'clock.

"Wehad been fully prepared to find this the most laborious
stage in our whole journey, but from the beauty of the
scenery, most interesting and gratifying. Our expectations
m both respects were fully realized. The road is in many places
most precipitous, being carried up the face, and over the
summits of mountains, along narrow ridges, and on the edges
of precipices; in short, as bad as any thino- called a road,
can well be; but the magnificence of the scenery more than
compensates for all the fatigue, and even in some places the
risk, (when the governor's party came down, one of the
horses fell over a precipice, and was killed on the spot.)
Our people from habit I suppose did not seem to think any
thmg of it; indeed, their insisting on returning the same
evening, rather than stay a night at Maha EUia, is a proof
how little they think of the journey. When we set off, the
low country towards Hambuntotte and Tangalle, was com-
pletely enveloped in dense masses of white cloud, while we
were in bright sunshine; but unfortunately, as the sun rose,
the clouds seemed to disperse, and following, soon overtook
us m the form of mist and fog, occasionally intercepting our
view, sometimes dispersing and giving to our wondering eyes
scenes of the utmost grandeur and magnificence, which I
shall not attempt to describe ; at other times, opening par-
tially, and showing as it were, stupendous masses of rock
suspended in mid air, apparently detached entirely from all
connexion with this lower earth. Again, the fog opened on
the side of a hill, when woods and meadows appeared set in
a frame of mist, the scene changing gradually as the wreaths
of fog rolled over the summit of the mountain, or closed
entirely on the view. But I should never have done, were I
to attempt to describe the endless variety of those wondrous

MRS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 249

scenes, by far the most magnificent I had ever witnessed in
Ceylon or elsewhere. I sometimes got out of my vehicle to
botanize, sometimes to relieve my Coolies, and sometimes
because I thought it was impossible they could carry me in
safety. The first mountain we ascended was rich in botanical
treasures ; the grass was enamelled with the brilliant yellow
of the Ipsea speciosa; a bright deep lilac Melastomtti the
plant low and small, with large flowers; two species of
Gerardio, one with primrose-coloured blossoms, the other
pink; the rich blue of the Chirmia trinervis, with the
showy flower of Hypericum Mysurense; but to attempt to
enumerate them would be vain, both from my own ignorance,
and their endless variety. Suffice it to say, we saw very many
novelties, and recognised hundreds of old acquaintance ; I
shall only mention one more, a very beautiful Orchideous
plant with a rose-coloured flower, which we found in rocky
places, where there was a good deal of water, it was quite
new to us, and I hope my drawing will enable you to name
it. As we continued to ascend, we found the plants to vary;
several handsome species of Impatiens next attracted us; but
I shall never get to the end of our day's journey, if I botan-
ize any more, so I must hasten on. After mounting over
rocks and over mountains, quite free from high jungle, so that
our view was uninterrupted, we at last entered a thick forest,
through which our road lay for a considerable time; here we
found many/erns, one, apparently, with the son on the upper
surface of the frond. On emerging from the wood, we as-
cended a tremendously steep acclivity from whence the view
was superb, differing from all we have seen to-day by its great
extent. I am not I general admirer of very extensive views,
as they are frequently wanting in the foreground and near
objects; but this, obtained through an opening in the moun-
tains, had the advantage of bold rocks, fine trees, and all
that one could wish combined. We had here attamed our
greatest elevation; for the last four miles the road is level,
winding round grassy knolls, generally crowned with wood,
and following the course of the Billooloya, which we
Vol. II No. 13. 2 k

250 MRS COL. walker's tour in CEYLON.

crossed and recrossed several times, before we got to our
resting-place. We at last gained sight of the Bungalow,
lately erected on the plains of Maha Ellia, (called by the
English, in compliment to the governor, the Horton plains.)
As we had been under some apprehension that we might not
find any shelter at all in this cold region, the appearance of
anything in the form of a house was a great comfort to us,
more especially as we also found tolerable cover for our
servants. We arrived about 3 p.m., and as our Coolies were
very anxious to return immediately, and some of them had
only engaged to bring us here, we foolishly (as we afterwards
found) allowed them all to go. After paying them, I began to
think of settling ourselves for the night, which we found diffi-
cult to manage, with the least hope of comfort; for though we
were thankful to obtain any kind of shelter, yet it was no
easy matter to keep ourselves warm in this vegetable edifice,
for we found the house composed of wood and grass, which
hardly excluded the sharp night-air. However, we crept
into the snuggest corner we could discover, spread mats,
tarpaulings, &c., on the damp ground, clothed ourselves m
warm garments, and made ourselves as comfortable as cir-
cumstances would admit. Having despatched a messenger to
Newera Ellia for supplies and Coolies, we walked about to
warm ourselves till dinner-time, after which we had a glass
of hot negus, and got to bed early, after all the fatigue of the
day. We found the night so cold, that notwithstanding our
weariness we could not sleep, and when dressed, 1 was glao
to go and sit in the sunshine for warmth. We regretted
much having not brou£jht a thermometer with us. The house
being dark, I was obliged to place my drawing-table qm^e
in the door-way, where my fingers soon became powerless
from cold, and 1 was frequently compelled to have recourse to
my former expedient of sitting where the sun shone brightest.
This Bungalow, being placed in the forest on the edge of the
plain, derives little benefit from the rays of the sun, but the
winds are so strong on this elevated region, that the shelter
of the woods is quite necessary ; there seems quite a trial oi

MRS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 251

power between the sun and wind at Maha Ellia, in which, I
think, the wind conquered; at least I could never feel warm,
even in Sol's brightest rays, if exposed at the same time to the
chill blast. But when it is calm the climate is most delight-
fill, and the place every way superior to the plain of Newera
Ellia. The extent of level ground is much greater; but
it is not one uninterrupted plain, low hills intersect it in many
parts, between which lies a succession of extensive plains
branching oflP in every direction. The heights are all wooded,
the levels covered with grass of a better description than at
Newera Ellia, and free from swamp. A pretty stream (the
Billooloya, in its infant state) runs through this most exten-
sive plain, and the wooded hills afford, at their bases, delight-
ful sheltered sites for houses. I fixed on one, should I ever
build at Maha Ellia, at the extremity of the great plain, com-
manding the most beautiful view of Adam's Peak and all the
varied scenery around, that I have ever beheld; altogether it is
a pity I think that this place had not been selected as the con-
valescent station, in place of Newera Ellia; but I believe it
Was not known to the English. Newera Ellia was discovered
by chance, and was fixed on at once, without any survey
being made of the neighbouring country; to the natives
>t must have been well known from the name they had
given it, Maha Ellia, meaning, I am told, the Great Plain.
We walked in the evening, but could not venture far from
the house for fear of elephants, which are very numerous;
indeed their traces are to be seen every where, and recent
foot-marks close to the Bungalow ; but, although I have now
travelled a good deal in Ceylon, I have never yet encounter-
ed these giants of the forest in their wild state.

«8<^ — By additional clothing, and greater attention to
fixing up our doors and windows, we contrived to make our-
selves more comfortable last night. Our messenger returned
from Newera Ellia, with some supplies, but without a hope of
our getting Coolies from thence. We had, however, another
chance, Col. W. having written to the government agent in
Owva, begging of him to use hus influence in our behalf.

252 MRS COL. walker's tour in CEYLON.

Spent the day as yesterday, in drawing and walking, the
people having brought in a good many plants, the examining
which afforded Col. W. amusement; he also took a ride over
the plain, which can be traversed in all directions, without
fear of being swamped, a common occurrence at Newera
Ellia.

" 9tk We spent another day at Maha Ellia, much in the

same manner with the two former, and on the 10th, by the
kind assistance of Captain R., the agent in Owva, we were
enabled to proceed towards Newera Ellia ; the distance must
be full twenty miles from the time we took to accomplish the
journey, although we had been told it was but fifteen ; the
road we found good, and the scenery rather pretty, until we
got into a Nilloo jungle, which I was two hours in passing
through and in which nothing is to be seen but the straight
stems of the plants growing close together, to the height oi
from twelve to twenty feet, without branches, and without
foliage, till near the top, which is crowned with large leaves
excluding light, and almost air, from the soil below, which is
consequently barren of every thing but a few common ^^»**
this plant belongs to the Acanthacece, and is twelve, or some
say fifteen years of coming to maturity, when it flowers,
ripens its fruit and dies. It covers miles of country, and may
be seen of different ages and heights ; the young plant, for
the first year or two, springing up under the bare dry stems
of the parent shrub, which continue erect for that time.—
Plants of different ages, however, are never seen together;
for a great extent they appear, when young, like a luxuriant
turnep field, — in a mile or two you find them of greater
height, the growth of a previous season, but again all evidently
of the same age; the first year after the plant has flowered,
the jungle presents nothing for acres together, but the straight
dead stem of the plant, with the branches which crowned its
summit, decayed and broken, and strewed on the ground be-
low. It is curious that we have never been fortunate enough
to find this plant in flower, though we have seen it of a"
stages of growth. There are a great many plants, to which

MRS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 253

the natives give the name of Nilloo—a\\, I believe, belonging
to the Acanthacece —some are said to flower in three years,
some in five — tliey have all distinguishing names, to vs^hich,
Nilloo is added ; the one I have particularly alluded to, is
called Maha, or the great, Nilloo; v?hen it blossoms, they say
the jungle swarms with bees, so much so, that the natives
pay a considerable sum to government, for leave to collect
the honey and the wax, in the years it is known the Nilloo
will flower. This circumstance was told us by the former
government agent in Owva, who mentioned the sum he had
received on account of government for this permission, which
was considerable, though I do not exactly recollect the
amount. These Nilloo jungles are, generally, interspersed
with stunted-looking trees, but no plant grows under them.

"While we were slowly making our way, by a narrow tor-
tuous path, unable to see a yard to right or left, in front or
even above, (for the slender stems of the plant bent and
united over our heads,) I could not help sometimes consider-
ing, rather seriously, what would be my fate, should we meet
an elephant in this narrow way! from which escape must be
impossible. The Coolies, of course, would have put me down,
that they might shift for themselves, if possible, and who could
blame them ? My doom was therefore inevitable ;— and hav-
ing come to this conclusion, I tried hard to dismiss the idea
from my mind, but it was difficult to summon gayer thoughts,
while I continued in this dull monotonous jungle. We got
to the end of it at last, and were delighted to find ourselves
close to Newera Elba, and soon came in sight of its comfort-
able-looking cottages, with the blue smoke curling from the
chimney-tops, indicating good cheer and warmth within.—
Two miles of excellent road, the whole length of the Newera
Elba plain, were soon traversed, and we were safely deposited
at the rest-house, about 5 o'clock p.m.

"Here we remained for ten days, Col. W. collecting and
examining plants, and I drawing all the forenoon, walking
in the evening, and reading after dinner till bed-time. We
found several curious BaUams, and some new Orchidea i but

254 MRS COL. walker's tour in CEYLON.

Upon the whole, were disappointed in our botanical expecta-
tions, as very few plants were in flower, in consequence of
several days of continued cold weather, with frosty mornings,
which had blighted every thing ; even the young shoots of
the Rhododendron were shrivelled up, as if they had been
scorched, and not one of the most common vegetable pro-
ductions, which generally blossom all the year round, had a
single flower on them.

«On the 20th of March, left Newera Ellia; breakfasted with
Mr Thomas, half way down the Rambodde pass, where he
is employed in superintending the roads, which they design,
if practicable, to make passable for carriages. As it is the
present system to expose the road to the influence of the sun
all day, they unsparingly cut down every thing for a consi-
derable distance on each side, so that not a plant is now to
be found, without dismounting and actually scrambling
through the jungle, where formerly we used to discover
something new or pretty at every step. The want of *hade,
too, though it may be good for the road, is disagreeable to
the traveller. We got to Rambodde about half-past 3,
I rode, and Col. W. walked all the way. Three very plea-
sant days we spent at this beautiful spot, occupying ourselves
in the same way as we did at Newera Ellia. Impatiens and
OrchidecB were still the subjects of my pencil. Rambodde
is famous for its waterfalls, and therefore, generally, most
admired in a wet season. I have seen it when the torrents
were rushing furiously over the rocks, the white spray rising
again in columns towards the mountain-top, certainly a mag-
nificent spectacle; but at such times the sky is generally
lowering and cloudy, giving a sombre character to the scene.
The effect of the rising or setting of a brilliant sun is,
think, at this place, still more beautiful. I never saw any
thing to equal the effects of light and shadow here, every
moment bringing some new and beautiful object into view;
the falling waters now glancing in the sun-beam, now soft-
ened by the shade ; the glowing tints of the splendid foliage,
contrasted with the dark rocks, form altogether a most splen-

MRS COL. walker's TOUR IN CEYLON. 255

did and varying landscape, far beyond the power of the
pencil to pourtray, or the pen to describe.

"On the 24th we left Rambodde, with great regret; I pre-
fer the climate there, to the cold of the Ellias. There is no-
thing very remarkable on the road to Phusalawe; for long
tracts, the hills are covered either with Fern^ (all of one
species) or Xewjon-^ra^s,* where the latter has been burnt
down, and the young shoots are springing up again; the
whole atmosphere is impregnated with its powerful scent,
which most people like, but I do not. It reminds me of a
perfumer's shop, to which I much prefer the breath of morn-
ing. The road, through the forest, is undergoing the same
operation as that through the Rambodde pass, and is now
laid bare to a considerable distance on each side; and where
we formerly travelled under pleasant shade, tempted by the
beauties of the vegetable creation to collect more than we
could carry away, we were now glad to hurry over, that we
might get out of a scorching sun, reflected from the bare
banks on each side: of course, it will not continue long in
this state, the banks, at least, will soon be again clothed with
verdure, for vegetation is most rapid in this climate. But it
is not for the formation of roads alone, that the axe now re-
sounds through the primeval forests of Ceylon; extensive
tracts have been lately purchased from government, by specu-
lating individuals, who calculate on making rapid fortunes
by the growth of Coffee, Cinnamon, and other Spices. The
whole of the forest of Phusalawe is now private property,
and is clearing and planting, as fast as the scanty population
permits, for I believe the proprietors find great difficulty in
procuring labourers in this part of the country.

" We reached the rest-house at Phusalawe about nine,— re-
mained that day and the next, being employed as usual ;
Col. W. found several new plants, one of which I drew, be-
sides a pretty Dendrobium with orange-coloured flowers. On
the 26th we proceeded to Gampolla, from thence, next day
to Kandy, where we remained till the 30th, and on that day
* Andropogon Schcenanthus,

256 DISCOVEUY OF A WHITE FOSSIL POWDER.

returned to Colombo, by the mail-coach, after a most inter-
esting and agreeable excursion, which we both enjoyed very
much, though I fear my account of it may appear tedious to
yon. Having been written by piecemeal, I had no idea it was
so long; but I found I could not abridge it more, without
altering the style of it entirely.

" I remain, my Dear Sir,

*' Yours faithfully,

"A. W. WALKER.

"July 6th, 1837."

XIV.— 0« a White Fossil Vowd^r, found under a begin
Lincolnshire, composed of the siliceous fragments of micro-
scopic parasitical Conferv.e By J. E. Bowman, Esq.,

F.L.S, &c., &c., &c.

IWtth a Figure, Tab. IX. B.]
It is not much more than three years, since Professor
Ehrenberg of Berlin astonished the scientific world by the
discovery of animalcules in a fossil state. In the course of
liis extensive investigations, he found that a soft stone, the
Tripoli of commerce, long used as fine polishing powder,
consisted, almost entirely, of the siliceous skeletons of mi-
croscopic animals; which being perfectly preserved, maybe
examined by the microscope, and compared with living
species, with some of which they are identical. This stone
or powder is found in such abundance in some countries,
that whole mountains are formed of it. He examined speci-
mens from Sweden, from Bohemia, from Tuscany, and from
the Isle of France, and ascertained it to be every where com-
posed of countless myriads of the exuvia, or cases of minute
infusorial animalcules: whole races and generations of which
must have lived upon the spot when covered with water. I"
Sweden and Lapland, it is found in a pulverized state re-
sembling flour, and is called Bergmehl, or movntain meal;
m times of scarcity, it is mixed up with grain and the bark
ot trees to make into bread, and is superstitiously considered

DISCOVERY OF A WHITE FOSSIL POWDER. 257

as a seasonable gift of the Great Spirit of the forests. It
would appear, indeed, that it has more than an apparent re-
semblance to meal, for Berzelius found, on analysis, that it
contained a small portion of animal matter, though the bulk
of it was pure silica.

Another apparently similar powder has moi'e recently been
discovered, which stands in the same relation to plants as
that of Ehrenberg does to animals. The forms from which,
in both, it is derived, are placed at the bottom of the scale
of organic life, only one remove from inorganic matter, and
where embryo vitality commences; and they constitute to-
gether a group, which is the connecting link between the
Aflimal and Vegetable Kingdoms. Some of their forms are
so ambiguous, that the acutest naturalists who have studied
them most, are still divided and uncertain as to which they
essentially belong. The extremities of some show moveable
little points, which afterwards change into new individuals;
are these ova or gemmae? And others have been observed
to increase by separation ; are these polypes, or viviparous
Vegetables? Many of the species emit an animal smell when
burnt, by which it has been inferred they ought to be classed
With animals; but this is only negative evidence, for various
large Algce of undoubted vegetable origin also produce a
similar odour on bein<T burnt to a coal. Wherever the line
of separation may be ultimately drawn, (which it probably
never can,) they constitute together a transition group,
imperceptibly passing upwards on the one hand into the
animal, and on the other, into the vegetable kingdom; each
successive division in the ascending scale, becoming more
and more decidedly stamped with the characters of the one
or the other, and in its advance being endowed with a higher
and more complex organization. But while just emerging
from doubt and obscurity, there are some existing forms
which may be safely referred to the animal, and others to
the vegetable kingdom, both still retaining the common cha-
I'acter of being invested with a siliceous case or envelope,
which is indestructible; analogy therefore would lead us to
Vol. I I._No. 13. 2 L

258 DISCOVERY OF A WHITE FOSSIL POWDER.

suppose that similar forms might also be found in the fossil
state.

In Silliman's American Journal of Science for October,
1838, Professor Bailey states that he found in the neigli-
bourhood of West Point, State of New York, a deposit of
white powder, eight or ten inches in thickness, and probably
several hundred square yards in extent, buried about a foot
below the surface of a small peat-bog; which, on examination,
was almost entirely made up of the siliceous shells of infu-
sorial animalcules, among which were a few fragments of
vegetable origin. He also found near the same locaUty, liv-
ing infusoria in great abundance in small streams and stag-
nant pools, and nestling in wet moss on moist rocks; but
most abundantly in bunches of ConfervtE, which constitute
the green slimy matter so abundant in bogs and slow running
brooks. Tiiey were accompanied by great numbers of mi-
nute parasitical Confervae, by burning off the vegetable matter
from which, and examining the ashes with a good microscope,
numerous siliceous shells, both of the animalcules and the
plants were discovered, and were found to be equally un-
changed by fire or acids. Many of the forms of each were
observed to be identical with those in the fossil state. The
knowledge of these curious facts stimulated scientific men to
examine similar depositions wherever they might occur; for
it was not yet suspected that any thing of a like nature
existed in Great Britain.

In the Magazine of Natural History for July last, 1839,
Dr Drummond of Belfast announced the discovery in Ire-
land, of a very light white earthy substance, found in consi-
derable quantity on lowering the waters of Lough Island
Reavey, by the Bann Co., under a covering of about a foot
of boggy soil, and in other neighbouring valleys in the re-
cesses of the Morne mountains in the county of Down. He
describes the powder, when dry, to be of the whiteness of
chalk, but becoming brownish when wet; as lifht as carbon-
ate of magnesia, which it much resembles, and without any
admixture whatever of unorganized matter, or cementing

DISCOVERY or A WHITE FOSSIL POWDER. 259

medium. The specimen he received was a compact mass,
and had a coarse and somewhat fibrous fracture, but could
easily be pulverized, and when rubbed between the finger
and thumb, it had no grittiness, but seemed to be an impal-
pable powder, and when it was then blown into the air, it
floated about almost like wood-ashes. Magnified figures of
this powder are given, consisting of six different shapes, but
the bulk of it is stated to be long linear spicular bodies, with
a small per-centage of others of an oblong or square shape, or
oval, or with smaller ends. This powder was not acted upon by
nitric, muriatic, or sulphuric acids and was indestructible by fire,
^•ow, it is a well known fact, that many families of vegeta-
bles, especially the Gramineae and Carices, take up a large
quantity of silica in a fluid state through their roots, and deposit
It in an unorganized shape, within and upon their stems and
leaves. In fact, beautiful vegetable skeletons of such plants
maybe procured by burning away all the carbonaceous matter,
alter which a complete counterpart of the original structure, as
white as snow, is left in the indestructible siliceous framework.
It is also known, that silica in considerable abundance enters
mto the composition of certain tribes of Algcne, Confervse, &c.,
and may be seen in their ashes after burning, in an organ-
ized and unaltered state. On submitting some minute
parasitic plants of these families to a red heat, and afterwarcls
examining them in the microscope, Dr Drummond found
that the ashes of one of them, the Diatoma elongata, which
abounds in a small drain in the neighbourhood of Belfiist,
consisted of oblono- joints precisely similar to the spicular
bodies that formed so large a proportion of the Fossil Powder
'rem Lough Island Reavey, and he came to the conclusion,
that the latter is composed of the siliceous skeletons of por-
tions of these minute vegetables, and analogous to what had
previously been found in several places, both in the Old and
New World.

As yet, however, it was not known that this highly curious,
though apparently uninteresting powder was to be found in
England, and this discovery is due to the researches of Mr

260 DISCOVERY OF A WHITE FOSSIL POWDKR.

E. W. Binney of Manchester; though from his being unac-
quainted with the character and structure of the minute and
grotesque forms of the tribe of vegetables to which it owes its
origin, he was not fully aware of its real nature. He informs
me, that so long ago as 1836, being then on a visit in Lin-
colnshire, he observed a whitish pulverulent substance on the
sides of a deep ditch, which he at first took to be lime, but
on examination, finding it to be quite different in its pro-
perties from that body, he supposed it to be of animal
origin. The place where it was found, is a portion of a re-
claimed peat-bog about four feet in thickness, lying on the
Upper Red Marls, one mile east of the escarpment of Lias
limestone, in the valley of the Trent in Blyton Car, near
Gainsborough. The peat was in a high state of decomposi-
tion, and had been under cultivation for some years. The
white substance in question, had been thrown out in widen-
ing the ditch, and originally occupied a bed varying in thick-
ness from four to six inches, at the depth of about a foot
under the surface of the peat, and extending over an area of
several acres of land.

In some places, the powder was mixed with portions of
peat; but in others it was quite free from such admixture.
When first dug up, it was of a yellowish colour, and in a
state of paste; but on becominor drv, it changed to a beauti-
ful white powder, that floated in the atmosphere on the
slightest agitation, was tasteless, and bore a great resemblance
to calcined carbonate of magnesia. Conceiving that it might
be fatty matter in a state of adipocire, he successively treated
it with sulphuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids, and after-
wards submitted it to the action of heat, by all which pro-
cesses it remained unchanged; and he was thence led to be-
lieve it was silica in an extremely minute state of subdivision.
He had subsequently subjected it, under the action o( the
blowpipe, to an intense white heat for fifteen minutes, and he
had treated it with the carbonates of potash and of soda, and
thus formed silicates of these substances. He afterwards
learned that a similar substance was found in considerable

DISCOVERY OF A WHITE FOSSIL POWDER. 261

abundance near Haxey, in the peat deposit of the neighbour-
ing level of Hatfield Chase, and was informed by the farmers
there, that wherever it occurred, the soil above it was very
poor and unproductive. This fact is a strong confirmation
of its being silica, such soils being proverbially sterile.

In this stage of his knowledge, Mr Binney saw Dr Drum-
mond's account of the Powder from Lough Island Reavey, to
which I have referred, and immediately recognised the deposit
ofBlyton Car to be analogous. Indeed, it is remarkable how
closely the two descriptions coincide ; and it will be observed,
that in both these cases, as well as in that from the United States,
the Powder was found under peat, and resisted the action of
acids and of heat. He shortly afterwards procured a fresh
supply from Lincolnshire, and submitted it to several friends;
among others, he requested me to examine it closely, and
communicate the result. The little acquaintance 1 had with
the obscure, neglected, but pre-eminently beautiful, and ex-
traordinary tribe of the Confervas, showed me on the first in-
spection of the Powder, the high probability of its connexion
with them; and a reference to some specimens in my own her-
barium, and to mao-nified figures of others in the works of
Greville, Sowerby, &c., soon convinced me that it was indeed
the accumulated remains of myriads of these minute aquatic
plants, purified by the decomposition of all their original
vegetable matter, and effectually secured from contact with
other impurities, by the superincumbent peat. The circum-
stance of its occurrence between two beds of peat, may, I
think, be explained on the supposition of a slight change of
level, by which the lowest bed has been submerged, and the
^■ater in which the Cmfervee flourished has remained long
enough to allow the present accumulation of their remains.
In time, however, the water has been driven off by the in-
crease of the vegetables, which in their decay have formed
the upper bed of peat, and covered up the powder. Such
changes of level, the result of subterranean movements, are
of frequent occurrence, and are familiar to geologists.

As the tribe of plants which compose this department of

262 DISCOVERY OF A WHITE FOSSIL POWDER.

our native Flora is not generally known, it may not be
amiss briefly to sketch their characters. They are chiefly
aquatic, and afford the strongest illustration of the fact, that
not a spot on the globe has been left without some visible
witness of that Almighty hand which first projected it into
space. If the summit of the most barren I'ock or exposed
heath is clothed with lichens and mosses, scarcely visible
without a magnifier, the waters also, both salt and fresh,
swarm with a vegetation of their own, if possible still more
minute; the coral caves and deep recesses of the ocean, the
crystal lake and stagnant pool, the rapid and the sluggish
stream, the pure and ice-cold rivulet of the Alps, the thermal
waters, and even the boiling Geysers of Iceland, are severally
provided with plants peculiar to themselves, which would
soon perish, if transported into any other temperature or
locality. These are the Algce, or ConferviB, many of which
are conspicuous for the beauty and even splendour of their
colours, and so strange and grotesque in form, that they
seem to have dropped down from another planet; while each
is admirably fitted for its place in the great chain of being,
adapted for food to innumerable tribes of creatures in figure
as anomalous as themselves, and many of them of direct utility
to man, either as food, in medicine, or the arts. Some, which
on account of the simplicity of their forms, are placed at the
bottom of the vegetable scale, are so minute, as to be invisi-
ble to the naked eye, except by the altered appearance
they give to other larger species on which they grow in such
prodigious numbers. To this division belong those which
have furnished the fossil powders now described. Their
figure and structure are so unlike ordinary plants, that some
of the ablest naturalists have doubted whether they really
belong to the vegetable world, and have confessed themselves
unable to draw the line of distinction between them and the
less highly organized animals, from which, however, they are
equally dissimilar. Minute as they are, many of them secrete
a hard transparent envelope or shell of pure silex, which, as
we have seen, is almost indestructible, and is composed of

DISCOVERY OF A WHITE FOSSIL POWDER. 263

innumerable pieces of a square, rhomboidal, or oblong shape,
united during life by vegetable matter, but in decay separa-
ting at the joints into detached independent portions, the
lines of separation being as clear and sharp as though cut by
a razor, and showing no trace of their previous union. Dr
Greville's botanical character of them is, that they are generally
hyaline or transparent, rigid and fragile, in parallel series or
circles, naked or imbedded in a mucous mass or gelatinous
frond, and at length separating into definite segments. I may
here observe, that though mostly parasitical and attached to
larger species, many of them float loose in the water, in wiry
entangled masses or detached little points, not larger than a
pin-head, but when magnified, appear like radiated or starry
globes. These probably lie at the bottom of the water till
the season of fructification, when they rise to the surface for a
few weeks, and are so abundant that the fluid seems impreg-
nated with curd or fecula, so as to attract vulgar observation.
1 nave witnessed this singular appearance for several succes-
sive seasons about midsummer, in the broad deep lake near
t-llesmere in Shropshire, where it is known as the " breaking
of the water," as though the lake thus cleansed itself of its
slimy extraneous matter. Some similar minute Conferva
appears annually on the lake of Neufchatel, and attentive
observation would probably detect it also in other similar
situations ; and no doubt but the same causes which deposits
t'le powder under Lough Island Reavey, and Blyton Car,
Sfe still in operation in favourable localities. The deposit is
still going on in Lough Island Keavey ; nor is it an impro-
bable conjecture, that if ever by a slight elevation, the lakes
of Ellesmere and Neufchatel come to be drained off, the
remains of floating and parasitical Conferva may be found
occupying a stratum along their former bottom, covered up
by peat or bog moss.

Little more now remains for me than to state the result of
•I'y examination of the fossil powder now before us. Though
^ impalpable as not to be felt between the fingers, and so
"^'.nute that with an ordinary lens no organization can be

264 DISCOVERY OF A WHITE FOSSIL POWDKR.

detected, a very high microscopic power shows it to contain
a mass of transparent squares or parallelograms of different
relative proportions, the areas often plain, but frequently
traced with many very delicate parallel lines or streaks,
which either cover the entire surface, or only occupy the
middle zone in one direction, leaving a broad plain transpa-
rent belt on each side. A proportion of the particles is
linear and very long, with occasionally a longitudinal divi-
sion ; others of the same width are only one-half, or one-third,
or one-fourth the length ; and the sides or edges of all,
whether squares or parallelograms, are perfectly smooth,
straight and uniform, and the corners rectangular and sharp.
The bulk of the powder is however composed of irregularly
shaped particles with roughish edges and rounded corners,
though they are evidently from their texture of the same
origin, and are but broken or comminuted fragments which
may have passed through the stomachs of fishes, frogs, &c.
The perfect particles bear a very close resemblance to minute
crystals of various salts, and to a certain extent may, without
impropriety, be supposed to be formed in a similar way.
Crystallization is a process which acts on and aggregates
together by fixed laws, the purer particles or atoms of inor-
ganic matter suspended in fluids, and seems to be the first
step by which they are refined, and after farther chemical
changes, made capable of passing into an organic forni'
Therefore, while these atoms are subject to the laws of crys-
tallization, they may be considered as in an intermediate or
transition state between inorganic and organic matter; and
in this view the siliceous powder now under consideration,
may be said to partake of the nature of crystals. The atoms
of which it is composed are in fact an essential portion of an
organized body in its lowest and simplest state, in which the
vital principle has indeed been developed, but has not yet
acquired sufficient energy to liberate them from the dominion
of the laws of crystallization.

After the evidences I have now brought together, I think
the conclusion is irresistible, that this impalpable powder is

A NE^V SOUTH-AFRICAN GENUS. 265

a mass of countless myriads of the siliceous skeletons of many
generations of minute Con/ervce, either identical with, or very
nearly allied to, those of existing Diatomacece. The figures
of both here given (see Tab. IX. B.), will show their close
connexion. The botanist and the geologist may each con-
gratulate himself that these minute particles have thrown
new light upon an obscure corner of the wide field of his
own researches ; for while the former may prove their close
alliance with existing vegetables, the latter may claim for
them a place in the Fossil Flora, and rank them with the
splendid discoveries of Ehrenberg.
• J. E. B.

Manchester, March, 1840.

■^V — On a New South- African Genus of Plants, of the
Order TnYMELEiE, established by the Honourable W. H.
Harvey.

[ With a Plate, Tab. X.]

Mr Harvey has done me the favour of communicating to
nie flowering and fruiting specimens of a plant detected at
Port Natal, South Africa, by Lieutenant-Colonel Peddie, of
the 72d Regiment, allied to Aquilaria and Gyrinops; but
which has so many of the characteristics of Daphne, that he
^s led to believe that the Order Aquilarinece itself should rather
form a section of Thymelece, in which opinion Mr Arnott
seems entirely to accord. Be that as it may, the plant in
question constitutes a Genus distinct from any either in Aqui-
larinetB, or in Thymelece, and to which Mr Harvey has given
the name of Peddiea, in compliment to its discoverer, who
has collected in the same interesting country many other
novelties which Mr Harvey is preparing for publication. This
Genus may thus be characterized: —

Peddiea. Harvey, mst.

Perianthium tubulosum superne angustatum inferne sub-
ventricosum siccitate sulcatum, limbo 4 — 5-fido brevi, laci-
Vol. H— No. 13. M

236

A NEW SOUTH-AFRICAN GENUS.

nils revoliitis, ore omnino niido. Stamina 8—10, intra tubum,
biserialiter inserta, 4—5 lobi laciniisopposita, 4— 5 iisalterna.
Filamenta brevissima. Anther<B breves, biloculares, loculis
antice longitudinal iter dehiscentes. Ovarium ovatum, biovu-
latum, ovulis ex apice pendentibus,'basi membrana hypogyna
truncata cinctum. Stylus elongatus, gracilis, perianthio sub*
diiplo brevior. Stigma incrassatum, vertici depressum.
Fructus drupaceus, dipyrenus. Nnces seniiovatas, unilo-
culares, monosperma?. Semen exalbuminosum. Cotyledones
liemispbL^ricae, carnosas. Radicula supera. — Frutex, ramis
dichofome ramosis, cortice tenuissimo (ut in Daphnide) tecius.
ToWa subopposita vixpetiolata, membranacea, integer rima,glabrm
Pediincuius tenninalis. Flores umbellati.

Peddiea Africana (Tab. X.).

Hab. Port Natal, South Africa. Lieut. Col Peddie.

The family of Aquilarinea is defined both by Mr Brown
and by Mr Arnott (in Lindley's Nat. System of Botany, ed.
11. p. 196), as having a two-valved capsular fruit, with 2seeds,
which constitute the chief distinguishing characters between
it and Thymelece. Mr Arnott, in a letter to Mr Harvey,
says, " I consent willingly to let your plant be placed in Aqui-
ianneee; but forming an intermediate point between that
Order and Phaleria, of Jack, (which has 4 ovules and 2 cells),
and Laghetta, which has 1 cell and sometimes 2—3 ovules. In
the AguilarineiB, 1 know the fruit is capsular and dehiscent;
in your plant it is a berry, or at least succulent, and it may
be a drupe, as in Thymekce. I quite agree however that
Peddiea is a new genus, at least I have not seen any tiling
among Drege's plants like it, as far as I have looked over
them."

Fig. I. Flower;/ 2. The same laid open, showing the
stamens and pistil and hypogynous membrane; / 3. Pistil;
f. 4. Ovary laid open ; / 5. Drupe ; /. 6. Drupe with part of
tlie pericarp removed, showing the nuts ; /. 7. One of the
nuts;/ 8. The same laid open ; /. 9. Embryo :--niore or
less magnijied.

BDGEWORTH's account of the SIKH STATES. 267

»

XVI. — Botanico- Agricultural Account of the protected Sikh
Stales. By M. P. Edgeworth, Esq., C. S. Masuri.

[From the Journal of the Asiatic Society. No. 81.— Sept., 1838.]

(The following paper, contatnino: an account of the vegetation of a little
known district in the northern interior of India, was kindly forwarded to
us by Miss Edgeworth. We feel assured that dur readers will feel plea-
sure in perusing the journal of the brother of that accomplished lady.)

" The extensive territory under the Amhald political
agency comprises the hill states of Sirmur, Kahlur, and a
portion of the plains principally possessed by Sikh chiefs;
bounded by the above states to the north-east, the SulleJ to
the north and north-west, the Jumna to the east, and the
Delhi territory and Bhatiana to the south.

" It is not my intention to treat of the hill Rajpoot prin-
cipalities, as I am only very partially acquainted with but
one of them {Sirmur) ; but solely of the « protected Sikh
states' in the plains.

*• This tract of country may be separated into three great
divisions, (besides the narrow strip of khadir land adjoining
the Jumna and SulleJ) according to their most abundant
natural products, viz., the dakh, the babul, and the phalahi.

" I. The first of these, or dakh tract, extends from the high
bank above the Jumna, which in most places adjoins the
Shah Nahr, to the Linda river, a small stream not noted in
the exceedingly inaccurate maps* of this part of the country,
^hich runs nearly parallel with the Markhanda at a distance
of two to five miles from it, and ultimately unites with the
Sarasvati a little below Thanesar. This tract of country is
generally high and called bangar; which term however is
more universally applied to its southern extremity, and not

• " I allude to the large maps published under the style of ' Trigonome-
trical Survey,' though this part of the country has never been surveyed
'rigonometrically or otherwise ; to give an instance, Kotaha or Syyed ka
garhi, ig divided into three places, viz., Kotaha, Syyed, and ka garhi ! ! I
*t a considerable distance one from the other."

268 edgeworth's account of the sikh states.

commonly to the more northern and narrow part, except in
contra-distinction to the khddir in the immediate neighbour-
hood, to which my present observations more particularly
apply, as I have never visited the more southern region.
The most abundant natural product is the dakh, {Buteafrm-
dosa,) which springs up wherever the land is not cultivated,
and in many places (especially towards Kaithal and Jind)
covers vast tracts of country which might be rendered highly
productive.

" The Flora of these jangals presents several features in
common with that of the Dhun^ such as species of Vitis,
Dioscorea^ Gloriosa, Asparagus, Costus, and Zinziber.

" This tract is intersected by the rivers Sarnsvati, Chitang,
and Bakshasi a branch of the latter ; from these, canals in all
directions formerly existed and in a kw instances have been
lately re-opened, but they are generally overgrown with
jangal. These three streams, as well as a smaller one which
joins the Jxmna near Buria, all rise near one another in the
high ridge above the khddir which skirts the Sewdliks^ in the
neighbourhood of ChichrauU and Bildspur, and are partially
supplied in the upper part of their course from springs; but the
water from that source is quickly expended in irrigation and
they are mainly dependent on rain. They are all character-
ised by excessive tortuousness of course, and owing to the
great perpendicular depth of their banks, are exceedingly
dangerous from sudden floods after heavy rain.

" The soil is, generally speaking, tolerably rich ; and in
favourable seasons produces very fine crops; but parts are
exceedingly poor and scarcely worth the trouble of culti-
vating.

" The usual crops in the Kharif are rice, which is pretty
extensively cultivated in lands liable to be overflowed, and,
on higher ground, cotton, maize, joar, and a very small
quan tity of bajra, mandiya, kodon, * and chini. San, the Bibis-

* " It is as well here to remark a mistake I observed in Lieut. Hutton'»
account of bis tour to the Borenda pass in your journal ; he mentions the

EDGEWORTH's account of the SIKH STATES. 2G9

ctts cannabinus, is generally sown round cotton or pulse fields,
while the beautiful sani {Crotalaria juncea) is grown in exten-
sive fields by itself. The oil-seeds, turia {Sinapis glauca) and
til (Sesamum,) both the white and purple-flowered varieties,
are sown ; the former more sparingly and in richer soils and
is cut late in November or early in December ; the latter is ex-
tensively cultivated both by itself and mixed with various Phu'
seoli, such as urud, motth, lubia, Sfc, on higher and drier
grounds. All these crops suffer severely from the depredations
of a hairy caterpillar called karnli, of the genus Sericaria.

"In the rabi^ wheat and barley form the principal crops;
gram not extensively and generally mixed with either of the
above; masur {Ervum Lens) is very little cultivated; sarson
{Sinapis dichotoma) is sown to a considerable extent, gener-
ally mixed with barley. The poppy is a valuable but very
precarious crop ; it is very generally cultivated in rich irri-
gable lands, and when not destroyed by hail, which is too often
the case, amply repays the labour expended on it. The land
IS ploughed three times, being plentifully watered between
each ploughing, before sowing; and subsequently the plant
•s kept continually irrigated till the fruit is formed. The
opium is collected in the usual way, by women and children,
an incision being made in the head by a three-pronged in-
strument. The heads are kept and sold ; the seeds afford oil
»s Well as an agreeable food, remarkably refreshing during
fatigue and abstinence ; with the exception of what is vended
'n the neighbourhood, the opium is sent to the westward,
(where the poppy is not raised,) for the use of the Sikhs, who
"re immoderately fond of it, and consume immense quanti-
ties. Tobacco is not much cultivated.

"11. The Dutml country. This tract extends from the
^arkkanda (the narrow slip between that river and the Linda
*^eing intermediate in its character), to the high ground

fields of Aorfon in the hills, but erroneously gives it the name of Paspalum
*crobiculatum, which plant, though called kodon in the plains, is not culti-
vated in the hills : what the hill-men term kodon being the mandiya of
toe plfths or Eleusine Coracana."

270 edgeworth's account of the sikh states.

between the river called in the map ^ Khanpur ki naddi,*
and the most western branch of the Ghagar. It is inter-
sected with numerous streams, rising either in the outer range
of hi lis, as the Ghagar, Markhanda, Begana, Baliala, Tangrie,
and Rhone, or in the high ridge which separates this tract
from the Subcolline Khadir, as the Ombla, Charmari and other
nameless streams enjoying the generic names of chhoa when
depending on rain, or ogal when fed by small springs. The
soil is generally sandy and salt, which latter characteristic is
shown by the abundance of fras ( Tamarix Fras) which will
flourish only in such a soil. The babul or hikar {Acacia
Arabicd) is the natural product, everywhere springing up
and often forming extensive groves. The general appear-
ance of this tract is pretty, the level of the plains being fre-
quently diversified by gentle slopes towards the numerous
rivers and their tributary ravines.

" The horizon is generally bounded by groves of hoMd
trees, which are also abundantly scattered through the fields.
But what gives a peculiar feature to a considerable portion
of the country, especially between Ambdld and Patidla, are
the numerous hedge-rows of fras, which near the villages
often form beautiful shady lanes, reminding one of English
scenery. This very useful tree is planted from cuttings
about a foot long; they are covered at the top with cow-dung
to prevent the moisture from rotting the wood, and are
planted in little banks raised along the edges of the field or
road, at the first commencement of the rainy season ; m a
week or two they begin to sprout, and by the following year
are frequently six or seven feet high, and in seven or eight
years form middling-sized trees. From each cutting there
are usually several stems, and as soon as any of these have
attained a sufficient size to render them available for small
rafters, ploughs or other agricultural implements, they are
felled, the smaller ones, if any, being left; if not, the root
soon throws out a new crop for a future supply.

"The Fras delights especially in sandy and somewhat saline
soil, and it U remarkable that in dry weather the outside of

EDGEWOHTH's account of the SIKH STATES. 271

the leaves is always covered with a saline efflorescence invi-
sible to the eye but very perceptible to the taste, but tliis is
not observable in the leaf itself, xvhich is tasteless. Probably
in consequence of the quantity of salt in the wood, it cannot
be used as fuel in a room, from the intolerable fumes it
gives out.

*' A great portion of this tract is very low, especially that
part between the numerous branches of the Ghagar^ and is
cultivated with rice in the M«rj/'and gram in the rabi. Joar
IS even less cultivated than in the first tract, and bojra scarcely
ever seen, both being sown principally for the sake of the
fodder.

" The rest of the kharifcvo^s are the sam6 as those in the
first tract, except that mandiya^ and til are not so much culti-
vated, and I have not observed kodon in it at all. In the
rabi, wheat and barley are the principal crops, but gram
and masur are abundant in the lower lands of stifFer soil.
Sdrson is very abundant either alone or mixed with grain, as
is flax, like it cultivated for the sake of its oil. The Raphanus
^ophanistriim, called tdrdmira^ is also cultivated generally
among the stubble of the cotton for a coarse oil yielded by it :
it is exceedingly hardy and never suffers from the frost which
frequently destroys the sdrson crop.

" Mehndi (Lawsonia inermis)^ is cultivated in a few villages
by a peculiar caste called *maghs, in the following manner:

•• The seed is soaked in water for three days, then strained

* " This is the only caste who cultivate this crop, and they give the fol-
lowing strange account of their origin: Once upon a time there was a
Sarsut brahmin, king of Mecca (who was maternal grandfather of Moham-
mad!) his name was Raja MaxHTAsuE. From hira sprung Sahaeiya,
*ho with his son Sal was turned out oi Arabia by Hossan and Hossyn.
Tlience they migrated to Pundri, an island, and thence to MaAmUdsur in
»he Barara mulk, W, of Bhatiana, where they colonized 17 villages.
Thence they were driven forth, and after sundry migrations are now settled
'" the following places:—!. Chaurira ; 2. Iragarb, near Patiala ; 3. Yara.
"far Shahabad; 4. Indri ; 5. Thanesar ; .6. Deorana, near Ambala ; 7.
Mustafabad ; 8. Sadhoura, in the Sikh states ; and Lakbnauti in the
^otaffamagar district."

272 EDGEWORTh's account of the SIKH STATES.

and again soaked till the radicle begins to sprout. The
seed-beds are about three feet wide, and twelve or fourteen
long, running from north to south, so that they may be shel-
tered by hurdles from the prevailing winds (west or east). In
each bed about a half seer-pukka, of seed prepared as above,
is sown, and it is suflBcient to plant from half to two bigas
kucha according to the growth.

•' After sowing the germinatingseeds, they are daily watered
in the evening till they sprout above ground, which is gene-
rally on the third or fourth day. Sown in Chyt, it is trans-
planted as soon as there has been a good fall of rain in Asarh
or Srawan into fields, and watered as soon as planted, and
subsequently every ten or twelve days as may be found neces-
sary. It is ready for cutting the following Jeth, and again
in Mangsir, again in Bysakh, and then in A'san, and so on.
After the first annual cutting, it is well manured and watered,
but after the autumnal one it is left alone till the //«/i, when
it is again manured to be ready for cutting the following
month. Thus treated it will continue to be productive for
ten or twelve years.

" When cut, the leaves are beaten off the twigs, and about
a pukka mun is produced from a kucha biga, and is sold at
the rate of six to fifteen seers a rupee.

" Towards the fi>ot of the hills, kulti {Dolichos unijlorus),
and the sdwank {Panicum frumentaceum), are moderately
cultivated.*

" In both these tracts the Sugar-cane is reared extensively,
but in a very careless way. It is sown in March or the end
of February, as soon as the frosts have ceased, in large fields>
not in lines or with any regularity, and is generally surrounded
with a hedge of ticary (Cajanus bicolor,) which is sown when
the canes are set. The only care taken is to prepare the
ground by frequent plough ings and a quantity of manure
depending on the supply from the village sweepings and the
laziness or activity of the cultivators. On the first fall of rain

Both of these arc cztcnsirely grown in the hills.

edgeworth's account of the sjkh states. 273

after the young plants begin to sprout (in the end of March
or April) the caked surface of the ground is broken either by
means of a wooden mallet or small hoe. The Canes are sel-
dom irrigated, never unless when a small canal (khdl) from
one of the torrents or ogals, passes near them and consequent-
ly the crop is almost entirely dependent on the rains. It is
seldom fit for cutting before the end of December, by which
time the frost sets in and materially deteriorates the quality
of the juice, often even entirely destroying the cane and render-
ing it useless for any thing but indifferent fodder for the cattle
and bad seed for the ensuing year. The cane is even in the
best years very poor, and seldom is more than six or seven
feet long and three fingers thick; but as the very worst is
always kept for seed it is not surprizing that it should have
deteriorated. The only wonder is, that it should be con-
sidered worth the trouble of cultivating at all in such a way.
A he cane is cut from the field by sickles and carried entire to
the kolu or sugar-mill, which is generally situated in v\\e gohar
or space surrounding the village, (I have here never observed
It at a distance from the village as is usual in some parts of
the country, except when a river intervenes,) there it is chop-
ped into little bits and pressed in the kolii; the mash from
which the juice has been expressed, with the leaves, being
used as fuel to heat the sugar-boilers. The village cattle are
allowed however to help themselves ad libitum from the heap.
Ahe tall column of dark smoke from the kolus with the deli-
cious fragrance of the boiling juice, greet one in almost
every village, from the end of December to the middle of
February, by which lime the work is generally quite over,
though sometimes it is continued till late in March, when the
crop has been unusually abundant.

." In garden-fields near town, species of the Cucurhitacete
and Arums, with the sweet-potatoe and boigan, capsicum, methi
(Trigmiella fcenum grcecum) and radish (both as a vegetable
made of the young pods and for its oil) are generally culti-
vated.

Vol. II.— No. 13 N

274 edgeworth!s account of the sikh states.

"The best Grasses in this region are, after the dhub grass,
which is abundant, the dhaman {Cenchri and Pmniseti sp.) the
palwdn {Andropogon pertusum, Bladhii and scandens) from the
jangals, and from the fields in the rains the annual species
called jangli chini and sawank, Panicum Colonum, brizoides,
hirsutum, &c. are cut in quantities for the cattle. The large
birs, or preserves for hay kept by the Sikh chiefs, consist chiefly
of the spear-grass {Andropogon contortum) with the palwdn
and dhaman, and the coarser kinds, Poa cristata, Andropogon
muricatum {dhabri and senth) with the coarser Sacckara, cover
considerable tracts in the dhak resion and are useful for
thatching. The small Perotis latifolia and Imperata cylin-
drica form the first coating to those sandy channels of torrents
deserted by the stream which are not unfrequent here, but they
are of little value and only used when no other grass is pro-
curable. The bavu, a species of Andropogon^ is considered
poisonous.

" The population of these two tracts is mostly Hindu, but
among the the zemindars and lower castes there is a consider-
able sprinkling of Musalmans, Rajputs, both Hindu and Mus-
alman, but principally the latter, and Jats who are the com-
monest classes among the zemindars; but Rors, a caste 1 be-
lieve peculiar to this part of India, are not unfrequent among
the cultivators. Musalman mdlis are the best. The Sikh per-
suasion is not common among the Jat zemindars, but confined
to the invading chiefs from the other side of the Sutkj;
through it is not unusual for sweepers and chamars to adopt
that faith under the name of Rangrethas and Ramdasias.
About one-third of the kahars are Musalmans, which pro-
portion becomes larger as we advance westward towards Lodi-
hana and the Panjdb. A Musalman tribe, Gagra, replaces
the sweeper caste in the charge of leeches.

"in. The Phalahi tract. This, extending westward from
my second division, is bounded on the north by the Sutlej\o^
laud or Bhet; to the south by Bhatiana; while towards the
west I am not acquainted with its limits or the nature of the

EDGEWORTH's account of THB SIKH STATES. 275

countries that succeed it (if different) towards Firozpur. It
may be considered under two great subdivisions, the Phalahi
proper and the Jhand.

" In the first of these water is found tolerably near the sur-
face (30 to 80 feet), so that wells for irrigation are abundant ;
m drawing water the lao or bag-pulley and inclined plane is
in almost exclusive use, the Persian wheel otharat being very
seldom seen, and the depth of the water from the surface en-
tirely precluding the use of the dhenki which is not rare in
the preceding tracts,

" The phalahi. Acacia modesta, Wall., from which I have
distinguished this tract, is a small tree about the same size as
Inebdbul, but quite different in appearance, being very scraggy
and armed all over with sharp hooked prickles. It is decidu-
ous, and when the leaves first appear in March remarkably
beautiful, the delicate foliage being of the most brilliant light
green and set off by the bunches of long cylindrical spikes of
white flowers diffusing a delightful perfume through the air;
hut its beauty is verj' transitory, the flowers soon fade and the
leaves assume a dreary glaucous hue and fall early in winter,
leaving the tree covered with the compressed yellowish pods.
The wood is very hard and heavy, of a dark brown colour, and
is much used for a variety of economical purposes. It grows
abundantly in all waste places. In this tract the Chamror,
^hretia Icevis, again appears, being abundant at the foot of
the Sewaliks but very rare in the bdb^i tract ; it also is much
Valued for the hardness of its wood.

"Sugar-cane is only cultivated in the most northern
part of this tract; but where grown is eminently successful,
being reared with far more care than in those parts that I
have previously mentioned, and kept constantly irrigated.
The juice is expressed in the kulhari or roller sugar-mill, of
^hich I formerly sent a description to the Agricultural So-
ciety.

"Cotton is also extensively grown, in two ways; either as a
••ain crop, as in the before mentioned tracts, or it is sown in
April and receives moderate irrigation during the hot weather

276 EDGEWOUTll's ACCOUNT OF THE SIKH STATES.

under this treatment it attains a much larger size than is
common under the former method.

" The irrigated wheat and barley are particularly luxuriant,
and in good seasons the grain particularly fine; it is frequently
sown as early as August or September so as to be in flower by
December, but the fruit then formed is generally destroyed
by the hard frosts, and in seasons of drought the white ants
commit devastation, laying waste whole fields by devouring
the roots of the plants ; rats also do great injury to this crop,
burrowing in the sandy hillocks so plentifully interspersed
among them and denuding the margin of the fields.

" Mustard is also cultivated a good deal, and poppy spar-
ingly and only for its oil, not for opium. Masur I have never
seen in this tract.

" Rice is only grown in that part of this tract bordering
on the babul region, and if ripe sufficiently early, is succeeded
by a crop oi gram in the same ground.

" The usual kharif crops are bajra and Joar and maize, all
of which grow most luxuriantly and to an immense height.

" The southern portion of this division which I have de-
signated the Jhand tract, is termed by the natives Malwa,
whence that appellation to the Sikh chiefs of families from
the south of the Sutlej in contra-distinction to the Mdnjha and
Doab Sikhs or invaders from the other side. It is also named
Chotvhdra, as distinguished from the Tihdra, or lower part of
the upper division just described; in consequence of only one-
fourth of the gross produce being demandable as the govern-
ment share, while one-third is claimed in the former and two-
fifths in the remaining portion of this and the two preceding
tracts, therefore termed Pachdie.

" What I have just remarked regarding the luxuriance of
the gram and kharif crops, holds good also with regard to
this division when the rains are tolerably plentiful. But the
wheat is generally poor, owing to the very sandy nature of
the sod. Here irrigation is impracticable, because of the
great distance of the water from the surface, varying from
100 to 300 feet. In many villages there is only one, in some

EDGE worth's ACCOUNT OF THE SIKH STATES. 277

not even a single well, therefore not only tlie cattle but even
the inhabitants very much depend on ponds (tobas) for their
support. In dry seasons villages are often temporarily aban-
doned in consequence of the failure of water. Therefore it
is a custom that those who take water out of a pond pay for
it by digging and carrying out a basket-full of earth for every
pot they fill with water, so that the cavity is gradually en-
larged and deepened.

" The appearance of this part of the country is highly pecu-
liar. The fields are as it were basins surrounded by long
low rolling hillocks of dry sand, either quite bare or clothed
with a peculiar vegetation, and are almost universally sur-
rounded by high thick hedges to protect them from the deer;
these fences are made of dry thorns heaped loosely together,
generally running along the summits of the sandhills, and
between them lie the narrow roads barely wide enough for a
hackery to pass.

'* The vegetation on these sandhills consists principally of a
species of Artemisia of a most delicious fragrance, and an
aromatic species of Andropogon resembling A. Twarancusa.
(Is either of these, or which of them is, the Nardus of
Arrian ?)

"This Andropogon is much liked by cattle, and is said to
communicate its peculiar flavour to the milk. Besides it there
are species of Cenchrus and Pennisetum, one of which is a most
disagreeable torment to walkers, the sharp recurved hooks
of its involucre fastening to one's clothes and even to the
skin ; its seed however sometimes is used as food in times of
great scarcity. The leaves both of this species and of two
or three others which are indifferently termed dhaman afford
excellent fodder and are the principal grass for horses, instead
of the dhub, which is very rare. The madar* Cahtropis Hamil-

• " This is remarkable for bearing on its roots a curious parasitical species
of OrobancAe, with very thick stalks from one to four inches in diameter,
full of almost pure water, which it must have elaborated from the milky
juice of the madar, and derived from sandhills so dry that it is difficult to
believe that so much liquid could have been procured from them ; and

278 edgeworth's account of the sikh states.

toniif with Cucumis pseudo-colocynthis and a species of MomoT'
dica, also luxuriate on those barren heaps; together with a
Clerodendron, the wood of which is used for obtaining fire by
friction; and two kinds of Zizyphus, Z. jujuba^ and another,
peculiar I believe to this tract of country, with smooth glossy
leaves and globular purple fruit.

"The most abundant thorn however is iheJhand, Prosopis
spiciyera,* which covers barren spots as the Zizyphus does in
other parts of India, as a low shrub; but it is also met with as
a small tree mixed with the pkalahi and rerul (I believe Aca-
cia leucophaa)^ which last, as well as the Jhand, are utterly
useless except for fuel.

"The dhak ( Butea frondosa ) and therms (Capparis sepi-
nria) are almost unknown, while Capparis aphylla grows to
the size of a small tree, and in the month of April its scar-
let flowers have a showy appearance mixed with the white
blossoms of the phalahi. The rahere [Bignonia undulata) is
found not uncommonly and is very brilliant when in flower:
this, with a small liliaceous plant, is a curious instance of plants
from the Sewalik hills reappearing in so very dissimilar an
habitat.

" Of large trees the peepul is the only one of usual occur-
rence: sometimes the Tamarix Fras^ or Pharmi, as it is nam-
ed in this part of the country, is found of a considerable size.
The sissu extends even to the borders of the desert. Sirrii
is seldom to be seen ; mangoe, or jamun never. The ^^^
is very rarely met with, only near some Musalman saint's
tomb.

" In the most south-westerly part of this tract bordering

what is more remarkable is, that this parasite is only produced where the
mudar grows on the very driest sandhills and solely in this portion of t^^
country."

» " When I first met this as a shrub, I was unwilling to consider it as the
Prosopis, on account of its large ovate stipules, that tree being described
as exstipulate, but I have subsequently found stipules on the young branches
of the fuU-sized tree, though they are smaller in proportion to the leaf than
.n the shrub; besides the prickles are much more numerous on the shrub
than on the tree."

EDGEWORTH'S account of the SIKH STATES. 279

the desert, a considerable quantity of alkali is manufactured
from a species oi Salsola* and forms a considerable article of
commerce under the name of sajji.

" The population of the third tract differs very much from
that of the former ones. In the more northern parts the
zemindars are mostly Musalman Rajputs, with few Jats among
them; but as we come southward the proportion gradually
changes, till in the Tihara a Musalman is scarcely to be found
and the zemindars are almost universally Jats and of the Sikh
persuasion ; in that part of the country also the Kahar or
bearer caste disappears, and among the lower people the
sweepers, assuming the title of Rangrethas, are the most
numerous.

" Lastly, a few words on the two strips of land bordering
the Jumna and the Sutlej.

"The Khadir of the former may be considered as upper
and lower; the upper, contained within the branches of the
'fumna meeting near jRajgkat, is almost entirely populated by
"oojurs. The soil is cold, moist and sandy; as may easily
he imagined possession is most precarious, these upper
branches of the river constantly changing their course —
An old tree is therefore seldom to be seen, or a pukka house;
generally grass-sheds constitute the only habitations, because
the sandy soil will not bind to form mud walls, but is washed
to pieces by the first rain ; thus fires are very frequent in the
^ot Weather.

"The crops are the same as in my first division, exclusive
of those which 1 mentioned as peculiar to the higher grounds,
and they only succeed in years when elsewhere there is a
failure; with moderate rain, this whole country, reticulated as
't is with channels of the Jumna, is overflowed, and it is but
in very dry seasons that the crops succeed, as in 1837, when
they u'ere most luxuriant.

* " It is a curious circumstance that I found a species of Salsola near
Ambaid growing' in a single salt-pan, and not another could be seen any
^here in the neighbourhood for miles, though I searched every •alt-pan
for it."

280 EDGEWOFtTH's ACCOUNT OF THE SIKH STATES.

" The lower part of the Khadir is only intersected by a
few channels of old streams now used as escapes from the
Delhi canal; this portion is less liable to flooding, and conse-
quently in general bears middling crops. Gram is seldom or
never sown in it, and masur replaces it.

" The * Bhet of the Siitlej differs from the Khadir of the
Jumna by being yet more barren. (The upper part of this
Bhet I have not seen, and the lower part is nearly entirely
covered with thick grass jangal, the haunt of wild beasts,
similar to that in the Gangetic Khadir.)

" The sand of the Sutlej is much darker in colour, and
■with far larger flakes of mica than that brought down by
the JumnOi and these larger micaceous particles are equally
observable throughout the whole of the phalahi tract, while
the babul and dhdk regions partake of the Jumnatic character.

" Throughout the whole of this territory I have never seen
the malar of Bengal {Lathyrus sativus) cultivated, but it is
constantly to be found as a weed mixed with pulse or corn.

" The arhar {Cajanus flavus) is never cultivated by itself,
but the variety C. bicolor or Hear is sown round sugar-cane
fields as before mentioned, and is cultivated in the hills under
the name of hui, which leads me to favour the considering
them as two distinct species and not merely varieties.

*' I had hoped to have been able to give a more full account;
but being removed rather suddenly, I have been unable to
complete some inquiries I was previously making, and there-
fore send this, imperfect though it be."

APPENDIX.

" Abstract of Herbarium collected in the Sikh States, exclusire of pla""
found onlj' in the immediate neighbourhood of or on the Sewalik range.

Polypetala. ToUl C«It

ToUICult Nelumbonacese, • -

Ranunculacea, 3 1 Umbelliferffi ^ ,

Papavcmcea, 3 2 Vitac«e, ^ '

Nyinph«aci.« 2 Onagrariea. ^ ^

EDGEWORTH S BOTANY OF THE SIKH STATES,

281

Total Cult.

Combretaceae, 1 1

Myrtaceae, 2 2

Loranthaceae, , 1

Cucurbitaceae, .,.., 17

Ficoideae,.. 3

Cruciatae, 11 6

Capparideae, 6 1

Resedaceae, 1

Violarieae 1

Samydaceae 2

Moringaceae 1 1

Flacourtianeae, 1

Sapindacese, 1

Polygaleae 2

Elatineae 2

Lineae 1 i

Sterculiacese, 2

Malvaceae 15 4

Tiliace» 10 1

Lythrarieae, 8 1

Meliaceae, 3 3

Cedrelaceae, 1 1

Aurantiacae 4 3

Rbamneae, 3 1

Eupborbiaceae, 23 1

Celastrineae ...., 1

Portulaceae 5

Sileneae, 3 1

Alsineae 2

Tamariscineae, 2 1

lUecebreje, 3

Rutaceae 1

Zygophyllacea 2

Balsamineie, 1 I

Oxalidese, 2 1

Rosaces 10 8

Tiz. PomcEe, 3

Amygdalinex, 3

Potentilleae, 2

Rosee, 2

Pabaceae, (Leguminosae,) 88 26

viz. Genisteae, 8 (1.)

Trifolieae. 9 (3.)

CUtorieae, 9 (2.;

GalegeK, 3 1.

Journ. of Dot. Vol. II. No.

Total Cult.
Astragaleae, 2
Hedysareae, 14
Vicieae, 8 2.
Phaseoleae, 1 7.
Dalbergieae, 3 2.
Mimoseae, 9 2.
Cassieae, 12 6.
Anacardiaceae, 2 *

Total Polypetalae, 270 88

Incompletce.

Urticeae, 10 3

Ceratophylleae, 1

Myriceae, 1 1

Salicineae, 3 2

Plataneae, 1 *

Amaranthaceae, 14 5

Chenopodiaceae, " 4

Phytolacceae, 1 ^

Polygonaceae, 9

Nyctagineae, 3 1

Menispermaceae, 2

Total, 54 17
Monopetalce,

Primulaceae, ^ "

Sapotaceae, .. ^ ^

£benaceae,... • * "

Cuscutaceae, •••

Convolvulaceae 1^

Hydroleaceic, 1

CampanulaceBB, ^ "

Sphenocleacfae, 1

Cincbonaceae, *" 1

Galiacese,

Q 2
Cichoraceae

. , 33 4

Astereae,

viz. Vernoniaceee, 4
Asteroideae, 15
Senecionideae, 14 (4.)

9 3

Cynareae,

Plantagineae,

Salvadoracese, *

Plumbagineae *

Cordiacese, *

14. July, 1840. 2 o

282

EDGE WORTH S BOTANY OF THE SIKH STATES.

Total Cult.

Ehretiacese, 6

Boragineae, 4

Labiatse 12 3

Verbenacese, 8 1

Bignoniacee, 1

Acanthacete, 22 4

Lentibulariea, 3

Orobanchese, 2

Scropbulariese, 15

Solanacese, 12 6

Gentianeae 4

Apocynese 7 2

Asclepiadeee, 4

Jasminese, 5 3

Total, 198 25

Gymn ospermcB.

Gnetacese, 1

Equisetacea, 1

Total, 2

EndoffencE.

Zinziberacese, 2

Marantacese, 2 2

Musaceie, 1 1

Amaryllidete, 4 4

Iridese 2 2

Hydrocharideie, 1

Orchideae, 2

Palmacese 1

Liliacese, 9 4

viz. Tulipeae, 2

Hemerocallidese, 2 (2.)

Scillea, 2 (2.)

Anthericese, 1

Asparagese, 1

Aloinese, 1

Commelinacese, 4

Butomaceee, 1

AlismaceK, 5

Jancese 1 Q

Dioscorese, ]

Aroidea, 3 2

Typhacea 2

Naiadeie, ,......„,. 4

ToUl Culi.

Eriocaiilonese 1

Cjrperacese, 35

viz. CyperesB, 17

Scirpeae, 17

Caricese, 1

Graminesa, H^ ^

viz.

Phalaridese, ^ ^

Panicese ,. 42 4

Saccharinese, i^ ^

Rottbolliese, 3

Olyrese * '

PhleoidesB, I ^

Agrostideae, • ^

Stipeae 3

Oryzeae, "

Chloridea, ^ 1

Avenaceae, •• •^

Arundinaceae, *

Triticeae 4 2

Festuceae, ^^

9 2
Bambuseae, • ■*

Total, Endogenae, 193 30

Acrogerue.

Ophioglosseae, ^

Polypodiaceae, ^

Characeae ^

Marsileaceae,

Total, 6

? § f-

Polypetalae 182 88 2T0

Incompletae 37 1'

MonopetalaB, 173 25 198

Gymnospermae, 2

Endogenae, 163 30 193

Acrogenae, 6

Total, 563 160 743

EDGEWORTH's botany of the SIKH STATES. 283

Out of these the following are peculiar to the Phalahi and Jhund tract.

Farsetia Hamiltonii. Plantago, sp.

Reseda oligandra, (mihi.) Euphorbia, sp.

Bergia odorata, (mihi.) Ephedra, sp.

Malra Malwensis, (mihl) Boraginearum, sp. 1.

Fagonia Mysorensis ? Heliotropearum, sp. 2.

Zizyphus, sp. Acanthacearum, sp. 1.

Crotalaria arida, (Royle) ? Astragali, sp. 2.

Lotearum, sp. Orobanche Calatropidis.

And peculiar to the Khadir and Bhet, are the following remarkable
European forms : —
Viola Patrinii, (?) Ajuga decumbens.

» iciarum ? sp. Butomus umbellatus.

Lotus comiculatus. Alisma, sp.

Rubus distans. Ophiogldssum, sp.

Erythrsea, sp.

I subjoin a description of such species as I believe to be new.
S,eseda oligandra, {mihi.)

Herba glauca ramosa, foliis linearibus acutis papillosis, ramulis axillaribus,
stipulis 2 parvulis dentiformibus adnatis ad basin foliorum ; spicis longissi-
">i8 terminalibus, rachi striata, floribus sub-distantibus solitariis sessilibus,
bracteis parvis solitariis calyculatis sepalis conformibus, calyce tetra sepalo,
"epalis lanceolatis papilioso-marginatis, petala subaequantibus, ovario bre-
vioribus. Fetalis duobus oblique lanceolatis, margine interiore subrecto
exteriore v. obliquo v. 1-lobato, vel duobus in unum trilobum coalitis, inter
d"o sepala superiora sitis, concoloribus (albis) vel ad apicem subglandu-
*o«is ; staminibus sspius 3, basi coalitis ante petala sitis, vel 5 (v. 4 uno v.
»ltero deficiente) quorum 3 coalita 2 lateralia libera sepalis superioribus
opponuntur ; antheris geminis.

Disco nullo nisi basin staminum sub-dilatatorum intelligis.

Pistillo ad latus inferius floris sito, ovario 4-lobo, lobis tumidis vesiculosis
carinis 2 papillosis instructis, stigmatibus 4 ad apicem loborum, inferiore
«naJore, superiore minimo ; capsula 1-loculari, ante anthesin ore aperto.
marginibus valvularum intus reflexis ; seminibus numerosis reniformibus,
placentis 4 parietalibus suturas subtendentibus afBxis.
bergia odorata, (jnihi.)

Ramis decumbentibus ramosis teretibus pubescentibus. Foliis oppositis
Wstipulatis oblongo-ellipticis sessilibus serratis pubescent.bus. stipulis sub-
"'atis, ramulis axillaribus ; floribus axillaribus 1-3 utraque axilla peduncu-
latis, pedunculis 1-floris, calyce 5-8epalo, sepalis ovatis pubescenubus, petabs
5 obovatis integris ; staminibus altemis brevioribus, stylis 5, ovano S-loculan.

Odor aromaticus Anthemidis.

Habitat in inundatis proper Balawali.

284 edgeworth's botany of the sikh states.

Malva Malwensis, (jnihi.)

Prostrata hirsutissima, ranois teretibus, foliis petiolatis quinquefidis, seg-
mentis 2-lobis obtusiusculis ; floribus axillaribus subsolitariis ad apicem ram-
orum subracemosis, foliis floralibus minimis sub-nuliis petiolatis. Bracteolis
6 subulatis. Calyce ventricoso hirsutissimo. Corolla pallida calyce vix
longior. Carpella 7, 8, plerumque 9, lateribus planis rugosis, dorso costato.

Odor aromaticus Pelargonii. — Crescit cum praecedente.

Astragalus Sesameus, DC. II. p. 288.

Ramis decumbentibus humi adpressis longis simplicibus teretibus hirsu-
tiusculis, foliis altemis 5-7-foliolatis, foliolis ovalibus hirsutiusculis, stlpulis
liberis cuneatis; racemis axillaribus, pedunculis per anthesin folio brevioribus,
fructiferis elongatis, floribus subcapitulatis brevissime pedicellatis, bracteis
subulatis ciliatis ; calyce hirsute 5-dentato, dentibus acutis, supra fisso, vex-
illo obovato emarginato recto, alis oblique ovatis unguiculatis, carina obtusa,
stam. 1-9, filatnentis brevibus, antheris hirsutis, stylo brevi curvato, stig-
mate capitato glabro, legumine ovato, dorso sulcato, cum stylo persistente
apiculato villoso, seminibus oblique reniformibus.

Flores minuti pallide purpurei. Lodihana.
Astragalus incurvus, DC. II. p. 304.

Perennis hirsutus, caulibus radiatim prostratis, foliis altemis petiolatis
alternatim pinnatis, foliolis oblique ovatis apice acutis hirsutis, stipulis sub-
ulatis petiolo adnatis, floribus capitulatis, pedunculis axillaribus brevibus
4 — o-floris, bracteis subulatis hirsutis ; calycibus 3-partitis, segmentis subu-
latis ; corolla purpurascente, vexillo longo obliquo valde emarginato carina
duplo longiore, alis vexillo brevioribus 1-dentatis, leguminibus stellatim
dispositis, margine inferiore introflexo, falcatis gibbis hirsutis, utroque loculo
4-spermo, seminibus rhomboideis.

Malwa et Pentepotamia.-.i,These two plants are remarkable as being
identical with or very strongly resembling the two African species to wbich
I have referred them.

Heliotropium.

Perenne ramosissimum oranino pilis sub-spinosis asperrimuin ; foliisses-
silibus lanceolatis valde rugosis asperrimisque ; corymbis subterrainalibus
dichotomis, floribus sessilibus. calycis segmentis obtusis marginatis pilos'^'
corolla tubo ventricoso viridi calyce dimidio longiore inferius piloso, mar-
gine brevi undulato albo 3-fido, segmentis rotundis, capsulalsevi rugosiuscula
vix 4-partibili. In arenosis Malwse et Lodihanae copiosissimum.
Boraginearum species.

Annua erecta raraosa hirsutissima, pilis mollibus spinulosisque va\x^ '•
foliis lanceolatis distonter crenatis, ad crenas costasque spinulosis ahter
viUosis; flo^ib^|s racemosis pedicellatis, racemis foliolosis ; calycibus ventn-
cosis, lO-costatis, 5-partitis, corolla tubulosa limbo .5-panito segment'-'

EDGEWORTH's botany of the SIKH STATES. 285

rotundis, fauce breviter 5-fornicata intus pilosa at non clausa, staminum
filamentis brevibus antheris ovatis caerulescentibus, pistillo recto libero,
stigmate clavato, nucibus basi afBxis oblique ovatis subrugosis apice acuti-
usculis, basi perforatis fauce perforationis plicata. ;

Herba habitu Hyoscyami calyce Physalin vel Lychnidem vespertinam
aemulans, CoroUa alba.— Malna, Pentepotamia.
Orobanche Calatropidis.

Spica confertiflora, caule (vel rachi) glabra spongiosa sued (aquse similis)
plena, bracteis ternis l-floris, una inferiore majore ovata apice acuminata
uemura marcescente caljcem superante carnosa purpurascente supra fulva,
duabus lateralibus ellipticis canaliculatis lateribus versus basin pilis carnosis
cniatis, aliter glabris, calyce brevioribus ; calyce 5-fido, segnjentis obtusis
glabns, corolla ringente tubo calyce subduplo longiore curvato, limbo bila-
wato Jabio superiore 2-fido minore suberecto, segmentis rotundis emargina-
tis purpureis, inferiore patulo 3-fido segmentis rotundis emarginatis ad
•narginem purpurascente, intus flavo, fauce valleculis 2 luteis instructa,
stamimbus 4 didynamis inferioribus longioribus, glaberrimis, junioribus in
antherium lineare antheram superans 'productis quod postea marcescens
a antheram affingitur, antheris 2-lobis cordatis pilis albis presertim ad basin
roargmesque saccarum hirtis, junioribus hisce pilis arete coalitis post im-
pregnationem discedentibus, poUine ovali. Pistillo glaberrimo ad basin
ovani disco luteo circumdato, ovario conico J-loculari placentis 4. Stylo
"aniinibus longiore medio angustato curvato, stigmate in apice clavato,
^¥o glanduloso.

Crescit in radicibus Calatropidis Hamiltonii in arenosissimis Malvce.
ocapo 1 — 8-pedali crassissimo, bracteis inferioribus saepius efloratis.
Piantago BaupMla, {mihi.)

Caulibus decumbentibus ramosis subhirsutis foliis alternis amplexicauU-
ousi lineari-lanceolatis distanter denticulatis, sub-carinatia, pilis raris apice
articulatis hirsutiusculis, pedunculis axillaribus folio longioribus minute
"Tsutis vel subglabris viridibus vel purpurascentibus, spicis confertifloris
ovatis, bracteis unifloris costis viridibus marginibus latis scariosis inferiori-
bus carinatis apiculatis majoribus (at non foliaceis), sepalis 4, rotundato-
ovatis, 2 exterioribus inferioribusque bracteiformibus costa viridi, 2 inte-
•■ioribus omnino membranaceis. Corollas limbo 4-fido, segmentis ovatis
acumlnatis scariosis, staminibus in fauce insertis, filamentis filiformibus pur-
pureis segmentis corollse sequalibus, antheris ovatis versatilibus luteis, stylo
exserto apice hirsutiusculo ; capsula membranacea ovata versus fundum
circuniscissa, rosea, seminibus 2 naviculiformibus, albumine concavo
ovato, embryone centrali immerso, radicula inferiore, cotylcdonibus lineari-
^"s. placenta centrali ovata crassiuscula in medio laterum in valle lineari
cxcavata propter recrpiionem scminis <lcin in friictu membranacea. — Mai^^a
<^t Pcntc])otamiH.

286 schOimburgk's guiana plants.

Salsola Land, {mihi).

Frutescens ramosissima, foliis breviter petiolatis cylindraceis vel ovatis
rectis vel falcatis acutiusculis vel obtusis, fioribus 3 — 4 glomerulatis axil-
laribus sessilibus, sepalis 5 coneavis rubris, stamina iis opposita tegentibus,
filam. 5 brevibus, antheris viridibus, stylis 2 — 3 — 4-brevibus rectis exsertis,
ovario unico.

Fructum maturutn non vidi. — Malwa et Pentepotamia.

XVI I. — Contributions towards a Flora of South America.-^Enu-
meration of Plants collected by Mr Schomburgk in British
Guiana. — By George Bentham, Esg., F.L.S., &c.j &c.
^.Continued from page 223 of this Vol.'\
MELASTOMACEiE.
De Candolle's subdivision of Melastomacete into a large
number of genera has been generally adopted, although
various modifications of detail have been proposed by Blume,
Martius, Chamisso, and others ; and any monographist who,
with the vast materials now existing in herbaria, may again
take up the Order, will probably follow the steps ofDe Can-
dolle as to the leading features of his system, however much
he may improve on particular portions. I am far from
entering upon any such general investigation; but in the
course of the determination of M. Schomburgk's collection,
a few observations have occurred to me as to the relative im-
portance of some of the characters used, and as to the pro-
minent diagnostics of some of the genera, which I am induced
to record here, in the hope that they may tend to facilitate
the determination of South American collections.

The exception to the usual dehiscence of the anthers,
which has given rise to the separation of a distinct Suborder,
under the name o^ Charianthece, is certainly very remarkable;
but appears scarcely to be sufficiently natural to justify the
importance attached to it. The genera bear, indeed, most of
them, more resemblance to corresponding genera among
Miconie<B, than to each other, and it may be better therefore
to consider, will, Blume, the Charianthea: as merely u fifll^
tribe closely allied to Miconic<c.

SCHOMBURGK's GtJIANA PLANTS. 287

The form of the seeds in Melastomacea. although it does
not always occasion perfectly natural separations, and is in
some few cases ambiguous, yet upon the whole, seems to
be, as observed by Blume, the most important character that
can be relied upon for the primary division. It may in the
greater number of cases be ascertained with a little practice
in the ovules even at the time of flowering.

Blume is of opinion that De CandoIIe relies too much on
the two other characters, introduced by him in the distinction
of the tribes ; the capsular or baccate fruit, and the presence
or absence of the setae on the ovary ; the one used to sepa-
rate LavoisierecB from Miconiece^ the other to distinguish
Osoeckie<B from Rhexiece, These are certainly not characters
of organic importance; still in other instances in which they
are relied upon by De Candolle, they appear to be both
definite and constant, and therefore practically useful. The
setae are indeed variable in Miconieee, and so is the consist-
ence of the fruit in Osheckiece; but it is a distinguishing fea-
ture in all natural classifications, that individual characters
seldom retain the same relative value in the different divisions
of the same group.

The five tribes of Melastomacece may therefore be readily
distinguished by the following short characters, which are
"ot perhaps in all cases, strictly absolute; but the exceptions
and ambiguous species will, it is believed, be found to be but
very few.

Tribus I. Osbeckiece. Semina cochleata. Ovarium seto-
sum. (Bacca v. capsula.)

Tribus II. Bhexiece. Semina cochleata v. incurva. Ovari-
um nudum. (Capsula dehiscens).

Tribus III. LavoisierecB. Semina recta v. subrecta. Cap-
sula dehiscens.

Tribus IV. Micmiece. Semina recta. Bacca indehiscens.
Antherae {ut in prsecedentibus) I — 2-porosae.

Tribus V. Charianthece. Semina recta. Bacca indehiscens.
Antherae rima longitudinali dehiscentes.

In the distinction of genera I fear that too much reliance

288 schomburgk's guiana plants.

has been placed upon the number of parts in each floral or
carpellary verticil. In some cases, indeed, it is still the only
tangible character by which very natural genera can be dis-
tinguished, while in others it has already been admitted as
uncertain by all the above quoted authors. There are some
instances, however, where both De Candolle and Martius
appear to me to have on this account only, broken up aflSnities
really very close. Martius has, it is true, united Arthrostemma
with Ckatogastra, Sagrc^a with Clidemia, &c. ; but on the
other hand he has separated Noterophila from the herbaceous
Mecro/ici>, which he expressly states are not to be distinguished
by any other character but the number of cells of the cap-
sule, their habit being precisely the same.

It will also be seen by some of the modifications proposed
below, that I should be disposed to go even farther than
Martius in lowering the value set upon the appendages to the
calyx; whether external, of the nature of hairs, as in Osheckiea;
or arising from the internal development of the margin or
the sepals beyond the midrib, as in Miconiece.

Tribe I. Osbeckie^i:.

The baccate genera in this tribe, Otanthera, Melastoma,
and Tristemma, are not American ; Aciotis being apparently
founded on a mistake. The capsular species of the old
world are at present included in Osbeckia, to which Lackno-
podium has lately been added, though with some doubt. ^"^
American capsular genera may be reduced to four, Pleroma,
Tibouchina, Cluietogastra^ and Macairea.

Pleroma of Don, is evidently the same genus as Lasiandra
of De Candolle, including, according to Chemisso, Dipioster
gium of Don, and the former name being the older should be
retained. The original species have now all been re-exam-
ined, and are all found to have a dry dehiscent fruit, although
the calyx is more completely and more permanently adherent
than in most capsular genera. The separation of Pleroind
from Osbeckia is, as observed by Martius, but very slight!
both genera being distinguished from Cheetogastra by the

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 289

same character, the deciduous lobes of the calyx. In Osbeckia
the calyx is usually more or less covered with palmate or
stellate hairs or appendages, and the stamens are smooth ; in
Pleroma^ the hairs or bristles of the calyx are equally simple,
and the filaments more or less hairy, but neither of these
characters is constant. In habit, Osbeckia agrees rather with
some sections o^ Chcetogastra, and as in that genus the flowers
are sometimes 4-merous, sometimes 5-merous ; but the Os-
beckia canescens^{E. Mey.) appears really to be nearer Ple-
foma than Osbeckia, although a native of South-East Africa.

There are no Pleromas in the Guiana collections before
'ne; hut among my Brazilian ones I observe nos. 33, 40, 398,
403, 404, 406 to 412, and 1603 of Gardner, and n. 269 of
Blanchet, and n. 1272 of Mathews from Peru.

Tibouchina is intermediate between Pleroma and ChtBto-
gastra, to the former of which Chamisso unites it. All the
species are covered with thick rigid appressed setce ; the habit
•s that of some ChcetogastrcB ; the limb of the calyx is almost
persistent ; and the bracts are persistent, which never occurs
in Pleroma, whilst the stamens are often hairy as in that
genus. Besides Aublet's species, Mathews . n. 1267, and
two or three Brazilian ones belong to this genus.

Ckcetogastra,mc\xx6\ngArthrost€mma,ai\diSvitramia,{Chuv(\.)
«nd perhaps Centradenia, (Don), or Plagiophyllum (Schlecht.)
and Heeria, (Schlecht.), may be divided into several natural
sections, some of which might be perhaps conveniently con-
sidered as genera; but for this purpose it does not appear
'hat the number of parts can be used, which has been done by
^ CandoUe and by Chamisso. My materials are not at
present sufficient to satisfy me as to the number or the
'imits of these sections ; but it appears to me that Arthro-
^emma campanularis should be associated with Ckeeiogastra
ftricta, echinata, cemuoy conferta, and other stiff Peruvian
shrubby species with pendulous flowers; that the greater
number of De Candolle's DiotanthereB with erect flowers form
a second group, to which belong perhaps some Arihrostem-
^ata of ihe section Ladanopsis; that Cheelogastra divaricatOy

Vol. II.— No. 14. 2 p

290 schomburgk's guiana plants.

DC, should form of itself a section which I have called
Eckinogonunii on account of the remarkable calyx; that a
fourth group is that referred by De Candolle to Osbeckia,
under the sectional name Pterolepis; that Ladanopsis (DC),
is a fifth, and that MonochtBtum, (DC), Trifurcarium, (DC),
Centradenitty (Don), and Heeria, (Schlecht.), are either dis-
tinct genera, or so many additional sections of CluBtogastra.
The first two of the above sections are generally pentamer-
ous, with a few tetramerous or variable species; the third is
pentamerous ; the fourth is as often tetramerous as penta-
merous ; the fifth usually And the remainder always tetra-
merous. The number of cells of the capsule, in all the
species I have examined, corresponds with that of the parts
of the flower.

Macairea is readily known by the glandular seta of the
calyx and ovary, and the stipitate glands of the longer fila-
ments. They are all shrubs, with the upper side of the
leaves closely covered with tubercles or pustules, usually
terminating in rigid erect setae, so that they can scarcely
be described as glabrous, as in De Candolle's generic char-
acter, though they certainly have not on the upper side the
ferruginous down of the under one.

313. Tibouchina cwpera, AubL—DC. Prod. III./?, l*^"^
Savannahs, British Guiana, Schomburgk, n. 252.

314. Chaetogastra (Diotanthera) gracilis, DC. Prod. IH.
p. 133. — Marshy savannahs. Mount Rorainia. Schomburgk.
■^Chamisso is probably right in uniting this plant, the t.
repanda, (Mart.), and several others under one name.

315. C. (Diotanthera) hypericoides, DC. Prod. HI- P- ^^^'
— C. lychnitoides, DC. I. c. —British Guiana. Schomburgk,
n. 133 and 719 — A common plant in North Brazil. Gard-
ner's n. 377 appears to be C. Martiana, DC.

316. C (EcAinoffonnm) divaricate, DC. Prod. III./?- ^32-
— British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 721.

817. C.(Pterolepui) glomerata. Mart Osbeckia glomerata,

no. Prod. III. p, 141.— Arthrostemmaglomeratum, C^^*^'
Lirmaa, IX. p. 454 — Flores s^pe pentameri. — British

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 291

Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 248. Bahia, Gardner, n. 880,
and Pernambuco, n. 1005.

318. C. (Pterolepis) callic/uBta (sp. n.) ; herbacea? foliis
brevissime petiolatis oblongo-lanceolatis obtusis integerrimis
trinerviis utrinque cauleque pi lis rigidis appressis strigosis,
noribus ad apicem rami sessilibus subcapitatis 4-meris 8-
andris, calyce setis longe ciliato-pectinatis hirsutissimo laciniis
lanceolatis ciliatis, antheris oblongo-linearibus longe rostratis,
conneciivo brevi basi tumido. — Affinis C. glomerata:, antheris
et hirsutie diversa. Flores majores, setis longioribus densi-
oribus rubentibus.— British Guiana. Schomburgk.

319. C. {Ladanopsis) ladanoides, Mart. — Arthrosterama
ladanoides, DC. Prod. III. p. 136.— French Guiana, Lepri-
eur, Herb. Par. n. 88 and 89.

320. C. ? lasiophyUa ,• sufFruticosa, humilis, ramis erectis rufo-
vJllosis subviscosis, foliis parvis sessilibus ovatis integerrimis
crassis utrinque villosis superioribus minimis remotis, pani-
<^ula laxa oblonga pauciflora, calycibus ovato-globosis rufo-
hirtis dentibus ovatis tubo brevioribus, petalis (obovatis ?)
hirtellis, antheris inaequalibus ovali-oblongis rectis, connec-
t'VQ brevi basi tuberculoso, capsulis apice setoso-hlrtis. —
"amus unicus adest e basi lignoso simplex, erectus, semi-
pedalis. Folia in parte inferiore approximata, 3 — 4 lin.
longa. Paniculas rami dichotomi, 2— 3-flori. Flores te-
trameri, parvi. Capsula 4-locuIaris. Semina cochleata. — -
"robably belonging to a distinct section — British Guiana,
Schomburgk,

321. Macairea thyrsiflara, DC. Prod. III. p. 109 — Folia

ovali-oblonga 2 3-pollicaria, coriacea (in Prodromo sphal-

mate typographico rosacea dicta), supra tuberculis crebris ad
^tas non abeuntibus obtecta. — Rio Padawire. Schom-
burgk.

322. M. multimrvia (sp. n.) ; suffruticosa, erecta, rufo-
^"rsuiissima, foliis breviter petiolatis lato-ovatis basi corda-
tis 9— U-nerviis utrinque hirsutissimis, panicula thyrsoidea
'erminali pauciflora basi foliosa, capsula 4-loculari.— Caulis

292 schomburgk's guiana plants.

durus, basi lignosus, bipedalis. Folia 1 — 1^ pollicaria.
Pili in parte superiore caulis, in inflorescentia et calyce
glandulosi. Pedicelli calyce longiores. Calycis tubus ova-
tU5, lacinias 4 lineares, pilis numerosis glanduliferis hiit«.
Petala obovata, glabra. Fiiamenta staminum majorum
glandulis paucis stipitatis hinc onusta. Capsula ovoideo-glo-
bosa, apice gland uloso-pilosa. Semina incurva subcochleata,
tubo basilari. — Moist savannahs, Roraima. Schomburgk.
— A single specimen injured by insects, but evidently a very
distinct species, with some general resemblance to the figure
o^ Rhexia cardinalis (Bonpl.).

323. M. pachyphylla (sp. n.) ; fruticosa, ramis setis rufis
hispidissimis, foliis petiolatis oblongo-ellipticis utrinque an-
gustatis 3 — 5-nerviis crassis, supra setis rigidis densissim©
obtectis, subtus rufo-villosis, panicula terminali multinora,
calycibus gland uloso-pilosis, capsula 4-loculari. — Folia 2—4-
poUicaria, saepe disparia. Setae paginae superioris e tubercula
ortae incurvae. Panicula pilis apice glanduliferis dense nir-
suta. Bracteae lanceolatae acuminatae calyci juniori sequ''
longae, sub anthesi saepius delapsae. Calycis tubus Ig ''"*
longus, laciniis 4 linearibus tubo subsequilongis. Stamina
longiora hinc glandulifera. Capsula matura calycis tubum

subsuperans, apice glanduloso-pilosa Swampy savannahs,

British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 452. Also from Mount
Roraima — This species is very near M. Adenostenunh anu
possibly a mere variety ; but the leaves are much longer, t ^
hairs faf more rigid and longer, the bracteae smaller an
narrower, &c.

324. M. rigida (sp. n.) ; fruticosa, ramis setis rufis hispidis,
foliis breviter petiolatis ovali-ellipticis 3— 5-nerviis'utrinque
obtusis supra strigis validis echinatis subtus rufo-villosis, pan -
cula terminali densa multiflora, calycibus glanduloso-p»os*^

capsula 3-loculari Folia 2 — 3-pollicaria, coriacea. Set*

paginae superioris rigidae incurvae, e tuberculis clavatis
pagina inferiore impressis ortae. Panicula abbreviata, '^r^
corymbosa, dichotome ramosissima, ramis glanduloso-pilosis-

9 a

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 293

Calycis tubus 1^ lin. longus, laciniae 4, subulatae. Filamenta
longiora hinc glandulifera. Capsula apice glanduloso-pilosa.
—-Mountains of Mawacca. Schomburgk, n. 1015.

325. M. parvifolia (sp. n.); fruticosa, ramis hispidis, foliis
longiuscule petiolatis ovali-oblongis ellipticisve utrinque ob-
tusis V. basi angustatis supra strigoso-setosis subtus breviter
rufo-villosis, panicula terminali subcorymbosa laxa pauciflora
subfoliosa, calycibus glandulosc-pilosis, capsula 3-loculai'i. —
Near the last in character, but very different in appearance ;
the leaves being seldom more than an inch long, and the
panicle short, composed of a few dichotomous cymes in the
upper axils.— Mount Roraima, Schomburgk. Blanchet's
n. 2900 appears to be M. Radula, DC.

Tribe II. RnExiEiE.

from this tribe, Siphanthera must be excluded as belonging
to LavoisieretE, and Adelobotrys is of doubtful affinity, most
P»"obably very near Ch<stogastra, Among the true Rheodece,
Oxyspora from East India, Rhexia from the United States,
and Heferonoma, (including Pachyloma according to Martius)
»rom tropical America, are known by their tubular or elon-
gated calyx, and paniculated inflorescence ; Leiostegia has
the same calyx, but with axillary flowers ; Tricentrum is said
to have very peculiar anthers ; Trembleya and Microlicia
are both pentamerous and decandrous, and have been dis-
tinguished by the number of cells of the capsule, which are
^ or 3 in Microlicia, (including Noterophila, Mart.), 5 in
Trembleya, an unnatural distinction, as it removes T. rosma-
^ni/olia from a species of Microlicia, from which it cannot
otherwise be known, and joins it with the AhrahamitB, which
it does not resemble at all ; Spennera, (including Emestia\
»s either pentamerous or tetramerous,but is always readily dis-
criminated by the thin foliage, the slender loose panicles and
conical buds ; Marcetia and Comolia, always tetramerous, are
much branched low shrubs or decumbent perennials with
axillary flowers, the one having four, the other two cells
to the capsule; Dicrananthera is a little erect annual with

294 schomburgk's guiana plants.

small axillary tetranierous flowers, a two-celled capsule and
dissimilar anthers. Finally, Jppendicularia, another little
erect annual, possesses a very peculiar calyx and habit, and
differs moreover from all other BhexieiBy by the combination
of a tetramerous flower with a three-celled capsule.

326. Leiostegia vemicosa (Gen. Nov.) Dry savannahs,
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 243.

Leiostegia.

Char. Gen. Calyx cylindraceus, ore truncato, dentibus
4 parvis distantibus. Petala 4, obovata. Stamina 8, parum
inaequalia ; antheris lineari-falcatis rostratis uniporosis,
longiorum connective postice in appendiceni bifidum pro-
ducto, breviorum bituberculato. Ovarium laeve. Capsula
oblongo-ovata, 4-locularis. Semina cochleata. — S. vemicosa.
Frutex glaber, superne vernicosus, siccitate nigricans. Rami
tetragoni. Folia, brevissime petiolatOt 1 — 2'poUicariai oblongch
lancedata, obtusa, integerrima, margine revduta basi angustatO)
uninervia, supra glabra nitida, subius albida. Flores aociUares
1 — B-ni subsessiles. Calyces glabri vernicosi.

Gardner's n. 379 and 380, appear both to be referrible to
Trembleya Heterostermm.

327. Microlicia brevifolia, DC. Prod. III. p. 1 17.— French
Guiana. Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 74. — Micrdiicia, as ob-
served by Martius, consists of two very natural groups ; but
then the one, that which contains this species, should include
Noterophila, (Mart.), and the other would perhaps be much
improved if it were made to comprehend Choetostoma pungens,
and diosmoides, (neglecting here as in Ch<etogastra, the ap-
pendages of the calyx), and the section Jacobia oi Trembleya.
To this second group belong n. 2606, and 2781 of Blanchet.

328. M. recurva, DC. Prod. III. p. US.— British Guiana,
Schomburgk, n. 106, in the earlier sets.— French Guiana,
Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 80.

329. M. myrtoidea? Cham. Linnet, IX. ;>. 39.— Mount
Wareima. Schomburgk.— This agrees in all respects with
Chamissn's description, except that thr voung branches are

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 295

compressed, and as they grow old they become covered witli
black spreading hairs, and the seeds are but little curved.

330. Marcetisi taxifolia^ DC. Prod. III. p. 124. — High moun-
tains in the Sierra Parima near Roreima. Schomburgk, n.
1040.— Alagoas, Gardner, n. 1288.— Gardner's n. 128*r, and
Blanchet's n. 2607, 2608, and 2610, appear also to be Mare-
Has.

331. Comolia microphylla, (sp. n.) ; fruticosa, divaricato-
ramosissima, viscoso-hirta, foliis petiolatis ovatis trinerviis
subserratis utrinque viscoso-villosis, calycis laciniis ciliatis.
Rami pills glanduliferis rubiginosi. Folia pleraque 3 — 4 lin.
longa, vix unquam semipollicaria, crassiuscula, basi rotundata
vel anguslata. Flores axillares solitarii, breviter pedicellati.
Calycis tubus 1 — li lin. longus, ovatus, limbi laciniae 4 ob-
longo-lineares sinu lato separatae, pilis longis apice glanduli-
feris ciliata. Petala 4, calyce plus duplo longiora, obovato-
orbiculata. Stamina 8. Antherae oblongo-lineares, con-
nectivo postice breviter product© incurvo obtuso. Capsula
calyce inclusa, glabra, 2-locularis, 2-valvis. Semina cochle-
ata.— British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 106, in the later
sets.

332. C. vercmiccefolia (sp. n.) ; herbacea vel suffruticosa,
ramis elongatis procumberttibus v. divaricatis pilosis, foliis
petiolatis obovatis serrato-ciliatis trinerviis sparse pilosiusculis.
—■Habitus fere C. berberifolits, sed folia minime BerberidiSy
brevius ciliata. Pili ramorum sparsi, saepe glanduliferi.
Folia distantia, 6 — 9 lin. longa, tenuia, subviscosa. Flores
axillares, breviter pedicellati, solitarii v. in pedunculo brevi
folioso 2—4. Calycis tubus 2 lin. longus, fructifer globosus,
iaciniaB 4, oblongo-lineares, sinu lato separatee, pilis longis
apice glanduliferis ciliatse. Petala 4, ampla, obovata. Sta-
"lina 8. Antherse lineares, connectivo posiice breviter pro-
<lucto bifido. Capsula calyce inclusa, glabra, 2-locularis,
2-val?is. Semina incurva, subcochleata.— British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 326.

333. Spennera dichotoma (sp. n.) ; annua, humilis, erecta,
caule tetragono angulis acutis ciliatis, foliis breviter petiolatis

296 SCHOMBURGk's GUIANA PLANTS.

ovatis V. ovato-lanceolatis serrato-crenuljjtis basi angustatis
trinerviis tenuiter membranaceis pilis sparsis raris v. millis,
panicula divaricato-dichotoma, fioribus 4-meins, 8~andris,
antheris breviter ovoideis, capsula biloculari. — Herba tenera
vix semipedalis. Folia inferiora lata, 6 — 9 lin. longa, supe-
riora angustiora sesquipollicaria. Panicula bis terve dichoto-
ma, pilis paucis capitatis onusta, floribiis secus ramos subses-
silibus. Bractese minutse. Calyx 1 lin. longus, fructifer
subglobosus membranaceus, laciniae limbi breves ovatse. Pe-
tala oblonga. Antherse vix dimidio longiores quam latae,
connectivo brevissimo vix conspicuo. Capsula calyce inclusa
membranacea, bivalvis. Columna cum placentis post semina,
et valvules delapsa diu persistent. Semina reniformia sub-
cochleata. — Swampy situations on the Essequibo and Rupu-
noony. Schomburgk, n. 513.

334. S. dysophylla (sp. n.) ; caulibus basi decumbentibus
laxis tetragonis v. alatis hirsutis dichotonie ramosis, foli'S
petiolatis ovatis v. ovato-lanceolatis acutis 5-nerviis basi
rotundatis cordatisve ciliato-serratis supra et subtus ad^venas
pilis crebris rigidis hirsutis, panicula brevi laxa, rarais dicho-
tome ramosis, fioribus sessilibus 4-meris, 8-andris, antheris
oblongis, capsula biloculari. — Annua videtur, v. semel redi-
viva. Caules seQiipedales, v. vix pedales. Folia 1 — l^P^*'
licaria. Flores fere S. dichotomce, antherse tamen fere ter
longiores quam latae, connectivo brevi. Capsula et semina
S. dichotomce — Affinis S.polystachya, sed vix eadem, aS. lo^
differt prima facie caule annuo nequaquani frutescente.—
Sands, Barcellos on the Rio Negro. Schomburgk, n. 932.

S.? latifolia^ praecedenti parum major, folia latiora, eviden-
tius cordata, saepius 7-nervia, panicula longior, flores breviter
pedicellati. — On the Essequibo, Schomburgk, n. 16.

335. S. indecora ? DC. Prod. III. p. 1 16.— Folia 2— 3^
poll, longa 5-nervia tenuiora quam in prsecedente. Panicula
laxa. Bracteae miniraae. Antherse longiores. — Abandoned
fields, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 200.

336. S. viscida (sp. n.); fruticosa, ramulis paniculisque
pubescenii-hirtis viscosis, fuliis longiuscule petiolatis ovatis

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 297

acuminatis basi cordatis tenuibus membranaceis viscoso-pilo-
snlis margine ciliatis vix minute serrulatis, panicula pyrami-
data multiflora, ramis dichotomis, bracteis minutis, floribus
brevissime pedicellatis 4-meris 8-andris, calyce glanduloso-
puberulo dentibus minutis, antheris oblongis, capsula bilocu-
lari. — Frulex 5 — 6-pedalis. Folia pleraque bipollicaria.
Flores fere S. dysophyllcSi v. vix majores. — British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 999.

337. S. circcBoides, Mart, in DC, Prod. III. p. 116 — Antherae
aiternae ovato oblongae, alternae oblongae fere duplo longiores.
Connectivum ut in preecedentibus anthera brevius. — Rio
Parinie. Schomburgk.

338. S. circmfoHa, DC. Prod. III. p. 1 16, (var. glabrata).
Anthera? praEjcedentis. Folia basi late cordata, lucida, sub-
pellucida. Petioli et ramuli pilis paucis longis ciliati v. rarius
nudi.—Pedrero. Schomburgk, n. 863.

339. S. aquatica, Mart, in DC. Prod. III. p. 1 16.— British
t»uiana. Schomburgk, n. 456. French Guiana, Leprieur.
fferb. Par. n. 87. Bahia, Gardner, n. 881.

340. Appendicularia thymifolia, DC. Prod. III. p. 1 14.—
French Guiana. Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 64 and 84.

Tribe III. Lavoisiere^.

The Lavoisiere<e do not form so natural a tribe as some
others; some genera having the habit of Rhexiece, and indeed,
eveij in respect of the form of the seeds, the line of distinc-
t'on is difficult to trace between them ; others again have the
^'abit of Miconiece, and some have a facies different from that
of all other Melastomacece.

Among these, a very natural group consists of the East
Indian genera Sonerila, and Sarcopyramis, and the American
Salpinga, Bertolonia and perhaps Lithobium {Bongard). They
are all low herbs, with obconical or turbinate calyces, trian-
gular capsules usually truncate, and a peculiar inflorescence,
which renders it easy to distinguish them.

^hyncharUhera, Siphanthera, Meisneria, and Poteranthera^
[Bongard,) are known by the sterility or abortion of half the

Vol. II No. 14. 2 Q

298 schomburgk's guiana plants.

stamens. In Meisneria, the flowers are tetramerous, the
capsule two-celled, and the anthers have a short beak. In
Rhynchantheraf the flowers are pentamerous, the capsule
three, four, or five-celled, and the anthers have a long beak,
one anther being often nearly twice as long as the rest. Siphan-
thera cordata has the flowers and capsule of Meisneria, but
the anthers have a long beak. This character, which gave
the name to the genus, does not exist in the Siphanthera
tenera, and S. subtilis, (both the same species, judging from
Pohl's specimens), the sterile stamina also (as pointed out by
Martius), are not completely wanting, and it may therefore be
well to join Siphanthera to Meisneria. Poteranthera (ac-
cording to Bongard's figure), is near Meisneria^ but differs
in the pentamerous flowers, trilocular capsule, and truncate
biporose anther.

Meriania and Axin^a, with biporose anthers, are scarcely
any of them known to me ; nor is Chastentsa, which is said
to have the habit of Meriania.

Cainbessedea has the characters of Microlicia, with the ex-
ception of the straight seeds which fix it in Lavoisierea, and
the habit is rather different. Chcetostoma has precisely the
habit of Microlicia, and the pentamerous species should un-
doubtedly be there placed. C. tetrasticha is unknown to me.
Lavoisiera is a very distinct genus, consisting of low smooth
shrubs, closely covered with sessile leaves smooth on their
surface though sometimes ciliate, and with terminal solitary
pentamerous or polymerous flowers.

The remaining genera have the habit of the larger flowered
MiconicB ; Bucquetia is tetramerous, Davya (with Adelbertia,
Meisn.), Haberia and Behuria, are pentamerous, with long
appendages to their anthers ; Centronia and Truncaria are
doubtful genera ; so also is Graffenrieda, (of which one spe-
cies is Brachycentrum, Meisn.), unless it be, as supposed by
Martius, that genus of Miconieie, which Chamisso has called
Jucunda.

341. Salpinga secunda, Schranck, et Mart DC.Prod.W^-

p. 113. Banks of rivers in the Sierra Mey. Schomburgk*

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 299

342. S. parviflora, DC. Prod. III. p. 113 Petala 4,

oblonga. Stamina 8, consimilia. Connectiva postice subu-
lato-appendiculata.— Shady places, British Guiana. Schom-
burgk, n. 318.

Gardner's n. 1009 is Bertolmia maculaia, and n. 388, a
new species nearly allied to B. Leuzeana, DC.

343. Meisneria cordifolia (sp. n.) ; perennis v. suffruticosa,
numilis, erecta, hirsutissima, foliis sessilibus late cordato-
ovatis margine revolutis, bracteis parvis oblongis acuminatis.
— Caulis basi perennis, sublignosus. Rami erecti, stricti,
ramosi, usque ad apicem dense foliosi, 4 — 6-pollicares, pilis
rigidis flavicantibus uti folia et calyces hispidi. Folia mar-
gine revoluta, 2 — 3 lin. longa. Flores axillares, inferiores
solitarii, superiores cymosi, racemum oblongum terminalem
'oliosum formantes. Antherse alternse oblongae rostratae pol-
'iniferae, alternee lineares castratae. — British Guiana. Schom-
burgk, n. 1062.

344. Rhynchanthera 5rra«</j/tora, DC. Prod. III. p. 107. —
v^apsula trilocularis. — French Guiana. Leprieur, Herb.
Par. n. 85.

345. R. acuminata (sp. n.) ; suffruticosa, elata, opposite
ramosa, ramis brevissime viscoso-puberulis v. demum glabra-
^is, foliis petiolatis lanceolato-cordatis acuminatis margine
serrulato-ciliatis minute setulosis rarius hispidulis glabratisve
^ — "^-nerviis v. rarius 9-nerviis, panicula dichotoma laxa,
noribus breviter pedicellatis pentandris monodynamis, calycis
tubo ovato subglabro laciniis subulatis breviore, filamentis
sterilibus filiformibus minimis. — Habitus laxior quam in R.
Qfandiflora. Folia 2 — 3-pollicaria, majora vix pollicem lata.
Flores fere R. grandiflorcs. Capsula 4-locularis.— Savannahs
at Anna-y. Schomburgk, n. 82. In some of the later sets
the specimens belong to a more hairy variety.

346. R. mmiodynama, DC. Prod. III. p. 107.— Moist
savannahs near Roreima. Schomburgk — Capsule 4-celled.

347. R. serrtdata, DC. Prod. III. p. 108?— French Guiana.
Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 75. — My specimen is not in flower,
but appears to be this plant.

300 schomburgk's guiana plants.

Gardner's n. 39 and 378, and Mathews n. 1273, 1276,
and 1316, belong to Rhynchanihera. Gardner's n. 381 is
Lavnisiera imbricata, (DC).

Tribe IV. Miconie^.

Numerous as are the American species in this one of the
best defined tribes, the great mass of them belong to two vast
genera, Ciidemia and Miconia, and even these are so near
together in all essential characters, that it becomes very diffi-
cult to define them positively; yet they are so naturally separ-
ated, that few species of either may not at the first glance
be referred to their proper genus. The only positive char-
acter appears to consist in the setae (often very small) which
croven the ovary in Ciidemia, and are wanting in Miconta.
But, in habit, the Clidemice are coarse plants, with rugose
leaves, and generally more or less covered, especially the in-
florescence and calyx, with rigid bristles or hairs, with or
without an admixture of stellate down ; whilst the Miconi<^
have usually the upper side of the leaf smooth, and the under
side, the stems and inflorescence, either smooth or covered
with a close, short, somewhat farinaceous or floccose,or stellate
down, the stems very seldom clothed with long soft hairs.
The inflorescence of Ciidemia is axillary or terminal, inc
flowers few and sessile, or numerous and paniculate ; in io*^*'"
nia it is always terminal and paniculate. The teeth of the
calyx in Ciidemia are frequently subulate ; never perhaps in
Miconia. The petals and stamens are nearly the same m
both, and the fruit in both is equally variable in the number
of cells from three to five, but it is usually more fleshy or
pulpy in Ciidemia than in Miconia.

The limitation, however, between these two genera ana
some of those separated from them is not so easy. Martius
has already shown that Tschudya and Sagreea must be united
with Ciidemia, in many species of which the number of parts
of the flower is variable. Leandra, it would appear, must
share the same fate ; for the duplication of the teeth of the
calyx is more or less observable in many C7tWfw»>, and

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 301

amongst the Leandra of De Candolle, there are species cor-
responding in habit to almost every section of Clidemia, I
am unacquainted with Myriaspora, which, according to all
accounts is very near Clidemia^ but has a ten-celled capsule ;
Heterostichum has also in many respects the habit of CUdemia,
but the ovary is said to be destitute of setae. The long lobes
of the calyx distinguish it from Miconia, as well as the habit.

The true Miconia are all described as having pentamerous
flowers, and I have not seen any that are not so. In Tetra-
^ygia and Osseea, they are tetramerous, the inflorescence being
terminal in Teirazygiat lateral in Ossceai and as these genera
"o not, as far as hitherto known, run into Miconia, they do
not appear objectionable, although distinguished by no other
characters than these which are recognised as unavailable in
the case of Clidemia. So it is also with Oxymeris, which is
separated from Miconia by the same character which marks
the Nianga in Clidemia^ the acute petals. Conostegia and
Cremaiiium possess more positive characters, the calyptriform
calyx in Conostegia, the biporose anthers in Cremanium (in-
cluding Cyathanthera, Pohl), and therefore these genera are
convenient, although not distinguishable in habit from Mi-
conia, and although some cases occur where there is a prac-
tical difficulty in ascertaining whether the anthers are in
fact prolonged or not, beyond the partition between their
cells.

The remaining American genera, mostly with larger
flowers, differ more from Miconia in appearance, notwith-
standing their somewhat vague character. Phyllopus and
Henriettea have very fleshy fruits, and the style hairy at the
base; Henriettea, with the inflorescence of Ossaa; Phyllopus
with a peculiar habit, and the anther almost of Tococa.
Tococa (including Calophysa?) has almost always the base of
the leaf, or the leaf-stalk swollen into one or two air-bladders,
and the flowers paniculate; where the bladders are wanting,
't may be known from Miconia by the habit, by the more
Completely adherent ovarium, usually crowned l\v a ciliate

302 schomburgk's guiana plants.

disk, and in most cases by the large anthers, which generally
acquire a peculiar greenish hue in drying. Maieta has the
bladders of Tococa^ with the habit of the sessile-flowered
ClidemiiB; Calycogonium is distinguished by the angular calyx,
but is unknown to me. Jucunda differs from all Miconiea by
the fruit, which, thougli fleshy and enclosed in the calyx, is
entirely free from it even from the time of flowering. Diplo-
chita has the habit oi Jucunda, but the fruit is perfectly ad-
herent as in Miconia, from which it is discriminated by the
calyx and inflorescence described below. Blakea, with bi-
porose anthers, differs from Cremanium in habit, in the bracteas,
polymerous flowers, connivent anthers, &c.

lam unacquainted with Lweya, and the East Indian genera
have been so lately and so well treated of by Blume, that it
is needless to advert to them here.

348. Jucunda tomentosa. Miconia tomentosa, DC. Pfod.
III. p, 183. Ovarium oblongum, etiam anthesi liberuin,
apice disco coronatum, triloculare. Fructus (immaturus)

subbaccatus, calyce inclusus, liber Barcellos on the R>o

Negro. Schomburgk, n. 929.

349. Diplochita Fothergilla, DC. Prod. III. P- l"^^'"
British Guiana, Schomburgk, n. 489. — The coloured bracts
vary much in size, and probably therefore, D. Jlorida (DC.)
is but a variety of this species.

350. D. hracteata, DC. Prod. III. p. 176 A single speci-
men, found during Schomburgk's last expedition from British
Guiana to the Rio Negro.

351. D. Swartziana, DC. Prod. III. p. 176.— French
Guiana. Leprieur.

352. ly.parviflora {^ip.n.); ramulis subcompressis tereti-
busve,inflorescentiapetiolisfoliisquesubtustomentobrevissitno
rufescentibus, foliis petiolatis ovatis acuminatis integerrimis
basi rotundatis 5-nerviis supra glaberrimis, panicula multiflora»

^bracteis lineari-oblongis deciduis, calycibus anguste urceolatis
tomentosis obtuse dentatis, fructiferis globosis— Frutex 18-
pedalis. Folia magnitudine fere D. Fothergilla, sed supra

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 303

laevia. Rami paniculae ad quemquam nodum 7 — U. Bracteae
calyce breviores. Calyx florifer vix 2 lin. longus. — British
Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 483.

I do not hesitate to place the above plant in Diplochita,
although its bracteae are much smaller than in the other
species. The essential character appears to reside in the
calyx, which is narrow-urceolate, with five very short simple
teeth, in the larger and more pointed anthers, and in the
inflorescence. The rachis of the panicle is compressed at
each ramification, where it emits from the same point, five,
seven, or more branches, not verticillate, but diverging in
one plane like a fan. In several Miconice, it is true, such an
arrangement may be seen to a certain degree in one or two
of the primary ramifications; but in Diplochita it is carried
through, even to the arrangement of the ultimate pedicels.

Miconia astrolasia, DC. { Melastoma astrolasion, Spreng,)
'rom the description may possibly be a Diplochita. On the
other hand, Diplochita mucronata, (DC.) judging from a
orazilian specimen in fruit which answers precisely to Bonp-
•and's figure, is a species of Jucunda resembling much Diplo-
cnita Swartziana in appearance; but with a very different
'•"uit, it being entirely free from the calyx.

353. Tococa (Epiphysca) subnuda (sp. n.); ramulis glabris
tiudis, fojiis subaequalibus oblongis longe acuminatis ciliatis
subglabris in limbo ipso vesiciferis v. superioribusplanis, thyrso
laxo multifloro, calycis glabri tubo oblongo basi longe at-
tenuata dentibus brevibus latis brevissime acuminatis nudis,
petalis obovato-oblongis staminibus parum brevioribus,
ovario triloculari disco nudo coronato, stigmate subpeltato. —
Habitus T. coronatcB. Folia interdum fere pedalia 2^ — 3|
Poh. lata. VesicEE sajpe parvse aut nullae. Petiolus ultra pol-
licaris, vix ciliatus. Calyx 6 lin. longus. Filamenta 4 lin.,
antheras 3 lin. longce. Petala rosea — On the Essequibo,
Schomburgk, n. 288.

354. T. (Epiphysca) coronata (sp. n.) ; ramulis glabris
nudis, foliis consimilibus ovato-oblongis ellipticisve acuminatis
"largine subcilialb supra rarissixne setosis, subtus ad nervos

304 schomburgk's guiana plants.

rufo-pubescentibus, caeterum glaberrimis in limbo ipso vesici-
feris, calycis tubo oblongo dentibus brevibus latis abrupte et
longiuscule acuminatis vix ciliatis, petalis obovato-oblongis
stamina subaquantibus, ovario triloculari disco brevi longius-
cule ciliato coronato, stigmate peltato Folia6-10-poll.longa,

uti tota planta fere glabra. Calyx florifer 4 lin.longus, post
anthesin parum longior, fere infundibuliformis. Petala
rosea.— British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 980. — In some sets,
under the same number, there is a variety, or probably a dis-
tinct species, with longer leaves, shorter teeth to the calyx,
and the disk of the ovary more prominent; and in other sets
again is the following species : —

355. T. {Epiphysca) truncata (sp. n.); ramulis glabris
nudis, foliis ovatis v. ovato-lanceolatis longe acuminatis basl
subcordatis glabris nudis v. vix ciliatis, nunc subaequalibus
omnibus in limbo ipso vesiciferis, nunc folio altero minore
piano v. vix vesicifero, calycis glabri tubo obovoideo turbinate,
limbo truncato obscure dentato dentibus brevissime mucron-
atis, petalis obovatis, staminibus brevioribus, ovario triloculari
disco cupulato ciliato coronato, stigmate subpeltato.— Folia
4-6-pollicaria. Calyx 3 lin. v. vix 3^ lin. longus, fructifer
urceolatus. — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 980, in some
sets.

In the above three species the bladders of the leaves are
placed at the base of the limb itself; in the three following, as
well as in T.formicaria and bullifera, (Mart.), T. Guianensis,
(Aubl.) the n. J306 of Mathews from Peru, which is a new
species, and in another new Brazilian species differing from
T.formicaria by the cordate leaves and trilocular ovary, the
bladder is on the petiole, and in my specimen of T. planifolia
I see no trace of any bladder, which authorizes the division
of this curious genus into three sections, Epiphysca, Hypo-
physca and Anaphysca. The T. macrosperma (Mart.) may
form a distinct section, for which he proposes the name of
Myrmidoni; but scarcely a genus, as the ovary is trilocular in
so many Tococ<p, Perhaps also Calophysa (DC.) would be
better considered as a mere section of Tococa.

SCHOMBURGk's GUIANA PLANTS, 305

356. T. {Hypophysca) aiistata (sp. n.) ; ramulis seto-
sis, foliis parum injequalibus oblongo-ellipticis acuminatis
basi angustatis utrinque setosis membranaceis, petiolis setoso-
liispidis, omnibus apice vesiciferis, calyce breviter turbinato
setoso, dentibus ovatis longe aristatis, petalis obovatis stamina
subaequantibus, ovario triloculari disco brevissimo nudo coro-
nato, stigmale magno subinfundibuliformi peltato. — Sides
of creeks, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 458.

357. T. (Hypophysca) harbata (sp. n.); ramulis sub-
cotnpressis sub foliis linea decurrente petiolisque longe bav-
batis, foliis disparibus ovatis v. ovali-oblongis acuminatis
aristatis supra vix setosis niargine ciliatis subtus ad venas
nirsutis subbarbatis, majorum petiolo vesicifero minoruni
nudo, calycis tubo ovate subsetoso limbo breviter et obtuse
dentato longe ciliato, petalis staminibus parum brevioribus
obovatis, stigm ate peltato, ovario (triloculari?) disco cupulato
cuiato coronato. — Folia majora (exteriora v. inferiora) 4-8
poll, longa, minora (interiora v. superiora) 2-4 poll. Petala
rosea. Filamenta 3 lin. longa. Antherse iis sequilonga. —
"edrero, Schomburgk, n. 887. The ovary is much pressed
in my specimen, but seems to be three-celled. The very pro-
minent placentae in some Tococcb appear at first sight almost
to divide each cell into two.

358. T. (Hypophysca) Roreimi, (sp. n.) ; ramulis com-
press©- tetragon is, foliis disparibus ovatis abrupte acumin-
atis supra sparse margine petiolisque setosis, venis subtus
"Tsutis, majorum petiolo apice vesicifero minorum nudo,
calycis tubo obovoideo-turbinato limbo brevissime et obtuse
uentato subciliato, petalis staminibus dimidio brevioribus
orbiculatis, stylo crasso, stigmate vix dilatato, ovario triloculari
disco cupulato ciliato coronato. — Folia majora 3-5 poll.,
minora 2-3 poll, longa, venis subtus valde prominentibus.
Vesicae 6-8 lin. longae, parce setosse. Calyx 2^ lin. Petala
rosea. Filamenta 2 lin. longa. Antherae paullo longiores —
Mount Roreima, Schomburgk.

359. T. (Anaphysca) planifolia (sp. n.); ramulis gla-
""s nudis, foliis subaequalibus lanceolato-oblongis v. ovato-

Vol. H._No. 14. 2 R

306 schomburgk's guiana plants.

lanceolatis acuminatis minute ciliatis glabris, vesicis nullis,
calycis glabritubo obovoideo-turbinato limbo truncate obscure
dentato, ovario disco brevissimo nudo, stigmate late capitato
subpeltato. — Very near in habit and flowers to T. truncatas
but there appear never to be any bladders to the leaves, at
least in my specimen ; the leaves are also narrower, and disk
of the ovary much shorter Pedrero, Schomburgk.

360. Phyllopus Martii, DC. Prod. lU. p. 177 — Sand-
banks of the Rio Negro. Schomburgk, n. 960 This agrees

precisely with De Candolle's description, except that the in-
florescence, in some specimens, is more developed, and the
leafy bracteae very variable. The ovary is remarkably fleshy
and adherent, and the anthers (like those of Tbcoca) uniporous,
as stated by De Candolle. Martius, on the other hand,
describes and figures the cells of the anthers as truncate, and
consequently biporose, with the connectivum projecting in
the form of a point beyond the cells. May not this be a
case similar to those in which Bonpland was deceived, as shown
by De Candolle, or even De Candolle himself, as pointed out
by Chamisso in the case of Ernestia, from the tops of all the
anthersinthe flower examined having been eaten off by insects?

361. Henriettea ^ccosa, DC. Prod. III. p. 178?— Folia
majora semipedalia. Calyces juniores anguste urceolati, rufo-
hispidi, fructiferi ovato-globosi fere glabri, basi ovario toto
adnati. Petala nonnisi medio velutina. Vix tamen a planta
Aubletiana speciatim distincta est. — British Guiana, Schom-
burgk, n. 403.

362. Clidemia {Sessiliflons) rubral Mart. Nov. Gen. Ill- P'
152, t. 281.— British Guiana, Schomburgk, n. 643. French
Guiana, Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 86. Panama. Cuming, n.
1259.

/3. cordifolia, foliis latioribus basi plus minusve cordatis 7-
nerviis.— British Guiana, Schomburgk.

363. C. {Sessiliflora) petiolata, DC. Prod. III. P- l^''
— French Guiana, Leprieur.

Gardner's n. 1606 belongs to the same group of Sessilijiora
as the foregoing, so also Leandra angustifoHa, DC.

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 307

A second group, which may be called Axillares^ compre-
hends the greater number of De Candolle's Sagrats and a few
of his ClidemicB, with really axillary pedicellated flowers,
amongst which are Gardner's nos. 35, 36, and 42, and Cum-
ing's 1173. The remainder of De Candolle's axillary Cli-
demicB would be better termed LateraleSy the inflorescence,
though in fact terminal, becoming immediately lateral by the
speedy development of one of the upper lateral shoots. To
this group belongs Gardner's n. 34.

364. C. {Laterales) capitata (sp. n.) ; ramis subtere-
tibus pilis purpurascentibus strigoso-hirsutissimis, foliis
breviter petiolatis ovatis v. ovato-lanceolatis basi subcordatis
3-5-nerviis setis supra rigidis infra mollioribus hirsutissimis,
florum capitulis densis hemisphaericis pedunculatis solitariis
terminalibus demum lateralibus, bracteis imbricatis exteriori-
hus omnibusve flores superantibus. — Species distinctissima.
Folia 1-2-polIicaria. Florum capitula fere Compositarum v.
Ruhiacearum capitatarum. Bracteae lato-lanceolatae interiores
calyces amplectentes. Flores omnino ClidemicB pentameri.
v^alyces hirsutissimi, laciniae e basi lanceolata subulata?, intus
breviter duplicatae. Petala ovali-oblonga obtusa. Ovarium
uisco coronatum cupuliformi apice setis glanduliferis ciliato.
Antherae basi obtusae. Bacca junior 3-locularis. — Mount
Roreima. Schomburgk.

365. C. {Laterales) elegans, Don, DC. Prod. III. p.
^^'^' — On the Essequibo, Schomburgk, n. 5.

366. C. {Laterales) spicata, DC. Prod. III. p. 169.—
French Guiana, Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 73.— The teeth of
the calyx are very slightly duplicate.

367. C. {Laterales) umbonata, DC. Prod. III. p. 159?

— Habitus C. spicata. Flores 5-6-meri. Calyces in
geiiere majusculi, hispidissimi, laciniis subulatis tubo suba-
quilongis intus basi membrana brevi ovata auctis. Petala
oblonga. Ovarium 5-loculare apice glanduloso-setosum.
Bacca dense pulposa. — Near Mount Roreima. Schomburgk.

— Possibly a new species.

3<^8 schomburgk's guiana plants.

368. C. (Laierales) pusfulata, DC. Prod. 111. p. 159.—
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 497.

369. C. (Paniculatce) rariflara (sp. n.); ramis e cora-
presso teretibus, petiolis inflorescentiaque pube laxa de-
cidua et setis brevibus glanduliferis vestitis demum saepe
glabratis, foliis petiolatis lato-ovatis acuminatis denticulalis
ciliatis basi late cordatis 5-9-nerviis supra bullulatis v. sub-
planis utrinque sparse setulosis membranaceis, paniculis ter-
minalibus opposite ramosis divaricatis, floribus parvis paucis,
calycibus tomentosis et glanduloso-setosis dentibus abbre-
viatis.— AflSnis Tschudya rufescentiy (DC.) sed folia latiora
plurinervia. Bacca 5-locularis. Semina ClidemicB elegantis.
— British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 402.

This species, with four or five W. Indian ones in my her-
barium, have the habit attributed to Tschudya; but I have
never found the remarkable point to the seed, figured by De
Candolle. At any rate the seeds of Clidemia are too variable
in form, especially when dried before maturity, for me not
to agree with Martins in uniting Tschudya with Clidemia.

370. C. {Paniculatce) campestris (sp. n.) ; ramis sub-
teretibus inflorescentia foliisque subtus tomento rufo stellato
obtectis, foliis petiolatis lanceolato-ovatis acutis basi subcor-
datis 5-7-nerviis margine minute serrulatis, junioribus ciliatis
supra rugosis pube stellato scabris, panicula terminali divari-
cata, ramis vix setulosis, floribus ad apices ramorum subterna-
tim approximatis, calycibus ovatis rufo-tomentosis dentibus

brevibus ovatis obtusis dorso breviter mucronatis Frutex

4-5-pedalis. Rami paniculae oppositi divaricati nunc apice
3-5-flori, floribus omnibus sessilibus, nunc umbellati, flore
centrali sessili, ramis lateralibus apice 1-3-floris. Tomentuin
floccosum. Folia 3-4-pollicaria subpustulata. Flores penta-
meri albi. Caiycis dentes subduplicati, exteriores brevissimi,
interiores obovati. Ovarium ultra medium adnatum, apice
breviter hispidum, 5-loculare.— Moist Savannahs, British

Gmana. Schomburgk, n. 478 This is evidently near

Leandra dubia (DC), but specifically different.

/'«W''i/?wo; floribus panels densius psniculatis v. glome-

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 309

ratisjsetis v. nisi in ovario subnullis. — British Guiana. Schom-
l)urgkj n. 961. — Some of the specimens come very near to
Melastoma biglomeratum (Bon pi.) placed by De Candolle in
^iconia, but which appears rather to be a Clidemia.

371. C. {Paniculatoe) radulcefolia (sp. n.) ; ramis tere-
tibus, petiolis inflorescentiaque setis confertis subadpressis
dense hirsutis, foliis oblongis acuminatis vix serrulatis basi
angustatis 3-5-nerviis, nervis superioribus a basi distantibus,
supra strigis brevibus densis e pustula ortis asperrimis, sub-
tus hirsutis, paniculse terminalis ramis oppositis apice flores
confertos gerentibus bracteis ovato-orbiculatis intermixtis. —
Affinis ex descr. C. bracteatce^ mutabili et lappacece. Folia
4-6-poll. longa. Bractese calyce dimidio breviores, extus
seioso-hispidissimae, intus glabrae. Flores 5-meri. Calyces
setoso-hispidissimi, dentibus brevibus duplicatis, interioribus
obovatis membranaceis, exterioribus setosis. Petala oblongo-
spathulata. Stigma obtusum. — British Guiana, (Expedition
to the Rio Negro). Schomburgk, n. 998.

3T2. C. (Paniculaice) desmantka (sp. n.); ramulis sub-
teretibus paniculisque tomento rufo steilato subfloccoso den-
so obtectis setisque paucis hinc inde inunitis, foliis breviter
petiolatis oblongis acuminatis subintegerrimis basi rotundatis
areolato-rugosis utrinque preesertim subtus pube stellata de-
niutn evanida tomentellis, paniculse ramis paucis oppositis,
"oribus parvis dense globoso-glomeratis, calycibus demum
glabratis dentibus brevissimis subduplicatis, ovario breviter
'idnato steilato setoso.— Folia 3-5-poll. longa. Bractea?
J'neari-lanceolatae rufo-tomentosffi demum in glomerulis
florum reconditae. Calyces vix lineam longi. Setarum fasci-
culi in ovario numerosi seriati. Loculi ovarii 5. Fructus
non vidi.—Pedrero. Schomburgk, n. 884.

Gardner's n. 223, 384, and 387, and Cuming's n. 1258,
are ClidemicE, of the group of PaniculatcB^ to which I should
also refer Leandra sylvestris (DC.) and other Leandrcs with
paniculate flowers and small bracts. L. involucrata (DC), L.
vdlosa, DC. (to which belong Gardner's 382 and 383), L.
scabra (DC), and a few others, may be considered as form-

310 schomburgk's guiana plants.

ing a fifth group of ClidemicB, with paniculate flowers and
large imbricate bracts. These InvolucraJUE have also generally
the teeth of the calyx much more duplicate than in the
greater number of the Clidemia,

The NiangcB (of DC.) form a very natural section, to which
I should refer Gardner's n. 38, 385 and 386, Cuming's n.
1180, and Mathews n. 1718.

The Secundiflorce (among which is included Gardner's n.
1607), especially the two following species, are in many
respects nearer to Miconia than to Clidemia; although, on
account of their rigid hairs, and especially the setae on the
ovary, I have thought it safer to leave them in Clidemia.

373. C. ? {Secundiflorte) miconioides, (sp. n.) ; ramis
teretibus inflorescentia petiolisque pilis rufis patentibus hir-
sutissimis, foliis breviter petiolatis ovali-oblongis v, lanceo-
lato-ovatis acuminatis plerisque denticulatis margine ciliatis
basi rotundatis 3-5-nerviis, supra glaberrimis v. marginem
versus sparse set ulosis, subtus praesertimad venas rufo-hirsutis,
paniculae terminalis v. demum lateralis ramis oppositis 2-3-
furcatis, floribus sessilibus secundis. — Folia 3-6-poll. longa,
membranacea. Bracteae parvae. Flores parvi 5-meri. Calyx
hispidus ovatus, dentibus ut in Miconiis membrana interna
subcontinua auctis. Petala ovato-oblonga, obtusa, patentia.
Antherae longiuscule rostratse, basi biauriculatae. Ovarium
setarum annulo coronatum, semi-adhserens. Stigma pel-
taium. Baccaexsicca, trilocularis. — Pirarosa. Schomburgk,
n. 739. His n. 8, in some of the earlier sets, appears to be
the same plant with the inflorescence less developed. In the
later sets, n. 8 is Miconia rubiffinosa.

374. C. ? {Secundijlorce) maculata (sp. n.); ramis tere-
tibus, foliis utrinque inflorescentia calycibusque pilis rigidis
patentibus hirsutis pube brevissima stellata plus minusve in-
lerraixta, foliis breviter petiolatis oblongo-ovatis obtuse
acuminatis basi rotundatis 5-nerviis margine saepius den talis,
paniculae terminalis ramis oppositis apice divaricato-ramosis
sessilibus secundis glomeratisve.— Folia 3-4 poll, longa,
rugosa. Bractcse parvae. Flores fere pra?cedentis parvi

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 311

5-meri, Denies calycini subsimplices, brevissinii. Petala
lato-ovata, brevia, flavescentia, macula fusca notata. Ovarium
triloculare disco coronatum apice brevissime nonnunquam
vix conspicue setosum. Stigma peltatum. Bacca subex-
sicca, trilocularis. — British Guiana, (Expedition to the Rio
Negro). Schomburgk.

375. Miconia [Leiosphceria) eriopoda (sp. n.); ramulis
obtuse tetragonis glabris, junioribus ad nodos petiolisque
supra rufo-lanatis, foliis breviter petiolatis ovatis acuminatis
crenulatis ciliatis basi subcordatis 5-nerviis membranaceis
utnnque sparse setosis, paniculae divaricatas rarais subfloccosis,

flonbus sessilibus glomeratis Folia 3-4 poll.longa, utrinque

viridia. Bracteae parvae ovatae. Calyces ovoidei, virides,
laves V. vix minute et sparse setulosi, dentibus 5 brevissimis
membrana brevi subcontinua intus auctis. Stigma subcapi-
taium. Ovarium disco glaberrimo coronatum. — British
Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 493.— This species connects the
ChdemicB maculata and miconioides with the sections Leio-
iphxBria of Miconia.

376. M. {LeiosphcBria) ciliata, DC. Prod. Ill, p. 179.
—British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 418. French Guiana.
Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 34.

377. M. {Leiosphcerid) racemosa, DC. Prod. III. p. 179.
—French Guiana. Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 70. — These two
*re perhaps mere varieties of one species.

378. M. {Eriosphceria) aplostachyuy DC. Prod. III. p. 183.
—British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 871.

Gardner's n. 1006 from Pernambuco is a new species
a'lJed to this one, but with larger flowers and large broad
leaves.

379. M. {Eriosphceria) fallax, DC. Prod. III. p. 181.—
Flowers larger and more condensed than in M. holosericea.
—British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 613, also in a few sets,
1063.— Ceara, Gardner, n. 1605.

380. M. {EriosphcBria) holosericea, DC. Prod. III. p. 181.
"—British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 1063, in most sets.
French Guiana. Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 71. Alagoas,

312 schomburgk's guiana plants.

Gardner, n. 1289. Ceara, Gardner, n. 1604. Peru, Mathews,
n. 1296, and in almost every Brazilian collection.

Var. obtusifoHa. British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 259.

381. M. {Eriosphceria) argyrophylla, DC. Prod. III. p-
181. — Leaves larger and broader than in M. holosericea ; in-
florescence much less branched; flowers rather smaller, secund.
— Pedrero, Schomburgk, n. 925.

382 — M. {Eriosphceria) Schomburgkii (sp. n.); ramulis
compressis petiolis inflorescentia foliisque subtus pube
brevissima subnitente fulvis, foliis petiolatis amplis ovatis
ellipticisve acuminatis integerrimis basi rotundatis 3-5-nerviis
supra glabris, thyrso paniculato terminali, ramis oppositis,
floribus sessilibus secundis, calycibus campanulatis striatis. —
Folia fere Diplochitce, inflorescentia et flores omnino Micoma.
Calyces 1 lin. longi. Petala parva obovata. Antherae
graciles obtusiusculae vix rostrataeunlporosEe. — Rio Padawire,
Schomburgk, n. 1020.

383. M. (Eriosphceria) rubiginosa, DC. Prod. III. /?• 183.
British Guiana, Schomburgk, a single specimen from R">
Parime, also n. 8 in some of the latter sets.

384. M. {Eriosphceria) macrothyrsa (sp. n.); ramis sub-
teretibus inflorescentia nervisque foliorum paginae inferioris
tomento denso rufo subfloccoso obtectis, foliis brevissime
petiolatis lato-ovatis superne denticulatis basi cordatis 7-
nerviis supra margineque junioribus hispidulis subsetosis,
adultis glabratis leevibus, subtus tomento brevi denso albido-
rufis, thyrso elongate, ramis oppositis brevibus, floribus
sessilibus seriatis subcongestis, calycibus dense rufo-tomentosis-
— Folia 4-6-pollicaria. Alabastra subglobosa. Calyces
florigeri ovati 1^ lin. longi, dentibus brevibus ovatis, mem-
brana interna vix conspicua. Antherarum auriculae majus-
culae. Stylus longe exsertus. Ovarii discus cupulatus, setis
nullis, loculi tres. Savannahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk*
n. 398.

385. M. {Eriosphceria) rufescens, DC. Prod. III. P- '^^'
—Savannahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 393.— The
same species occurs in Mathews' Moyabamba collection.

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 313

Gardner's nos. 183, 391, and 395, and Malhevvis' nos.
1263, 1299, and 1305, belong to the section EriospJmria.
Cuming's n. 1291, is a new species of the section Eumiconia
belonging to the group o^ SessilifolicB.

386. M.? {Eumiconia) nitens (sp . xi.) ', glaberrima, ramulis
teretibus v. junior ibus compressis, foliis petiolatis ovato-
oblongis V. sublanceolatis obtusis rarius acutiusculis coriaceis
mtegerrimis, praster nervulum marginalem trinerviis, supra
lucidis, paniculse terminalis ramulis oppositis brevibus crassis

paucifloris, calycis dentibus brevissimis, ovario triloculari

This comes very near to De Candolle's character of M.
Martiana {Prod. III. p. 186) ; but the leaves, which are 3-4
inches long, are more of an oblong than a lanceolate form,
and almost always blunt. The branches of the panicle are
thick, as short or shorter than the calyx, and bear from three
to five flowers, nearly as large as, and with something of the
appearance of those of Tococa. The young fruit adheres
above the middle to the thick fleshy calyx, and is surmounted
hy a remarkably large fleshy convex umbo. — Sandstone
legions, British Guiana. Schomburgk.

387. M. {Eumiconia) alata, DC. Prod. III. p. 184.—
Fructus, ut in icone Aubletiana, trilocularem video. — Rocky
wastes, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 635.

388. M. {Eumic(mia) revduta (sp. n.) ; ramulis compressis
inflorescentia petiolisque pube subfurfuracea rufescentibus,
foliis petiolatis ovali-ellipticis acuminatis integerrimis mar-
gine revolutis basi angustatis 5-nerviis, nervis marginalibus
in petiolum decurrentibus, subcoriaceis supra pube minuta
stellaia scabriusculis, subtus pube pulveracea decidua
rufescentibus demura glabratis, panicula divaricata, floribus
subsessilibus irregulariter congestis, calycibus extus rufo-
pulveraceis, dentibus minimis ovatis obtusis. — Leaves three
'o four inches long, remarkably stiff. — British Guiana.
Schomburgk, n. 1061.

389. M. {Eumiconia) brevipes (sp. n.); ramulis e tetragone
teretibus inflorescentia petiolisque pube fiirfuracea rufescen-
libus, foliis breve petiolatis oblongo-ellipticis v. lanceolato-

Vol. II.— No. 14. 2 s

314 schomburgk's guiana plants.

ovatis acuminatis basi rotundatis subcordatisve 5-neivii»
glabris v. junioribus pube tenui floccosa praesertim subtus
conspersis, paniculsB terminalis ramulis divaricatis floribusque
subfasciculatis, calycibus pube stellata decidua conspersis
dentibus brevibus ovatis. — Affinis M. Guayaquilensi sed folia
minora angustiora brevius petiolata, Acres minores. Antherae
obtusae uniporosse. — Savannahs on the skirts of woods,
British Guiana. Schomburgk.

390. M. {Eumiconia) pteropoda (sp. n.) ; ramulis e com-
presso-teretibus inflorescentia petiolisque pube brevissima
subpulveracea canescentibus, foliis breviter petiolatis amplis
ovato-ellipticis acuminatis subrepandis basi rotundatis et in
petiolum longe decurrentibus supra basin quintuplinerviis,
superne minute punctato-puberulisglabrisve subtus ad nervos
pulveraceis demum glabratis, panicula laxa divaricata, flori-
bus sessilibusglomeratis, calycibus ovato-urceolatis subcostatis

pulveraceo-tomentosis, dentibus brevibus obtusis Folia saepe

disparia, majora 6-8 poll, longa. Flores mediocres.— British
Guiana. Schomburgk.

391. M. {Eumiconia) collina, DC. Prod. III. p. 185.—
French Guiana. Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 72.— The Mela^
stoma IcEvigata, figured by Aublet {PL Guian. t 139)» a°^
referred by De Candolle to Miconia microcarpOf appears to
be the same as the plant before me, which agrees precisely
with the Porto. rico specimens upon which M. collina was
founded.

392. M. {Eumiconia) myriantha; ramulis e compresso-
teretibus inflorescentia petiolis nervisque subtus tomento
brevissimo subfurfuraceo demum deciduo rufescentibus, folns
petiolatis oblongis longe et anguste acuminatis integerrimis
3-5-nerviis basi obtusis subtus vix tomento tenuissimo pallidis
glabrisve supra glabris, panicula multiflora laxiuscula, calycis
tubo ovato-globoso subfurfuraceo ecostato, limbi decidui
dentibus brevissimis acutiusculis. — Evidently near M. *"^
phylla (DC.) It also resembles in habit the Cremaniutn
minutiflorum, and some Brazilian CA««o/?/e«rt». — British
Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 507.

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 315

Gardner's nos. 394, 402, and 1010, (the same species as
37,) and Mathew's nos. 1265, 1268, 1298, 1302, 17*20, and
1724, appear to be all referrible to Eumiconia. Gardner's
nos. 393 and 397 belong to Oxymeris; 396 and 1602 of the
same collector, and several of Mathews' seem to be Cremania;
but the distinction in these cases between the uniporose and
biporose anthers is so nice, as to be scarcely determinable
from dried specimens. Cuming's n. 1257 is a Conostegia,

Tribe V. CHARiANTHEiE.

There are but two American genera known in this tribe ;
Charianthus, which bears handsome tetramerous, purple or
red flowers in loose somewhat corymbose panicles; and CheenO'
pleura^ with a habit so exactly that of several Miconi<s, as only
to be recognisable by the inspection of the anthers.

393. Chcenopleura hypoleuca (sp. n.) ; ramulis compressis
mflorescentia petiolisque tomento brevissimo denso-albidis v.
subrufescentibus, foliis amplisovatisellipticisve breviteracumi-
natismarginesubdentatis basi rotundatis 5-nerviis subcoriaceis
adultis supra glabris subtus tomento denso albis subrufidisve,
panicula terrainali, rarais divaricatis trichotomis — Frutex.
Folia 6-10 poll, longa, juniora supra tomento cito deciduo
obtecta. Flores numerosi. Calyx floriger ovato-turbinatus
I lin. longus brevissime 5-dentatus, extus albo-tomentosus,
fructifer globosus 1 lin. longus. Petala 5 ovata, calyce
duplo longiora. Stamina 10. Antherae ovatae, loculis rima
longjtudinali dehiscentibus, connectivo basi elongato, cum
'i'amento subcontinuo brevissime biauriculato. Ovarium
adnatum, disco dentato coronatum. Fructus subsiccus in-
tlehiscens, calyci adnatus, 4-5-locularis. Semina trihedra,

hilo lineari British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 392; also

Panama. Cuming, n. 1271.

Gardner's n. 399, 400, and 401 from the Organ Moun-
tains, and Mathews' n. 1291 from Peru, are so many new
species of Chtenopleiira.

316 schoivjburgk's guiana plants.

MOURIRIACE^.

' 394. Mouriria Guianensis, Auhl. — DC. Prod. III. p. 7.—
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 201.

395. M. brevipes. Hook. Journ. Bot. II. p. 24.-— British
Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 690.

LYTHRARIEiE.

396. Cuphea Melvilla, Lindl.—DC. Prod. III.J9. 84.-
British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 815.

397. C. rigidula (sp. n.) ; fruticosa, ramulis dense et rigide
hispidis, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis utrinque angustatis supra
adpresse strigosis subtus glabris v. ad nerves et margine longe
ciliatis, floralibus parvis ovatis bracteseformibus, racerais
terminalibus flexuosis dichotome ramosis hispidis, flonbus
breviter pedicellatis, calyce postice breviter et obtuse calca-
rato, petalis sex parum inaequalibus, staminibus U inclusis,
filanientis basi pilosis, ovulis circa 10. — Forte C. parviflor<^
(Hook.) affinis, at foliis et inflorescentia diversa. Flores
parvi. Calyx per anthesin 2 lin., fructifer 3 lin. longus.
Petala 2 ungue intense colorato lamina vix breviora, 4 ob-
longa concoloria breviter unguiculata.

398. C. micrantha, Humb. et Kunth DC. Prod. III. P-

83 Savannahs, Pirarara. Schomburgk, n. 808. French

Guiana. Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 67.

399. C. antisiphylitica, Humb. et Kunth DC. Prod. HI-

p. 87.— British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 77, and in some sets
n. 617 — /3. acutifolia, foliis acutissimis basi subcordatis.
Moist savannahs of the Upper Rupunoony. Schomburgk.

ONAGRARIE^.

400. Jussisea affinis. DC Prod. III. p. 53.— On the Esse-
quibo and Rupunoony, Schomburgk, n. 308.

401. J. octonervia, Lam. DC. Prod. III. p. 57.--French
Guiana, Leprieur, Herb. Par. n. 91.

402. J. acuminata, Sw DC. Prod. III. p. 54 — On the

Quitaro. Schomburgk, n. 570. French Guiana, Leprieur.

SCHOMBURGk's GUIANA PLANTS. 317

Herb. Par. n. 90 It is also Gardner's n. 998, from Per-

nambuco, and occurs in several West Indian and North
Brazilian collections.

403. J. nervosa^ Poir. — DC. Prod. III. p. 56. — Swampy
savannahs, British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 438, and in
some of the later sets n. 61. In the earlier sets, Schom-
burgk's n. 61 is a much narrower-leaved variety or allied
species, with the same flowers and fruit as in the more com-
mon J. nervosa; possibly it may be J. MaypurensiSy {Humb.
et Kmth.)

404. J. latifolia (sp. n.); herbacea, glabra, foliis ovaiis
utrinque acuminatis brevibus petiolatis, floribus breviter
pedicellatis, bracteis minutis v. nuUis, calycis tubo ovoideo
subangulato, laciniis 4 lato-lanceolatis petala superantibus.

Capsula ovoidea 5 lin. longa, apice constricta nee, ut in
speciebus brachycarpis plerisque, turbinata. — British Guiana.
Schomburgk.

MYRTACEiE.

405. Psidium polycarpon; ramulis hirsutis subcompressis,
foliis petiolatis obovatis oblongisve obtusis v. vix acuminatis
basi cuneatis utrinque pubescentibus, pube subtus sericea
demum velutina, pedunculis axillaribus trifloris calycibusque
villosis, ovario ovoideo alabastro obtusissimo, calycis limbo
demum 5-partito coriaceo. — P. polycarpon^ Lamb. Act. Soc.
Linn. XI. p. 231. DC. Prod. III. p. 235.— Folia 3— 4.polli-
ca>'ia, nunc obtusissima, nunc fere acuta. Pedunculi 6 — 10 lin.
longi. Bracteolae anguste lineari-lanceolatae. Calycis laciniec
obtusissimae. Ovarium 4—5 loculare. — Arid savannahs near
Pirarara on the Rupunoony. Schomburgk, n. 636; also
Panama, Cuming, n. 1273.-^This species is evidently allied
to P. pomi/erum, and to P. pyriferum; but is much more
downy, and the buds are remarkably obtuse, whereas they
appear to be always more or less pointed in the two others.
It differs from De CandoUe's character of P. hians, by the
peduncles being always three-flowered, though sometimes
accompanied by a second one-flowcied pedictl from the same

318 schomburgk's guiana plants.

axilla, and by the leaves which are generally cuneate at the
base, and from that author's character of P. rufum^ by the in-
florescence. Judging by an old cultivated specimen with-
out a name, I suspect this may be the P.fragrans of garden
catalogues, which I do not however find described. The nos.
1021 and 1609 of Gardner's collection, and a Bahia specimen
from Salzmann, are very much like the P. polycarpon^ but
the flowers are rather larger and the bud less obtuse.

406. P. pyriferuniy Linn. — DC. Prod. III. >. 233, var.
glabrum — British Guiana. Schomburgk.

407. P. aromaticum, Aubl~DC. 'Prod. III. p. 233.—
Folia ut in icone Aubletiana {t. 191), eroso-denliculata.—
British Guiana. Schomburgk.

408. P. turbiniflorum, Mart, in DC. Prod. III. p. 234?—
Folia demum glabrata. Pedicelli solitarii v. bini, longi-
tudine variabiles, saepe vix 4 lin. longi. Bracteolae linearis
subulatse. Csetera omnia ut in diagnosi Candolleana. Fnic-

tus globosus 4—5 lin. diametro Savannahs of the Rupu-

noony. Schomburgk, n. 634.

409. P. ciliatum (sp. n.) ; ramulis subcompressis hirtellis,
foliis subsessilibus ovato-oblongis utrinque acuminatis rarius
basi obtusis utrinque glabris junioribus margine ciliatis,
pedunculis 1— 2-floris, ovario breviter turbinato, alabastro
depresso-globoso, calyce late 5-lobo ciliato demum profun-
dius fisso.— Frutex bipedalis. Folia I^ poll, longa. Pedi-
celli compressi 6_15-Iin. longi. Bracteolfe lanceolatse cili-
atfe. Calyces glabri.— Dry savannahs, British Guiana.
Schomburgk.

410. P. parviflorum (sp. n.) ; ramulis teretibus v. vix
tetragonis hirtellis demum glabratis, foliis subsessilibus ovali-
oblongis acutis v. obtusis basi obtusis cordatisve junioribus
utrinque puberulis, adultis supra glabris, pedunculis unifloris
liirtellis, ovario ovoideo, alabastro obtuso glabri usculo, calyce

demum inaequaliter fisso Folia l_li poll, longa. Pedun-

culi 6—8 lin.—On the Essequibo and Rupunoony. Schom-
burgk, n. 110.

4-1 1. P. nq7,n(in,m (-.p. n.) : ramuli<^ tnrtibu': liiifoHis

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 319

foliis sessilibus ovato-ellipticis obtusis basi cordatis utrinqiie
])iaesertim ad venas hirtellis, pedunculis unifloris hirtellis,
ovaiio oblongo-obovoideo striate, calyce irregulariter fisso. —
Folia et flores duplo majora quam in prsecedente. — Britisli
Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 191, under the name of the
Water Guava.

412. Campomanesia glabra (sp. n.) ; tota glabra, foliis
ovatis breviter acuminatis basi obtusis supra nitidis, pedun-
culis unifloris folio dimidio brevioribus, inferioribus aggre-
gatis aut ramosis. — Folia circa 3 poll, longa, 1^ poll. lata.
Calycis lobi late ovati obtusissimi in alabastro jam patentes,
sinu obtuso separati. Flores ampli. Stigma peltato-capita-
lum. Ovarium 4-loculare, loculis pluri-ovulatis. — On the
Essequibo. Schomburgk, n. 2.

413. Calyptranthes obtusa (sp. n.) ; tota glabra, foliis sub-
sessilibus ovatis obtusis basi rotundatis rarius subcordalis
junioribus pellucido-punctatis denium coriaceis opacis, pe-
tlunculis 1 — 3 terminalibus divaricato-ramosis, flore terminali
sessili, alabastro globoso obtusissimo. — C. Suzygio affiriis,
folia tamen latiora, sessiliflora, et alabastra non acuminata —
Tree of 30 feet hio^h, with very hard wood, known by the
name of Cowaco. — British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 486.

414. Caryophyllus aromaticus^ Linn, — French Guiana,
Herb. Par. n. 37.

415. Eugenia (GlomeratcB) divaricata (sp. n.) ; glabra,
foliis breviter petioiatis ovatis acuminatis basi rotundatis
pellucido-punctatis, venis crebris tenuibus juxta marginem
confluentibus, floribus axillaribus confertis breviter pedicel-
^3lis, bracteolis sub calyce orbiculatis in cupulam connatis,
calycis glabri lobis brevissimis orbiculatis ciliatis parum inag-
qualibus, « fructu oblongo."— Folia 2—21 poll, longa, 1—1}
poll. lata. Pedicelli vix 1 lin., calyx fere 2 lin. longi. Bacca,
teste Schomburgkio, niagnitudine fructus Olea.—On the Rio
^egro. Schomburgk, n. 958.— Probably near C. malpighi-
^des, DC.

416. E. {GlomeratcB) SaJzmanni (sp. n.) ; glabra v. in
pariibus junioribus vix puberula, foliis breviter petioiatis

320 schomburgk's guiana plants.

ovato-oblongis longe acuminatis basi rotundatis v. vix angus-
tads pellucido-punctatis, venis crebris tenuibus juxta mar-
ginem confluentibus, floribus axillaribus confertis subsessili-
bus, bracteis sub calyce orbiculatis brevissimis subconnatis,
calycis glabri lobis 4 brevibus orbiculatis vix ciliatis parum
inaequalibus, fructu parvo globoso. — Folia 1^ — 2^ poll,
longa. Flores multo minores quarn in praecedente. Bacca
(in specimine Salzmanniana) magnitudine Pisi communis. —
Affinis E.cas€arioidi,a qua diiFert petiolis longioribus, floribus
minoribus sessilioribus, bractearum forma; ab E. campes-
tri difFerre videtur foliis basi vix angustatis glabris tenuiori-
bus et longius acuminatis. An eadem ac E. campestris {?•
venulosa), Mart. Herb. Bras. p. 87. n. 55?— On the Rio
Branco. Schomburgk, n. 780. Also Bahia, Salzmann,
under the name oi Myrtus verticillata.

417. E. {Glomeratce) visfneafolia (sp. n.) ; glabra, foliis
brevissime petiolatis ovali-oblongis sublanceolatisve acumi-
natis acutisve margine subrevolutis basi rotundatis subcordatis
pellucido-punctatis subcoriaceis, venis crebris tenuibus prope
marginem confluentibus, floribus axillaribus confertis subses-
silibus, bracteolis sub calyce brevissimis, calycis glabri lobis
4 orbiculatis vix ciliatis. — Folia 3-4 poll, longa, l-^ pO'j'
lata, supra nitidula subtus pallida subrorulenta. — Affinis
videtur E. sessilifioree. — Rio Quitaro, Schomburgk.

418. E. {Axillares) svbaltema (sp. n.); foliis alternis v.
vix oppositis sparsisve obovato-oblongis late et retuse sub-
acuminatis basi angustatis pellucido-punctatis utrinque ramu-
lisque minute glanduloso-puberulis, pedicellis 1-3 axillaribus
unifloris petiolo vix longioribus, bracteis bracteolisque niinutis
obtusis. — Folia sesquipollicaria venis utrinque prominentibus
reticulatis. Pedicelli 2-3 lin. longi. Calycis lobi 4 orbi-

culati, 2 parum minores Savannahs of the Rupunoony-

Schomburgk, n. 634.

419. E. (Axillares) (sp. n.?) E. sanct<B et E. Coflrew^i affinis-
—Folia 9-12 lin. longa, ovata v, ovali-oblonga, obtusissintja
V. retusa, etsi nonnunquam brevissime et late acuminata,
basi angustata v. rotundata, pellucido-punctata, glabenima-

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 321

Ramuli juniores piiberuli, demum glabrati. Pedlcelli solitarii,
rarius bini, 3-4 lin. longi. Calycis lobi 4 orbiculati breves.
Bacca subglobosa 1-2-sperma, calyce coronata. Semen gros-
sura, cotyledonibus conferruminatis. — Savannahs, Pirarara.
Schomburgk, n. 733.

420. E. {Axillares) leptantha (sp. n.) ; ramulis pedicellisque
rufo-puberulis, foliis parvis obovatis obtusis retusisve basi
angustatis utrinque glabris subaveniis subopacis, pedicellis
e pedunculo communi brevissimo pluribus tenuibus folio
brevioribus, bracteolis sub flore orbiculatis, calycis tubo albo
pubescente, limbi laciniis 4 orbiculatis. — Folia semipollicaria.
a' lores parvi, Bracteae et laciniae calycinse glabriusculse
ciliatae, fere petaloideae. — Barcellos on the Rio Negro.
Schomburgk, n. 921.

4*31. E. {Axillares) incanescens (sp. n.) ; ramulis pubescenti-
"'•s, foliis petiolatis oblongo-ellipticis lanceolatisve obtuse
^cuttimatis basi rotundatis angustatisve utrinque pubescenti-
"us, pedicellis axillaribus terminalibusque fasciculatis petiolo
-«i-plo longioribus, calycibus cano-pubescentibus, bracteis
ianceolatis, bracteolis subflore ovato-lanceolatis, calycis

laciniis 4 lato-ovatis submucronatis Folia 2 poll, longa.

l^edicelli 2-4 lin. Bacca, teste Schomburgkio, rubra. — Banks
o^" the Rupunoony, Schomburgk, n. 726.

422. E. {Axillares) Schomburgkii (sp. n.); glabra, foliis
ovato-lanceolatis v. oblongis obtuse acuminatis basi rotundatis
*• vix angustatis pellucido-punctatis, pedicellis pluribus
axillaribus vix petiolo longioribus unifloris bibracteolatis,

'Calycis lobis 4 ovatis subacutis I should have taken this

^or the E. Jlavescens (DC), were it not that Gardner's n.
1617 from Ceara, certainly a distinct species from this one,
answers rather more precisely to the diagnosis of the Pro-
(^romus. Both species are remarkable by their flowers drying
yellow, though white when fresh. The leaves also in both
are apt to acquire a yellowish hue in drying. The E. Schom-
"^rghii has, however, longer, narrower and coriaceous leaves,
^ith shorter and thicker pedicels than Gardner's plant. — On
^'<e Currassawaak, near the Rupunoony, Schomburgk, n. 703.

^'ol. II No. 14. 2 T

dt%2 SCHOMBUUGK's GUIANA PLANTS.

423. E. {Racemosa) Egensis, DC. Prod. III. />. 281.—
Racemi pedunculus communis nunc vix 1-2 lin. nunc ultra
pollicem longus. — On the Rio Negro, Schomburgk, n. 943.

424. E. {Racemosa) xylopifolia, DC. Prod. 111. p. 279.
— On the Rio Quitaro, Schomburgk, n. 546.

425. E. [Racemosce) polystachya. Rich.— DC. Prod. III. p-
280. — British Guiana, Schomburgk, n. 691.

426. K? (Paniculatce) nitida (sp. n.) ; foliis breviter
petiolatis ovatis acuminatis basi rotundatis subcordatisve
crassis coriaceis supra nitidis subtus junioribus ramuhsque
cano-pubescentibus v. demum glabratis raro pelUicido-punc-
tatis, racemis axillaribus subpaniculatis, ramis paiicis petiolis-
que albo-pubescentibus, floribus sessilibus, calycis dentibus
4 orbiculatis valde inaequalibus. — Folia 2-3^ poll, longa.—
On the banks of the Essequibo and Rupunoony. Schomburgk,
n. 130 and 319.

427. E.? {Paniculatce) pyrifolia {Desv.— DC Prod. HI.
p. 285?); foliis breviter petiolatis ovaiis v. ovato-oblongis
longiuscule et obtuse acuminatis, adultis opacis glabris, pani-
culis binis terminalibus folio longioribus, ramis divaiicaiis
rachique pubescentibus, floribus sessilibus, bracteis minutis,
calyci albo-villosi dentibus 4 orbiculatis valde insequahbus.—
Folia li-2i poll, longa.— High banks of the Rio Negro,
Schomburgk, n. 964.

428. E. ? {Panimdata) Qtiitarensis (sp. n.) ; foliis breviter
petiolatis ovatis acuminatis basi rotundatis crassis conaceis
pellucido-punctatis, ramulisque glabris, racemis panicuia «
divaricato-ramosis axillaribus terminalibusque glabris v. pi
minutis rufo-puberulis, floribus sessilibus, calycis gi'i
dentibus 4 orbiculatis valde inaequalibus. — Folia lere
nitida, sed glabra. Inflorescentia et flores E. pyrifolt^'
Banks of the Rio Quitaro, Schomburgk, n. 547.

429. E. ? {Paniculat<B) subobliqua (sp. n.) ; foliis petiolatis
oblongo-lanceolatis subobliquis acuminatis basi angustatis
pellucido-punctatis glabris v. subtus ad venas puberulis,
racemis in axillis supremis paniculatis folio sublongioribus,
vamis divaricatis rachique ferrugineo-pubescentibus, floribus

SCHOMBURGK's GUIANA PLANTS. 323

sessilibus, bracteis parvis acutis, calycis dentibus 4 orbiculatis
valde inaequalibus, fructu globoso. — Folia 4-6-polI. longa,
1-2 poll. lata. Panicula ampla floribunda. — Species forte
E. patenti (Poir.) affinis. Inflorescentia E. pyrifolice. —
Hiawa falls on the Essequibo and on the Quitaro. Schom-
burgk, n. 597.

The four last Eugeniee and some species of the Prodromtts,
have the inflorescence and habit of MyrciOi but the divisions
of the calyx and the petals are only four in number. They
agree with each other in the sessile flowers, and very irregular
calyx and corolla; the fruit is but little known. It is probable
that when the old genus Myrtus is again worked up from
sufficient specimens, that the distinction between Eugenia and
^yrcia may be established on characters more conformable
to habit than at present; in which case the really paniculate
Eugenia will be either transferred to Myrcia, or established
^ a distinct genus.

430. Myrcia splendens, DC. Prod. III. ^. 244. — Common
about old settlements in British Guiana, where it is known
oy the name of Ebbebenara, and the fruit is eaten by Creepers
and Manakins. Schomburgk, n. 454. — This fruit is black,
according to Schomburgk ; but described as red in the W.
Indian M. splendens, (DC); and white, spotted with red, ac-
cording to Aublet, in his Eugenia Mini. The leaves are larger
and more reticulate in my W. Indian plant than in Schom-
burgk's, but of an intermediate size in a Porto Rico specimen
I possess. Gardner's n. 1623 from Ceara closely resembles
Schomburgk's plant, but is smoother. There seems to be a
common and very variable species, to which all these plants,
as well as M. ambigua, M. pseudomini, and perhaps some
others of the Prodromus, may be referred.

431. M. multifolia, DC. Prod. III. p. 244 ?— Pedrero, on
the Rio Negro, Schomburgk, n. 872.— Perhaps a new species;
but the determination of the Myrcia will be very difficult,
until they shall have been carefully worked on by some able
monograph ist.

432. M. (sp. n. ?); foliis fere Eugejiitc Sinamariensis {Aubl.)

324 REMARKS ON CAMBOGIA GUTTA,

sed floribus subpaniculatis quinquefidis. — Parime chain,
Schomburgk.

433. M. prunifolia, DC. Prod. III. p. 253.— Dry Savan-
nahs, Pirarara. Schomburgk, n. 732. Also Pernambuco,
Gardner, n. 1015.

434'. M. subcordata, DC. Prod. III. p. 253. — In omnibus
cum diagnosi CandoUeanoconvenit, nisi foliis etiam junioribiis
glaberrimis. Hamuli juniores uti pedunculi valde compress!.
— Near brooks, Roraima. Schomburgk.

435. M. hebepetala, DC. Prod. III. p. 246, vel species nova
ei valde affinis. Folia adulta coriacea pellucido-punctata,
supra glabra subtus sericeo-pubescentia. Flores in genere
magni. Calyces utrinque denso rufo-sericei, lobis 5 orbiculatis.
Pelala extus dense sericea. — Rio Quitaro, Schomburgk,' n.
548.

436. M. ferruginea, DC. Prod. III. p. 243.— Near
Roreima. Schomburgk.

437. Lecythis grandiflora, AM.— DC. Prod. 111.^291.
— British Guiana. Schomburgk, n. 286.

438. L. longipes, Poit.—DC. Prod. III. p. 292.— French
Guiana. Herb. Par. n. 1.

439. Berthoiletia excelsa, Humb. et Bonpl.—DC Prod-
Ill, p. 293.— British Guiana, Schomburgk. Leaves marked
A in the sets distributed.

XVIII — Remarks on Cambogia Gutta, {Linn.) ; Stalagmitis
Cambogioidesy {Murray); and on Laurus Cassia^ {Linn.)
By Robert Wight, M.D.

Two subjects of botanical inquiry, both of considerable in-
terest, have recently engaged my attention ; and as the con-
clusions at which 1 have arrived are somewhat different from
what I anticipated at the outset, I think a summary of the
results may not be uninteresting to your botanical readers.
The first of these subjects was the examination, for my Illustra-
ti'ons of Indian Botany, of the Natural Order Guffi/er^> with

STALAGMITIS CAMBOGIOIDES, AND LAURUS CASSIA. 3:25

the purpose of marking out its limits and elucidating its Indian
genera and species. The second was an endeavour to ascer-
tain tile Laurus Cassia of Linnaeus, and the tree which fur-
nishes the Cassia-bark, or Cassia lignea^ of commerce; under-
taken by order of Government, with a view 16 solve a question
submitted for consideration by the Ceylon Government. I
shall commence my present remarks with the Guttiferts.

In the 13th number of the Madras Journal of Science I
published some observations on the genera of this Order,
elicited by a communication of Dr Graham respecting the
Gamboge plant of Ceylon. In that paper I showed that the
genera Garcinia and Cambogia of Linnaeus were the same;
and that Stalagmitis of Murray was, so far as could be ascer-
tained from characters only, identical with Roxburgh's Xan-
thochymus. Conceiving the genus Garcinia too complex,
I there proposed subdividing it. The following extract will
explain the views I then entertained : —

" In my opinion, the genus Garcinia, as now constituted,
ought not to be retained ; and a glance at the accompanying
figures will explain my reasons for thinking so, by exhibiting
in one view several of the incongruities which it presents.
For example, the Garcinia Mangostana^ speciosa, and cornea,
have the filaments of the male flower united, forming four
large fleshy bodies covered with anthers; and two of those
three species are known to bear a globose, not sulcated fruit.
These might form the type of a genus under Rumphius'
original name, Mangostana.— G. Cambogia has the stamens of
the male flower ranged in a single row,* round a disk-like
receptacle, with a sulcated fruit. This might constitute the
type of a second genus ; for which, as nearly corresponding
with the character assigned by Linnaeus to his Garcinia, that
name might be retained.— In G.Kydia, Zeylanica, pedunculata,
P<iniculata and affinis, the filaments are united into astaminal

* This I now find is an error ; Roxburgh, when he prepared the figure of
his Garcinia Cambogia, was unacquainted with ihc male flower, and only
represents! thr (.i-sexual one.

326 REMARKS ON CAMBOGIA GUTTA,

column, terminating in a head covered with anthers; and the
fruit is usually furrowed. These might form a third genus, re-
taining the vacantnameof Cam6o^ia."— and lastly, G.pidoria,
Roxb. {Mangost. Morella, Gaert.?); G. elliptica, Wall. {fid.
Graham) and Dr Graham's Ceylon plant, would make up a
fourth, distinguished by their united filaments, and cup-
shaped, one-celled, circumscissile anthers; to which the then
unappropriated name, Stalagmitis, might be given ; in prefer-
ence to disturbing Roxburgh's Xanthochymusj now well esta-
blished, by rigidly enforcing the rule of priority, and restor-
ing that of Murray, thereby causing considerable confusion
in the synonymy, which might thus be easily avoided."

Since the appearance of that article, much additional light
has been thrown on the subject through the publication, by
Dr Graham of Edinburgh in the 2d volume of the Com-
panion to the Botanical Magazine, of a paper entitled " Re-
marks on the Gamboge-tree of Ceylon and character of ffebrO'
dendron, a new genus of Guttiferce, and to which the tree
in question belongs."

This is an excellent paper, and, imbodying much very m-
teresting information, well repays the trouble of a careiul
perusal. I cannot however adopt Dr Graham's conclusions
as to the propriety of elevating this plant to the rank of a
distinct genus ; nor, supposing that abler botanists than either
Dr G. or myself consider ourselves, should admit it as such m-
to the system of plants, do I think his name can be sanctioned.
The question, whether or not this is the Gamboge plant of
Ceylon, I look upon as set at rest by the evidence adduced in
Dr G.'s « Remarks." All therefore that I have now to con-
sider are simply the following botanical questions — 'St,
whether this plant ought to form the type of a genus distinct
from Garcinia ?— and 2d, if so, whether it ought to receive
a new name ? The first of these questions I answer in the
negative, because 1 do not think it sufficiently distinguished
from Garcinia by the solitary character assigned — the peculiar
structure of the anther. To the second I equally return
a negative, because this plant is undoubtedly the type of the

STALAGMITIS CAMBOGIOIDES, AND LAURUS CASSIA. 327

genus Camhogia of Linnaeus, whose name therefore ought to
liave been retained. My reasons for the first of these con-
clusions being fully stated at page 122 and 123 of my Illus-
trations, I subjoin the passage : —

" If the precedent established by Dr Graham in the for-
mation of his genus Hebradendron be followed, we may, I fear,
soon expect to see the off-sets from Garcinia about as numer-
ous as its species now are; since Hebradendron is separated
on account of a variation in a single point of structure, and
without reference to analogous forms met with in other
species. The only character in which it differs from Garcinia^
as defined in our Prodromus, is — in having 1-celled circum-
scissile anthers— while the more usual structure in that genus
is to have them two-celled, with introrse, longitudinal dehis-
cence. Should this be considered a satisfactory reason for
its removal, then G. Kydiana (Roxb.), vrhich has a four-
sided connectivum, with a polleniferous cell in each face,
niust equally be separated from the genus; as well as another
species of which I possess specimens from Mergui, the anthers
of which are 1-celled, dehiscing transversely across the apex.
Another variation of structure, which has been long observed
in a few species of the genus, would equally justify separation,
as being of at least equal generic importance ; I allude to those
in which the stamens of the male flower are united into four
thick fleshy androphores, with a highly developed sterile pistil
in the centre. Here then, (assuming that we are warranted
in assigning generic value to such variations of structure,
iimited as they are to the male organization,) would be four
distinct genera, and all, so far as such artificial characters
c«n make them, equally stable.

I confess that 1 have an objection to this kind of excessive
subdivision, inasmuch as whatever rule holds good with re-
spect to Genera, must equally apply to Orders, and must in-
evitably lead to the elevation of half our present species to the
•^nk of genera, and an equal proportion of genera to that of
natural orders ; both of which might be avoided by a slight ex-
tension of our characters, and still better by a careful and com-

328 REMARKS ON CAMBOGIA GUTTA,

prehensive investigation ofgroiips of allied species and genera,
before attempting their disunion by the formation of new
genera and orders. In support of these views, I think I may
safely cite the recorded opinion of the first living authority,
Mr Robert Brown. He says, in a letter to Dr Graham,
referring to the plant which has called forth these remarks,
" In your plant the structure of the anther is indeed very
remarkable, and might well induce you to consider it a new
genus ; but it is right to add, that approaches to this confor-
mation, and which serve to explain its analogy with the ordm-
ary structure of the family, exist in Garcinia, with which I
suppose your plant would agree in its female flower as well as m
fruit." From this concluding caution I imagine that before
establishing a genus on such grounds, he (Mr Brown) would
have ascertained the configuration of the anther in the whole
Order, marked its variations, and then, and not till then,
have determined on the propriety or otherwise of assign-
ing a generic importance to its variations : and I can scarce-
ly avoid thinking, that, had such a course been followed m
that instance, a sectional value only would have been
awarded.

I admit that a less perfect examination of the Order
Gutti/eree than that which improved materials have now
enabled me to effect, led me into a similar error ; on which
occasion I proposed to subdivide the genus Garcinia into
four distinct genera— Garania, Mangostana, Cambogia, and
Stalagmitis (see Madras Journal of Science, vol. iv. page 304.)
This suggestion has not, so far as I am aware, been yet
adopted by any one ; and I trust it will not ; as I now con-
sider it wrong in principle ; the variations in structure, there
pointed out, not meriting a higher than sectional value in a
genus so strictly natural. Influenced by this reduced esti-
mate of the relative importance of the several structural dif-
ferences mentioned above, it is my intention, on the present
occasion, to keep the old genus together; but divided into
sections in accordance with them. I am induced to f^o so
from observing that the variations are limited to the male

STALAGMITIS CAMBOGIOIDES, AND LAURUS CASSIA. 329

flowers, and do not on any occasion extend to the female.
For example, G. Mangostana and G. cornea are referred to
the same section ; the former has a 4-8-celled ovary, and the
latter usually 4 cells; in Cr. KydiatuZf Roxburgh states
the berry io have from 4 to 8 seeds ; G. Cowa from 6 to
°j and most of the others are described as having 4, or 8
seeds; showing a general want of uniformity in this respect :
variations, therefore, of the number of the cells of the ovary,
cannot be admitted as of generic, or even specific value
here. Should further acquaintance with the tribe prove
that in uniting Hebradendron or rather Cambogiay Linn, (for
they are the same genus, and the latter the more appropriate
name) to Garcinia, I have erred, the error can be easily
corrected; in the mean time, my sections will afford the
means of more easily determining the known species, and of
referring to convenient places such new ones as may be dis-
covered. For the present, nothing is more difficult than to
make out from description the species of Garcinia. This is
mainly owing to the male flowers, which afford by far the best
specific characters, being too little attended to in characteriz-
ing them. Generally speaking, they are dioecious, and, in
collecting specimens, care should be taken to procure them
of both sexes. The foliage, except in a very few instances,
does not afford good discriminating characters, and when it
does, is usually accompanied by others which are more to be
relied upon."

My reasons for objecting to Dr Graham's new name, to the
prejudice of Linnaeus' old one, are thus briefly explained at
page 125 under Garcinia Cambogia and Roxburghii.

" I have not quoted Linnaeus' Cambogia Gutta for either
of these plants, though it seems the general opinion of bot-
anists that it belongs to the former: — this opinion, however, bis
brief description of the plant in the Flora Zeylanica shows to
be erroneous, and proves almost to demonstration that it is
Dr Graham's Hebradendron. The following are the words of
Linnaeus : — Rami oppositi. Folia lanceolaio-ovata, iniegerri-
*""» petiolata, opposita. Flores verticillati sessiks. It is in
Vol. II.— No. 14. 2 u

330 REMARKS ON CAMBOGIA GUTTA,

truth the only plant of the genus in Ceylon, having sessile
verticelled flowers. In his ffeneric character he describes
the anthers as anMer« subrotundce, the pistil germen subrotundum
striatum, stylus nullus. Stigma quadrijidum persistens, — and
finally the pericarp — Pomum subrotundum, octies sidcalum,
octoloculare, — showing clearly that the character of the flower
and ovary is taken from one species, and of the fruit from a
different one (or perhaps from Rheede's figure), owing to
the imperfection of his specimens, and his not being aware
that the lobes of the stigma afford a sure indication of the
number of cells of the fruit. His Cambogia, however, if we dis-
regard this error, is certainly the Gamboge plant of Ceylon,
which is further established, as Dr Graham informs us, by the
examination of the specimen in Herman's Herbarium, "which
may be considered the type of Linnaeus' Cambogia Gutta.
If, therefore, that plant is to be elevated to the rank of a
genus, I should say his name ought unquestionably to be
retained with an amended character, and botany relieved
from the unseemly allusion conveyed under the new one.
If Murray's Stalagmitis is on account of priority to supplant
Roxburgh's Xanthochymus, much more must Linnseus' Coww-
gia supplant Graham's Hebradendron ; partly for the same
reason, priority, but principally, because Dr Graham knew
when he gave the name that his plant was identical with
that of Linnaeus ; while it is almost impossible that Roxburgh
could ever recognise his Xanthochymus in Murray's character
of Stalagmitis, made up as it is from two genera (Garcinia
and Xanthochymus) so distinct as not to be referrible even to
the same Natural Order. In my opinion, Stalagmitis ought
to be suppressed, and Xanthochymus retained."

The allusion to Stalagmitis in this passage refers to the
following sentence, which I quote from Dr Graham's paper-
"It appears then that the generic name of Xanthochymus must
be dropped, and that the species which belonged to this
genus must (for the future) receive the appellation oi Stalag-
mttis." This reasoning seems to have carried conviction to
Dr Lindley*s mind, for he has acted upon it so far as to

STALAGMITIS CAMBOGIOIDES, AND LAURUS CASSIA. 331

append in his Flora Medica the name Stalagmitis to our
(Wight and Arnott's) character of -X«w<AocAymM«, as being the
original and legitimate name of the genus; but, apparently
without due consideration ; because, forgetting the rights of
priority in the case of Cambogia Gutta of Linnaeus, he has fol-
lowed Graham in quoting that name, without any doubt as to
the identity of the plants, as a synonym for the very modern
Hebradendron Cambogioides of Graham. Upon what grounds
this degree of favour is to be shown to Hebradendron^ and
withheld from Xanthochymus^ I am quite unable to discover
or even to conjecture : that Dr Graham should have inad-
vertently committed such an oversight is not so much to be
wondered at, writing as he did under^^the excitement of
having discovered the long sought Gamboge plant; but that
Dr Lindley should have implicitly followed him is to me
surprising.

In my own and in the name of all working botanists, who
are daily called upon to unravel the mazes of involved and
perplexed generic appellations, I enter my protest against
any unnecessary changes in a science already overburthened
*'th them, and one too which must in its very nature become
"^ore and more so every day. To have assigned the name
of Hebradendron Cambogioides to the very plant which Lin-
oaeus called Cambogia Gutta, and then to quote the original
*iarne as a synonym of the new one, without doubt or ques-
tion as to the identity of the plants, 1 hold to be such an un-
necessary change, and therefore consider it a duty to express
•"y sentiments regarding it ; the more so, as I do not deem
the genus itself a tenable one. To its validity, or the reverse,
however, I should not have thought it necessary thus to ad-
'^ert, if the old name had been retained ; what I object to is
the inconsistency of setting up an inadequately defined genus
'^'ithout a single genuine species to support it, for such I main-
tain Stalagmitis to be, and putting down a supposed good one,
resting on the very same foundation on which its successor is
raised, the same species being the basis of both. In the case
^^ Stalagmitis^ 1 demur to the course pursued, on the ground

332 REMARKS ON CAMBOGIA GUTTA,

of its being ah origine a spurious genus, constituted partly
from notes taken from one species, the flowers of which,
Murray, the author of the genus, never saw, and partly from
flowers of another which he examined; and from such hetero-
geneous materials, with what ingenuity he was master
of, he invented a generic character not adapted to either.
That every thing might be in just keeping in this curious
medley, it now appears that he had for his only species a
specimen made up of the fragments of two plants, no
more fit to represent either correctly than his character
could amalgamate the peculiarities of both, they being
referrible to two distinct Natural Orders. With all this in-
formation before him, and hunted out with much labour by
Dr Brown and himself, Dr Graham tells us that the generic
name of Xanthochymus must cease and that of Stalagmitis
be substituted for it ; or, in other words, that we must put
down a good genus and set up a nonentity, a genus without
a species. That one of the two must be abolished is certain ;
but I hope botanists will show more consideration for the
meritorious and diligent labours of Roxburgh, than to dis-
place his really well-defined generic name, in favour of one
which nobody could understand, or apply from its own
terras ; and which, now that its inconsistencies have been
brought to light, no one could adopt. As I have examined
this question somewhat in detail, in a postscript to my article
on the GuttifercB, I shall subjoin it also, for the benefit of
those who may not have an opportunity of consulting the
original work ; in the hope that by thus calling attention to
the subject, my remarks may have the efi^ect of causing
botanical authors to pause ere they sanction by adopting
them, such uncalled-for, and, I fear, if not opposed in time,
likely to become prejudicial innovations. I now take leave
of the subject, and sincerely hope I may not again have io
revert to it.

P.S — After this article was completed, and the greater
part of it printed, I received Lindley's " Flora Medica" «

STALAGMITIS CAMBOGIOIDES, AND LAUUUS CASSIA. 333

new work just issued from the press, and, like all the other
works of the accomplished author, forming a most valuable
contribution to botanical science, on the present occasion in
connexion with medicine. In this work I find Dr Lindley
has added the weight of his authority to that of those who
adopt Murray's Stalagmitis in preference to Roxburgh's
Xatithochymus. This he does for the reasons adduced by Dr
Graham; namely, that Mr Brown had examined Murray's
specimen and ascertained that it consists of two plants, pro-
bably of two genera, one of which, in flower, is a Xantho-
chymuSy the other, not in flower, supposed to be Graham's
Hebradmdron. Having expressed my belief that Xantfuochy-
tnus does not belong to this Natural Order, and having no
new species to add, nor other information to communicate
respecting it, I did not intend to have noticed that genus in
this place. But having said above, that in my opinion, Stalag-
mitts ought to be suppressed, and XarUhochymus established
in Its room, I feel now called upon to state more fully my
reasons for thinking so, and shall commence by extracting from
the " Companion to the Botanical Magazine,'* the passage of
Mr Brown's letter, quoted by Dr Graham as his authority
for saying that the generic name Xanthochymus must give
place to that of Stalagmitis. " The plant sent pasted by
Konig to Sir Joseph Banks, as one specimen, I have as-
certained to be made up of two plants, and very probably
of two genera. The union was concealed by sealing-wax.
The portion in flower, and which agrees in structure with
Murray's account, is, I have no doubt, the Xanthochymus
^alifolius of Roxburgh ; Stalagmitis and Xanthochymus are
therefore one genus, as Cambessedes has already observed, giv-
•"g the preference to the earlier name of Murray; this flower-
ing portion, however, forms but a small part of the whole
specimen, the larger portion being, I am inclined to think, the
same with your plant, of which I have seen, and I believe still
possess, the specimen you sent to Don.* The structure, how-

*^One of those received from Mrs ^^ ;ilk. r

334 REMARKS ON CAMBOGIA GUTTA,

ever, of this greater portion cannot be ascertained from the
few very young flower-buds belonging to it. It approaches
also very closely, in its leaves especially, to that specimen
in Hermann's herbarium which may be considered as the type
of Linnaeus' Carnbogia Gutta. A loose fruit, pasted on the
sheet with Kbnig's plant, probably belongs to the larger
portion, and resembles Gsertner's Morella."

So far all appears clearly in favour of Stalagmitis, and had
Murray in drawing up his character rigidly confined himself
to the description of the flowers before him, I should at once
have adopted his name in preference to Roxburgh's. But
on turning to his character, as given in Schreber's Genera
Plantarum, we find a 4-leaved calyx, a 4-petaled corolla, and
a 4-lobed stigma, combined with pentadelphous stamens, 3-
seeded berries, the stigmas sometimes trifid, stamens not always
polyadelphous? &c. From this very unusual combination ot
quinary and quaternary forms, I am led to infer that the char-
acter is only partly derived from the specimen, and partly, "
not principally from notes communicated by Konig, who, it
appears, from the fact of his having combined, on the supposi-
tion that they were the same plant, two distinct species, was
not aware of the difference, and misled Murray by transmit-
ting written characters of a Garcinia, and flowers of another
plant ; so that, between the two, there has resulted a set ot
characters not likely to be often found combined in the same
species, and still less frequently in one small specimen. Ro'''
burgh, on the other hand, briefly and clearly defines a genus
of plants well known to him, and extensively distributed over
India, about which he has scarcely left room for a mistake.
If further proof be wanted in support of the opinion I have
advanced that this is a hybrid genus, I adduce Canibessedes,
whose authority is quoted for the identity of Stalagmitis and
Xanthochymus. He has strictly followed Murray, adopted
all the contradictions of his character, and constituted a genus
imbodying, first, Roxburgh's genus Xanthochymus; next,
Petit Thouars' Brindonia, evidently identical with Garcinia;
then Loureiro's Oxycarpus, also Garcinia; and lastly, (i»' ^

STALAGMITIS CAMBOGIOIDES, AND LAURUS CASSIA. 335

am not misled by Mr George Don, whom I am obliged for
want of Cambessedes' own memoir to follow) nearly the
whole of Roxburgh's species of Garcinia; as if Roxburgh was
not able, with growing plants before him, to discriminate be-
tween two genera so very distinct as Garcinia and his own
Xanlhochymus. In a paper published in the Madras Journal
of Science for October 1836, I showed, from the internal evi-
dence afforded by the two sets of characters, that Murray's
Stdagmitis and Roxburgh's Xanlhochymus were almost iden-
tical, and attributed the discrepancies to the defects of Mur-
ray's Solitary specimen ; a view which Mr Brown has shown
to be only partly right, by proving that they in some measure
originated in the imperfect observation of Kiinig, who sup-
plied Murray with the materials for his genus.

Having now adduced what I esteem conclusive evidence in
support of the opinion I advanced above, that Murray's
genus is spurious, and that of Cambessedes, founded on it, is
niost unnatural, as it associates species that never can combine
generically ; while Roxburgh's is a strictly natural genus, in-
cluding several nearly allied species, and, moreover, probably
belonging to a Natural Order, different from more than half
tne species referred to it under the name of Stalagmitis by
Cambessedes; I consider myself fully justified in continuing to
adopt the generic name Xanthochymus (even though opposed
oy the highest botanical authorities), until careful examination
of the original specimen, with reference to the elucidation of
the discrepancies I have indicated, shall have proved that such
actually exist in that specimen. If they do exist, then the
fault is not Murray's, and his name must of right be adopted
^'th an amended character, excluding the numerous species
of Garcinia brought under it by Cambessedes : if they do not,
Roxburgh's genus, which as it now stands is strictly natural,
claims the preference.

336 REMARKS ON LAURUS CASSIA.

On the Laurus Cassia qfLinntBtts, and the plants producing
the Cassia Bark of Commerce.

The next point on which I have some remarks to offer is
the Laurus Cassia of Linnaeus, and the plants producing the
Cassia Lignea or Cassia Bark of commerce. My attention
was first directed to this subject by a communication from
Government, in which I am requested to endeavour to ascer-
tain " whether the common Cassia bark of the markets is a
thicker and coarser portion of the bark of the genuine Cinna-
mon plant or tree, or whether it is the bark of a plant not
analogous to the Cinnamon plant or tree."

Before it was possible to return a satisfactoi'y answer to this
question, it seemed incumbent on me to ascertain what plant
Linnaeus meant to designate under the appellation of Laurus
Cassia, and whether it was probable the plant so called coulu
supply all the bark passing under the name in the markets ol
the world. This primary, but most difficult inquiry was ren-
dered indispensable by the, generally supposed ridiculous,
assertion of Mr Marshall, that the leaves, and the bark of the
trunk and branches of the Laurus Cassia of Linnaeus, so tar
from being aromatic and spicy like cinnamon, are bitter ana
have in a slight degree the taste and odour of myrrh, l"'*
assertion, wide as it may appear of the truth, is yet founded m
fact, and what may appearstill more extraordinary, ithas elicite
a discovery, which, without such aid as he has given would not
probably have soon been made by a professed botanist, a title
to which I believe Mr Marshall does not aspire. He appeal^
to have been led, simply through the native name, to the in-
ference that the Laurus Cassia of Linnaeus does not produce
aromatic bark, and wonders how it could have received froin
him the name of Cassia, and have qualities attributed to its bar
which it does not in the slightest degree possess. I think
can now answer the question, and explain the mystery whic
has so long hung over this species, and been hitherto rendereu
only more obscure by each attempt to bring it to light.

It is well known to modern botanists that many of the"

REMARKS ON LAURUS CASSIA. 337

earlier predecessors were but Indifferent describers of plants
and often very loose in their quotations of figures as synonyms,
an error into which Linnaeus fell about as often as any of his
contemporaries. He seems to have had an idea that deline-
ations were generally at best but approximations to the
truth, so that if a figrure exhibited even a remote similarity
to a plant before him, especially if from the same country, he
might with safety quote it as a synonym. Bearing this in
mind, we can easily account for a number of errors to which
his incorrect synonyms have given rise. The present instance
affords an excellent example of what I have here stated, and
one which, but for the discovery of Mr Marshall, might have
long remained undetected.

In Herman's herbarium of Ceylon plants, he (Linnaeus)
found one bearing the native names of " Dawalkurundu,
Nikadawala," under which it is referred to, or described in
Herman's Musceum Zeylanicum. This he considered a species
oi Lauriifi, apparently from habit alone, and in his usual brief
precise style calls it, "Laurus foliis lanceolatis trinerviis nervis
suprabasin unitis ;" having previously described the true Cinna-
mon, as " Laurus foliis ovato-oblongis trinerviis basi nervos uni-
entibus." The difference between the two, as indicated by the
names, seems very slight, merely depending on the one having
lanceolate leaves with the nerves united above the base; while
in the other the leaves are said to be ovato-oblong with the
nerves distinct to the base — discrepancies small indeed, and
such as could never be of much avail in distinguishing the
one plant from the other, since they are both constantly
niet with in different leaves on the same tree. Such being
die case, it is not much to be wondered at that botanists
should have been surprised by the boldness of Mr Marshall's
announcement, that two trees, believed to be of the same
genus, and so nearly alike in their external forms, should
yet differ so very widely in their properties. But so it is,
and nothing can be more certain than that the fact is as he
states it.

In proceeding to trace the history of the two species, aided
Joum, ofBot. Vol. II. No. 15. August, 1840. 2 x

338 REMARKS ON LAURUS CASSIA.

by the light Mr Marshall has thrown on them, our difficulties
vanish like mist before the noonday sun, though Mr M. him-
self has found it " difficult to conceive how the Dawalkurundu
obtained the appellation of Laurus Cassia from Linnaeus." It
was because Linnaeus' specimen of Z)ow«/AMrM«rfM was neither
in flower nor in fruit. Had it been so, he was too acute an
observer ever to have confounded it with the plants with which
he has associated it in his synonyms. This explanation, it
may be answered, is mere assumption on my part — it certainly
is so, but supported by such strong circumstantial evidence, as
not to leave a doubt of its correctness. Linnaeus has in his
Flora Zeylanica given a short description of each of these
species: his description of the Cinnamon is principally con-
fined to the flower, and is most precise. In his description of
the other, the flower is not once alluded to. Here he de-
clares, that he knows not by what mark to distinguish it from
the Camphorifera japonensium, which in its foliage it greatly
resembles, while nothing can be more distinct than its in-
florescence — that of the Camphor-tree being a panicle, having
a stalk as long as the leaves, while in Dawalkurundu it may
be described as a subsessile capitulum, that is, 5 or 6 sessile
flowers congested on the apex of a very short peduncle, an
surrounded by an involucrum of 4 or 5 leaves; several o
which capitula usually form verticels round the naked pari*
of tbe branches where the leaves have fallen. He begins his
description of Laurus Cassia* by stating that he at first con-
sidered it a variety of the antecedent (Cinnamon,) but now
that he knows not by what mark to distinguish it from C«
phorifera j'aponensium, for the leaves are thinner than tnos
of Cinnamon, their nerves uniting above the base as in tai '
phorifera^ and are sprinkled beneath with a greyish d*^
{suhtus rare cccsio illinitci) as in the Camphor-tree, and are a

* *' Hanc speciem olim pro antecedentis varietate habui, nunc vero, q
nota hanc a Camphorifera japonensium distinguam, non novi ; Folia en
Cinnamomo tenuiora, nervis ante basin coeuntibus ut in Camplioritera '
subtus tore caesio illinita, ut Camphora, et simul lanceolata ac tcnuion
substantia quam pracedentis."— Zinn. Flor. Zeylanica, p- 62.

REMARKS ON LAUKUS CASSIA. 339

the same time lanceolate and of a thinner texture than the
preceding (Cinnamon). The whole of his definition, in
short, agrees most exactly with Mr Marshall's description of
the Cingalese Dawalkurundu, and leaves not a doubt that
both had the same plant in view, and consequently that Mr
Marshall is so far correct in saying that the bark of the
Laurus Cassia of Linnaeus possessed none of the qualities at-
tributed to it. Hitherto all is clear, but now the chapter of
errors begins.

Had Linnaeus been permitted to exercise his own unbiassed
Judgment in this case, it is not improbable he would have
avoided the mistake of assigning to a plant which, with all his
acuteness, he knew not how to distinguish from the Camphor-
f^ee, the credit of producing Cassia; or at all events would
not have done so without some expression of doubt, so as still
to leave the question an open one. But, upon consulting
other authorities, he found in Burman's Thesaurus Zeylanicus
the figure of a species of Cinnamomum or Laurus, as he called
the genus, to which Burman had given the name of Cinna-
^omum perpetuo florens, 8fc., and assigned to it the native name
01 Dawalkurundu, not as it appears from the specimen itself
having been so named, but because, being different from the
ti'ue Cinnamon of which he had seen specimens and figures,
he thought it an inferior, wild or jungle sort, and that it
niust of necessity be the plant which Herman has described in
his MuscBumZeylanicum, though the inflorescence differed much
■'"om the description, (a very essential point, which Burman
•■emarked and endeavours to explain away,) and therefore
gave it the same Cingalese appellation. Linnajus* specimen
not being in flower, and the resemblance between the speci-
"len and figure being in other respects considerable, he had
not the means of detecting the discrepancy, and unsuspect-
'"gly adopted Burman's figure and name as a synonym to his
P'ant. In Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus ( L tab. 57) he found
"'e figure of another cinnamon, even more closely resembling
'"s plant in its general aspect than Burman's figure, this he
''''so associated as a synonym; and Rheede's plant being lauded

340 REMARKS ON LADRUS CASSIA.

on account of the aromatic pi'operties of^ its bark and leaves,
which resemble the true cinnamon, though it is not the
genuine cinnamon-tree, he seems to have considered himself
quite safe in associating this also, and, therefore, called the
three species, this tria-juncta-in-uno plant, Laurus Cassia^ and
assigned it as the source of the officinal " Cassia Lignea
cortex."

After this exposition of the origin of the species Laurus
Cassia, it can scarcely be a matter of surprise that no two
botanists have ever agreed as to the plant which ought to bear
that name ; nor, that none should ever have surmised what
plant Linnaeus had constituted the type of his species. It is
far from my intention on the present occasion to extend these
remarks, by tracing the various conjectures that have been
promulgated on the subject; suffice it to say that no one, so
far as I am aware, has taken a similar view as that now set
forth. It only further remains for me to give some account
of the three species thus erroneously associated.

The first mentioned, Dawalkurundu, (Linnaeus' own plant
and tlie type of the species,) is, I believe, the Laurus invdu-
crata of Vahl and of Lamarck in the Encychpedie Methodique,
and has, in Professor Nees' Monograph of the Indian Laurina
(Wall. Plant. Asiat. rariores,) received the name of Tetra-
denia Zeylanica, but is the Liisea Zeylanica of a former worK
of his, a name which I presume must be restored, owing to
the other being preoccupied. The slight difference of struc-
ture does not seem to render a new genus necessary.

The second and third have both been referred, by t e
same eminent botanist, to his variety of the true cinnamon,
the Cinnamomum Zeylanicum; a, decision to which I canno
subscribe, as I do not perceive that either of these figures are
referrible to any form of that species, and they besides diner
specifically from each other.

The Cinnamomum perpetuo florens appears to me a perfect y
distinct species, very nearly allied to, if not actually identical
with, Nees' own species C. sulphuratum, of which I now have
specimens from Ceylon. This 1 infer from the appearance

REMARKS ON LAURUS CASSIA. 341

of the plant as represented in the figure ; for, if any depen-
dence is to be placed on the description, it is impossible to
admit it into the genus. On this, however, we cannot place
much reliance, as it was not the practice a century ago, when
a description was written, to examine the structure of flowers
with the same care that is now bestowed. Should it be ob-
jected that the species I quote as the C. perpetuo florens is
clothed with yellowish pubescence, which is not mentioned by
Burman, then I possess another from the same country
(Ceylon), perfectly glabrous, and agreeing in the form of its
leaves, but differing in having more numerous and smaller
flowers, which may be substituted ; and which I do not con-
sider, any more than the other, as a variety of the genuine
cinnamon-tree.

The Malabar plant Carua (Hort. Mai. I. tab. 57), on the
other hand, I should pronounce to be a very passable figure
of a plant in my herbarium, named by Nees himself, Cinna-
momurn iners; but, whether or not I am right in the species
to which I have referred it, I feel no hesitation in giving it as
niy opinion that it is not referrible to any form of the C.
^ylanicum. Neither can I agree with him in believing the
plant figured under the name of Laurus Cassia in the Botani-
cal Magazine, No. 1636, is referrible to the Ceylon species,
^ut is I think very like the Malabar one, the only species of
the genus to which the name Cassia should be applied, if that
name is still to be retained in botanical nomenclature, as being
the only one of the three associated species known to pro-
duce that drug. Another plate of the Botanical Magazine,
(Laurus Cinnamomum, No. 202S,) I also refer here, and feel
greatly at a loss to account for its introduction into that work
under a different name from the preceding. The plant which
Nees formerly considered the Laurus Cassia, but now calls
Cinnamomum aromaticum, from China, is a closely allied
species, but is distinct, and furnishes much of the bark
sold in the European markets under the name of Cassia;
though it has nothino- whatever to do with the Laurus Cassia
of Linnceus, which, from the preceding history appears strictly

342 REMARKS ON LAURUS CASSIA.

confined to Ceylon and India proper; and that name, not
being referrible to any one species, ought unquestionably to
be expungfcd from botanical nomenclature, its longer continu-
ance there only tending to create confusion and uncertainly-
This brings me to the next question — namely, what plant or
plants yield the Cassia bark of commerce?

The foregoing explanation, in the course of which two
plants are referred to as yielding Cassia, greatly simplifies the
answer to this one. The first of these is the Malabar Carua
figured by Rheede, the second Nees' Cinnamomum aromaticum.
The list, however, of Cassia-producing plants is not limited to
these two, but I firmly believe extends to nearly every species
of the genus. A set of specimens, submitted for my examin-
ation, of the trees furnishing Cassia on the Malabar Coast, pre-
sented no fewer than four distinct species ; including among
them the genuine Cinnamon plants the bark of the older bran-
ches of which, it would appear, is exported from that coast as
Cassia. Three or four more species are natives of Ceylon,
exclusive of the Cinnamon proper, all of which greatly resem-
ble the Cinnamon plant, and in the woods might easily be mis-
taken for it, and peeled, though the quality would be inferior.
Thus we have from Western India and Ceylon alone, pro-
bably not less than six plants affording Cassia ; add to these
nearly twice as many more species of Cinnamomum, the pro-
duce of the more eastern states of Asia and the Islands of the
Eastern Archipelago, all remarkable for their striking family
likeness, all I believe endowed with aromatic properties, and
probably the greater part if not the whole contributing some-
thing towards the general result; and we at once see the impos-
sibility of awarding to any one individual species the credit of
being the source whence the Cassia Lignea of commerce is
derived ; and equally the impropriety of applying to any one
of tbem the comprehensive specific appellation of Cassia,
since all sorts of Cinnamon-like plants, yielding bark of a
quality unfit to bear the designation of Cinnamon in the
market, are passed off as Cassia.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 34^

XIX._BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

(At page 187 of this Journal, our readers will see that mention has been
made of Mr James Drummond, formerly of the Cork Botanic Garden,
brother of the late Mr Thomas Drumraond, and now residing at Swan
River Colony, Australia, whence he has sent home highly interesting col-
lections of the plants growing in the vicinity of the town of Freemantle.
The same observing and meritorious Naturalist transmits the following ac-
count of two excursions that he made there last year, (1839,) together with
observations on the vegetation that prevails in that far distant settlement.
Remarks such as these on the plants of newly founded colonies, are the
more valuable, because the progress of cultivation and the importation of
foreign species have a well-known tendency to extirpate the native pro-
•Jucts of the soil ; witness St Helena, where arborescent SyngenesieB and
Tree-Ferns only linger on the summits of the mountains, having yielded
tbeir places to the Scotch Fir and other European trees. Mr Drummond's
observations show, that near the Swan River, a similar change is in pro-
gress, in which perhaps our readers will be ready to trace an analogy to the
wore momentous consequences of civilization, as regards the animal as well
a» the vegetable creation.)

Town or Freemantle,
Swan Rivee Colony, June, 1839.

The sea-coast in the neighbourhood of Freemantle, is a low
•■ange of secondary limestone hills; the limestone is rather a
curious variety, having a good deal the appearance of petri-
fied trees, with hollows in the rocks where the trunks of the
trees had formerly stood. There is little soil on these hills,
but they are thickly covered with shrubs of various sorts ; a
l>eautiful holly-leaved Chorizema, with red flowers, grows near
the signal-post on Arthur's head ; a red-blossomed Grevillea,
in foliage and habit resembling Southern-wood, and a pale
fose-coloured species with trifid leaves and rough capsules,
are found on the same hill; a lilac-flowered Petrophila with
multifid leaves, and a heo-nixM Leschenaultia* with the lower
part of its flower golden-yellow, and the upper part iron-
>"ed, adorn the road-side between Freemantle and the
Cantonment. Amoncr the rocks by the water-side over the

• Probably L. laricina, or L. glauca, of Lindley, in Botany of the
^an River Settlement, p. '27.

344 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

latter spot, the Hibiscus Hugelii is seen, and a beautiful
oak-leaved Lasiopetalum, with large lilac inflorescence; a
dwarfish arborescent species of Dryandra, with white
flowers and small holly-like leaves, is common among the
limestone rocks, as far as Mount Eliza. Banksia Men-
ziesii and Frazeri^ are the individuals of this genus which
grow nearest the coast ; the B. Menziesii is a beautiful
shrub, its flowers varying from a deep iron-red in every
shade to pale yellow. Half way between Freemantle and
Perth, our Mahogany and Red Gum make their appearance;
these are two of the finest species of Eucalyptus. Frazer
describes our Red Gum as a gigantic Angophora, from which
I judge the species is not known at Sydney; it has more the
habit of the English Oak than any of our forest-trees. The
Mahogany is a valuable timber for house or ship building;
the serpentine varieties, thus named from the undulating
form assumed by the vessels of the wood, are very curious,
and so far as I have observed only found in the Genus
Eucalyptus. One large Banksia, the native Mangite, grows
with the Red Gum and Mahogany; it passes for the B.
grandis of Linnceus, but does not answer well to the de-
scription. The lips of the follicles, which Brown describes as
smooth in B. grandis, in our plant are always covered with
rusty down, the leaves in luxuriant specimens are two feet
long and two inches broad, the spikes of flowers from four-
teen to sixteen inches : the natives, men, women, and children,
live for five or six weeks principally upon the honey which
they suck from the flowers of this fine tree. One of the most
striking plants to a stranger is our common Blackboy* a fine
arborescent species of Xanthorrhaa, growing from ten to
fifteen feet high, with a trunk about a foot in diameter, and
a flower-stalk almost as high as the plant itself; the common
kind is sometimes repeatedly branched in a dichotomous
manner, all the branches of equal thickness. The spot
where the town of Freemantle now stands was originally a

♦ The common Scotch appellation of the Blackberry or Bramble herry-

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 345

grove of this Xanthorrhcea, called here Blackboys^ but which
now get scarce in the neiglibourhood of the settlements from
the numbers used as firewood. The Genus is of very slow
growth, the largest specimens must be several hundred years
old; these furnish the natives with a favourite article of food
in the larv^ of a large brown species of Cerambyx, and also
afibrd a good substitute for lucifer-matches. When the indige-
nous tribes happen to be without fire in the bush, they select
an old but sound flower-stalk of Xanthorrhcea, with the dry
flowers and seed-vessels remaining: of these they make a
small heap on the ground ; then break oif about a foot
or eighteen inches of the upper part of the flower-stalk,
^nd split the remaining part in the middle, placing one half
With the split side up, over the little heap of withered flowers;
this done, they apply the small end of the broken off" part to the
•niddle of the split portion holding it upright between the
palms of their hands and rolling it backwards and forwards
*ith rapidity. Thus a small hollow is soon formed in the
split stalk like the half of a bullet-caster, when they make a
small orifice on one side for the fire to escape into the dried
flowers, where it spreads as in tinder, the whole process not
occupying three minutes even in wet weather. In very wet
Weather, they are, however, sometimes obliged to substitute
the pounded leaves of the blackboy, which are always found dry
under large plants, instead of the old Jlowers. It is a curious
■act, that these two most striking Genera on the mainland
are both wanting on Garden Island.

fhe secondary limestone formation on the right bank of
t'le Swan river, terminates at Mount Eliza near Perth ; it
appears again on the left bank opposite the Peninsula Farm,
3nd continues in a narrow ridge, with few interruptions, to
Guildford. Concretions of shells with square valves occur
"'^der the limestone at Redcliff", and at Preston Point and
other places, and petrified shells nearly resembling those that
^•■e found recent. The Nuytsia* the most magnificent of our

^' floribunda, (R. Br.) and of Lindley, Swan River Botany, p. 39.
'• 4.

Vol. II — No. 15. 2 Y

346 BOTANICAL INFORMATIOxV,

forest-trees, grows plentifully between Freemantle and the
foot of the Darling range of hills; when in blossom it appears at
a distance like a fire in the woods. On approaching it, the
noise from the numerous Coleopterous, Dipterous and Hymenop-
terous insects which feed upon the flowers, resembles the sound
of several bee-hives. A large white butterjly, with red spots on
the wings, is seen in great numbers hovering over the tree,
this species, I think, belongs to the P. Brassica family, the
larv(B of it feed in numbers together on the Eucalyptus and
Melaleuca; there are other species of Papilio also about the
tree, and the honey -sucking and insect-eating birds are all
oti the alert. The trunk of the Nuytsia is from two to four
feet in diameter; its leaves are like those of Taxus ehngata,
and the seeds resemble Rhubarb ; they vegetate with several
cotyledons like the pine. One of the commonest trees about
Perth recalls to the mind of the settlers an English Holly,
its small clusters of flowers, followed usually by a single
seed-vessel, have a similarity to Hakea, but the form ot the
seed proves it to be a Banksia, at least it comes nearer Mr
Brown's B. ilicifolia than any other described species. Mr
Brown's ilicifolia, if I mistake not, is a small upright-grow-
ing species plentiful about Albany and King Georges
Sound. The plant found here is from eighteen inches to
two feet in diameter, the flowers are yellow when they nrst
come out and change to a deep red, the species is almost
always in flower. Mr Brown describes his plant as brmgmg
about five seeds to maturity; ours generally ripens but one,
and I have never seen more than three. Some fine Legv^mt-
nous plants grow about Perth ; our common climber is a
lovely blue Kennedy a, admired by every body ; a beautitu
Hovea, its narrow leaves terminating in sharp thorns, grows
near Mr Andrew's of Villa Grant ; and a fine lilac-flowered
plant from ten to fifteen feet high, by the stream of water
as we enter the peninsula, the shape of its seed-vessel re-
sembling that of Astragalus : I have met with three species.
About two miles to the east of the Pine Apple Inn, on the
voad to the head of the Swan River, a beautiful yellow flower

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 347

is seen, which I sent to London some years ago, and was
informed that it constitutes a new Genus* belonging to the
Natural Order Cham(elaucie<B^ of De Candolle. 1 have
gathered nine or ten species of the same Genus, most of them
very beautiful. On the bank of the river, a few hundred yards
above Mr Hardy's house on the Peninsula Farm, a species of
Xyhmela grows, I suppose occidentale of Frazer. It is curious
to observe the numbers of foreign plants that have established
themselves on the Peninsula farm and about all the old settle-
ments; affording a clear proof that man, when he emigrates,
carries the weeds that are most troublesome in cultivated
ground along with him. Here the Lolium temulentum and
several species of Wild Oats have taken exclusive posses-
sion of the lands first broken up for wheat; the elegant
Briza minor and the Phalaris aquatica are two of the com-
monest grasses on the farm ; the Centanrea solstitialis is one
of our chief pests ; Polygonum aviculare is also very com-
mon, but it is much relished by cattle. There are several
foreign plants that become troublesome weeds here, which
are not known (at least as weeds) in England. I myself in-
troduced the first Cape Gooseberry {Physalis Peruviana), and
the first Solanum Capense^ and in the short space of ten
years they are perfectly naturalized; the Solanum lunatum
we found on Garden Island when we arrived, but it has
since made its way to the mainland, and is plentiful about
Perth. The Eno-lish Sowthistle {Sonchus oleraceus) which now
is the most annoying weed we have all over the country, even
so far as the York district, was quite unknown when we came
here; the native Sowthistle, a far finer plant, growing eight
or ten feet high, being at this time almost extinct about the
settlements. The species of Casuarina called Swamp Oak
by the settlers, produces on the Peninsula two kinds of
Loranthus, one bearing hoary and the other green awl-shaped
leaves. It is a curious fact that these parasites generally
have some similarity to the trees on which they grow. Those

* Chrysorrhoe, of Lindlcy.

348 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

Loranthi inhabiting the Casuarina^ and much resembling the
branches of that plant, are thus easily overlooked; while the
species found on the Gum-trees, a fine red-flowering one with
large lanceolate leaves, is generally passed over as a diseased
branch of the Gum-tree, the leaves of the Loranthus being
naturally of a yellowish-green colour. On the Peninsula
Farm, the Xanthorrhcea, called by the settlers the under-ground
blackhoy, first makes its appearance. It resembles when grow-
ing a large tuft of yellow Asphodel, and bears several flower-
stalks eight or ten feet high : it is difficult to clear the land
intended for wheat or other crops of this plant, and a pity it
is that it should be destroyed, experience proving it to be one
of our most valuable sorts of food for stock of all kinds; in the
very dry weather, when the grass is burned up or destroyed
by bush-fires, sheep and cattle of every description living
principally on the tops of the different sorts of Xanthorrhaa.

From the Swan River, opposite the Peninsula Farm, to the
foot of the Darling range of hills, a distance of about ten miles,
is an undulating country, the surface principally of siliceous
sand, in some places producing what we here denominate
Mahogany, in others what the settlers call stunted Banksia, that
is B. Menziesii and Frazerii. The fine Anigozanthus laiifoUa
of Frazer, our large green and crimson species, is common all
the way fromFreemantle; but the green swamp Anigozanthus*
and the dwarf orange, both beautiful, are principally confined
to the south of the Swan River. Of the pretty genus Thy-
sanotus, called Fringe-Jiower or lace-plant by us, I have gather-
ed about twenty species between the Swan and the top of the
first range of hills. Of Patersonia, a fine genus belonging to
Iridea, 1 have detected ten species; one of these, a fine yellow-
flowered plant, grows on the top of the Darling range, about
half-way between the Helena and the Canning rivers; the
beautiful Pimeka\ with crimson bracteas of which I send home
specimens, is found at the same place.

As we approach the foot of the hill, the country becomes

♦ A. humilis, Lindl. I. c. t. 6. B. f P. spectabilis f Liudl. 1. c p. '♦I-

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 349

more open, and here the first Kingias make their appearance;
they have the habit and appearance of the black-bop, growing
from twenty to thirty feet high, there are from fifteen to twenty
flower-stalks on the same plant, each nearly eighteen inches
long; the flowers are borne in round heads, about two inches
in diameter. With the Kitigia, a pretty dwarf species of
Banksia occurs ; the buds are oval, but the full-blown flowers
and seed-vessels are round, the former are orange-coloured,
inchning to yellow, the seed-vessels are covered with a rusty
down, which distinguishes it from another round-headed
Kind found nearer the foot of the hills. In proceeding
straight from the Peninsula towards Wallup, the native name
of a remarkable hill which lies about a mile to the west
ot the gorge of the Helena river, where it makes its way
through the Darling range of hitls, by what the settlers call
the Rocky pass, we come to what are called the Guildford
lakes, where some curious plants grow, particularly the two
species of Melaleuca, which the settlers term Tea-tree, and
the natives Yumback; one of the species, seen only by fresh
water, attains a diameter of six feet; the other, which is ob-
served sometimes in salt-marshes, grows about two feet — both
*inos have their bark composed of numerous layers of cuticle,
something like that of the Birch. Of this bark, the natives
construct their houses, whenever they can procure it con-
venient to where they bivouac, which they generally do near
Water. With the flower-stalks of the black-boy and the bark
of the Yumback, they in a few minutes build a house per-
fectly impervious to rain, and, with a fire in front, can re-
gulate the heat to any degree they think proper. Several of
"•^t settlers' dwellings were covered with this bark; I think
^me of them still remain, at least they did so very lately.

In the Guildford lakes, a beautiful aquatic Orchis prevails,
noweringin the greatestperfection where the wateris about nine
'"ches in depth; its blossoms are large, of a light blue colour,
nnely marked, and the inner divisions of the perianth spotted
With deeper shades of the same colour. In this Orchis, the
lower lip becomes contracted in the middle, and bears what I

350 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

suppose to be the stigma, it afterwards expands so as to re-
semble one of the divisions of the perianth. The low sand-
hills, a little to the south of the Guildford lakes, produce a
charming plant, resembling an Anigozanthus, but having a
regular corolla ; the colour of the flower is a deep orange,
inclining to red. As vfe approach the base of the hills, the
species I call the celestial blue Leschenaultia, a most delight-
ful plant, makes its appearance ; while the crimson Hakea,
another elegant native production, in some places gives a
ruddy colour to the very hills when it is in blossom. In
an open spot, within about a mile of the foot of fVallup,
a beautiful Dryandra, with large glaucous and curiously-
spiral leaves, grows, its flowers and seed-vessels are produced
close to the ground, the latter partly buried under it, as they
are in D. bipinnata of Frazer. On the same spot as affords
the spiral-leaved Dryandra^ grows a glaucous-leaved round-
headed Banksia ; this species creeps at the root for several
yards, its flowers are yellow, some of them inclining to brown.
I send you specimens of these round-headed sorts, I do not
know if they are both described by Mr Brown. Nearest the
hills, we meet with a plant which is very striking from the
white plumose nature of its footstalks, for the flowers are of a
black colour, and so small as to be scarcely perceptible; the
seeds resemble Conospermum, but it seems to form a natural
genus sufficiently characterized by its white feathery foot-
stalks and small black inflorescence. I have gathered five or
six species, distinguished by the form of their leaves. A
beautiful star-flowered hexandrous, sometimes octandrous
plant, is very common about the foot of the hills, the seed is
cone-shaped, crowned with the star-like corolla as in CallUrix.
Of that pretty genus, nine or ten species occur between the
Swan River and the top of the hills, (first range.) ^'
Stylidium I have gathered thirty different kinds in ^"^
sanae extent, and of terrestrial Orchideee thirty species. M»"
Brown, I think, remarks that there are few yellow-flowered
Stylidiai but ten species of that genus found here, bear yellow-
flowers; one species which grows on Wallup, having fine yello*

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 351

flowers variegated with red, and white flowers marked with
red growing on the plant at the same time. I cannot tell
whether the yellow or white flowers are mutable, they remain
soon the specimen when it is dry. We have two very curious
genera of Orchidece, one I call the Fly-catching* and the other
the Hinged Orchis, Of the fly-catching there is but one species ;
it is very small, with a single lanceolate leaf, the flower-stalk
growing about three inches high, the lower part of the flower
forms a boat-shaped box, and the upper part a lid which ex-
actly fits it. When the flower expands, the lid rises up and
turns back, so that it (the inside of the lid) becomes the
highest part of the flower ; the inside of this lid resem-
hles an insect, and seems in some way to attract insects, for the
minute one alights on it, it acts like the stigma in Stylidiuniy
turning fairly round, and enclosing the insect in the lower
part of the flower as in a box. In this Orchis the anthers
are placed in the lower part of the flower, and the upper
part (the lid), which I think must be the stigma, has to pass
and repass them as the flower opens and shuts; when touched
with any thing the lid instantly closes, but soon opens again
if it catches nothing; when it captures an insect, it re-
"lains shut longer than I have continued to watch it. The
Ringed Orchis^ of which I have found three species, are
scarcely less curious in their economy. The divisions of the
perianth in this genus are five in number, they are narrow
^nd apparently only useful to protect the upper lip and the
•ringed part, which in this genus is the lower part of the
flower; four of the divisions of the perianth, as soon as the
flower expands, fall down by the side of the germen, one
continuing to stand up behind the upper lip. You will per-
ceive in the specimens I send you, the remarkable hinge in
the middle of the insect-like part; when the wind or any
thing else moves the Orchis to one side, the insect-like por-
tion falls against the anthers. At the time the little many-

• Caleana nigrita, Lind!. 1. c. p- 54.

+ The Hinged Orchis seems to be the genus Drakea (Lindl. I c. p. 55.
/.3.)

352 BOTANICAL INFORMATIOK.

flowered species of this genus comes into blossom, its leaves are
withered, and the plant draws all its nourishment from the
succulent nature of its flower-stalk. I pinned some specimens
of this pretty little Orchis against the thin white curtain of a
window, when the lower flowers were just beginning to open;
I had the pleasure of seeing all the buds on the plant expand
in succession, any thing that shook the curtain bringing the
lower part of the flower in contact with the anthers. Un-
fortunately, you cannot see these curious plants perform
their operations with the dried specimens I transmit to you
of them, or you would I am sure be much delighted with
them. Five fine species of Lasiopetalum grow on fVallup, of
which I send you specimens.

Large masses of rock appear on the surface on the sides of
the Darling range, apparently laid bare by the action of the
waters of the ocean at some period of their existence, until we
reach the height of the ironstone gravel formation, about
1000 feet above the level of the sea, which appears never to
have been covered by the waters of the ocean. There seems
to be something remarkable in the small extent of rock to
be met with in this country of any one sort. In one place,
when you examine one group of rocks, you may find it
to be compact rose-coloured granite, very like specimens I have
seen which were said to be part of Pompey's pillar; the next
group, which may not be 100 yards off", is blue compact gran-
ite, or a coarse sort of brescia composed of quartz and feld-
spar, or micaceous slate, whinstone, hornblende, actinohte,
asbestos in several forms, quartz, either massive or formed into
beautiful flag-stones, or several other rocks which I do not
know the names of, but I will send you small bits of them m
the box. The soil is as various in character as the rocks it
covers, being found richest where angular masses of whin-
stone appear on the surface. On Greenmount, the native
Neerdup, there is a good deal of very rich red earth, ap-
parently formed by the decomposition of a slaty rock resem-
bling steatite. This rock, in its natural state, is exposed to
view m the bed of the stream which runs to the north of

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 353

Greenmount, it contains large angular fragments of quartz
and whinstone imbedded in it. The lower slopes of the hills,
called by the aborigines Wallup' and Neerdup, on strong
clay soil with fragments of quartz and ironstone, produce the
Eucalyptus, called White-Gum by the settlers ; the cuticle is
deciduous as in Platanus, and what remains of the bark is
white, from whence comes the name ; it is one of our largest
forest-trees, growing with an unbranched trunk generally to
60 feet high at least. This sort of land generally yields little
underwood or scrub as the settlers term it, but affords a differ-
ent species of Xanthorrhcea, with tough and wiry leaves, which
grows to the height of the common kind, but the flower-stalk
is shorter, and never divides into branches. In botanical
characters it comes near the glaucous-leaved York Black-
^y-, but that species I have not seen to the west of the Dar-
ling range. It is in this sort of land, especially on the banks
of streams of water which run through it in winter, where our
sheep, goats, and cattle, get the poisonous plant that de-
stroys so many of them, and the prevalence of which is a
greater drawback to our colony than all its other disadvantages
put together. Symptoms of a strong vegetable poison are
^ery apparent on the animals which thus die, the stomach
assumes a brown colour, and is tenderer than it should be ;
but it appears to me that the poison enters into the circula-
tion, and altogether stops the action of the lungs and heart.
The finest and strongest animals are the first to fall victims;
a difficulty of breathing is perceptible for a few minutes, when
they stagger, drop down, and it is all over with them. I
strongly^'suspect that it is the genus Lobelia which poisons
Aem, and particularly the Lobelia kppocrateriformis* of Mr
Brown. I send you a paper of seeds of this beautiful plant,
for it is assuredly beautiful, although suspected to be so danger-
ous. It produces snow-white, deep purple, and lilac flowers,
and varieties of all the intermediate shades ; it has a curious

• Figured in Curtis Botanical Magazine, tab. 3075 ;— it is now called
Jtotoma Brownii.

Vol. II.—No. 15. 2 z

354 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

property of growing and flowering in our hottest and dryest
weather, without receiving any nourishment from the soil;
indeed the roots are generally dead before the plant begins to
blossom. It is an annual, and accidents do certainly occur
from poison when this species is scarcely far enough advanced
to be the cause of them; still, I have ascertained that in
some of the worst cases, the poisoned animals had eaten a
considerable quantity of this L. hypocrateriformis^ on the day
when the disaster happened. It is mostly on a dull cloudy
morning, such as generally rain in the afternoon, that this
misfortune takes place, but when the animals are driven and
hungry, they will eat the deleterious plant at any time.
If the seeds of the Lobelia germinate with you, it would be
rendering a great service to this colony if you will have the
plant analyzed. The blood of the poisoned animals is much
darker-coloured than is natural, and it poisons dogs; the
raw flesh poisons cats ; but the roasted or boiled flesh is eaten
by the natives and some of the settlers, without their appearing
to suffer any inconvenience. A fourth species o^ Xanthorrhaa
grows on the ironstone gravel which forms the top of -^^cer-
dup; it is a stemless species, with a slender flower-stalk eight
or ten feet high.

fFa//M/> produces about thirty ProfeaceoMS plants belonging
to different Genera, One of the most splendid shrubs I have
seen is a scarlet Grevillea* with multifid leaves, inhabiting the
ironstone gravel ; its seed-vessels and stigma are downy. A
fine scarlet AdenanthoSy always in blossom, grows on the same
soil; the Leguminosm are very abundant; a large scarlet
KennedyOy with large downy leaves and big clusters of flowers,
is very conspicuous among this tribe. A remarkable plant,
having large cordate stem-clasping leaves and curious large
bracteas, which enlarge and turn brown as the seeds come to
maturity, is particularly conspicuous; its pod resembles that
of Daviesia. The genera Chorizema and Hovea are fine ; ^'^
have seven or eight species of the latter, all bearing beautiful

* Probably G. Thielemanniana.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 365

blue or purple flowers. Among the Hakeas, Frazer's cris-
tata is easily recognised by the curious bicrested form of the
seed-vessel ; his Pelrophila linearis is a fine species, producing
large flowers of a lilac colour, but from the size and shape
or the bunches, they remind me of the English honeysuckle.
Ine Rocky Pass, where the river Helena makes its way through
the Darling range of hills [between Wallup and Neerdiip^
displays some noble plants. One of the finest is a large scarlet
Melaleuca, with large scarlet flowers and lanceolate leaves
two inches long; a fine white Everlasting-flower, which I
tliink is scarcely distinct from the plant called in England the
Botany Bay Xeranthemum ; and the beautiful heart-leaved and
the awl-leaved pink Everlastings grow about the Rocky Pass.
A dwarf green and crimson Anigozanthus (A. humilis, Lindl.
'• c. t. 6.), is common here on the sides of the hills. Of the fra-
grant genus Boronia, two species grow at the Rocky Pass on
the banks and islands in the Helena, and three on the sides
of the hills. Of the equally beautiful but fetid Bauera I have
round three kinds, their flowers smell like Dillenia scandens:
two species of a beautiful climbing genus* allied to Billar-
oiera, but having a dry two-celled many-seeded capsule, grow
'n the islands and three more species of the same genus, some
of them very sweet-scented, inhabit the sides of the hills. The
native Yam, a true Dioscorea^ the finest vegetable this country
naturally produces, with seven or eight species of Hatnodorum,
constitute the principal food of the natives in the way of vege-
tables ; they eat the roots ; all the species are mild and nutri-
tious when roasted, but acrid when raw. The islands about
the Rocky Pass produce a curious shrub with oblong downy
Jeeves and clusters of flowers collected in a common calyx as
in Syngenesia; as nearly as I can ascertain, each individual
flower has 10 stamens, a style, and a seed-vessel resembling
R'MacecE.\

* Probably Spiranthera, Hook, in Bot. Mag. {suh, t. 3523), or Pro-
'^ayn, Endl.
^ Eriostemon, Vide Lindl I. c. p. 17- Chorilana quercifolia {f)

356 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

In thus giving you an account of a few of our more re-
markable plants, I forgot to notice tbe only indigenous
Palm in this part of the colony, it grows to ten or twelve
feet high, and about two feet ciameter; the fruit of the
female palm is like a large pine-apple, it contains many nuts
about an inch long, covered with red-coloured arillus, which
is a favourite food of the natives. To prepare the nuts and
arillus for use, they steep them in water or bury them in the
earth for some weeks, where they undergo a sort of fermen-
tation and become wholesome food ; when eaten without this
preparation, they produce violent vomiting and other dan-
gerous symptoms.

Hawthornden Farm, Toodjey Valley,
July 2bth, 1839.
I HAVE lately crossed the country from the sea-coast to the
district called by the aborigines Guangan. I believe Gttangan,^n
the native language, signifies sand; but I mean by it the open
sandy desert which commences at about eighty miles E.N.^-
from Freemantle, and is known to continue in the same
direction for two hundred miles. It is curious to observe the
effect the strong winds from the sea have on different plants,
the beautiful blue Kennedya, named after our late governor,
(although I do not know how it differs as a species from
K. Comptoniana,) on the downs near the coast forms an up-
right bushy shrub, generally about three feet high, witi
shining trifoliate leaves, the whole plant covered with beau-

.1*1 ^r

liful flowers, and having no appearance of being a climo
It is however easy to see that the same species gradual y
changes into the quinquefid variety, which then runs to
top of trees twenty feet high.

This is just the commencement of our flowering season.
A pretty tetrapetahus monascious plant, which I think lovva
a new Genus, is now in full bloom on the sandhills; I '^^^^
met with three species of it. Two species of PteroshjUs are
in blossom on the limestone hills; of one of these there are

BOTANICAL INFORMATION 357

two varieties with brown and with green flowers striped with
white. This genus has a leafy stem with several flowers, the
stigma moves like a hinge, but only in a slight degree. At
the time the flowers are in perfection, the heart-shaped lower
lip (which I call the stigma) lies up against the anthers, by
which it entirely closes the mouth of the helmet-shaped
corolla; if the stigma is carefully brought down, I have
observed it to shut again several times. A pretty red-flower-
ing plant belonging to EpacridecB^ and the beautiful red and
yellow Leschenaultia, which seems to be always in blossom,
with Banksia Menziesii^ are now in flower. Many kinds
of Daviesia and Acacia are at this time in great beauty, also
a species of Hovea. The Cyperaceac must, I think, be an exten-
sive Order at Swan River ; I have already got about thirty
species of the Genus Lepidosperma. A pretty red-flowering
species of Utricularia now in flower, adorns the sandy land
near the foot of the hills : it is only about an inch high, and
the flowers are nearly as long as the footstalk or scape. I
Went with our cart across the hills by the Toodjey road, as
far as Goolongine, a native well about thirty-five miles from
Guildford. The blue Kennedya, which I have already men-
tioned, (p. 346), disappears altogether as we approach the
hills ; but its place is well supplied with a large downy tri-
foliate species, producing large clusters of scarlet flowers.
In the Swan River district, this plant is rather of an upright
habit, and not much of a climber; but I do not know how
it differs specifically from the many-flowered red Kennedya,
which grows at Augusta and King George's Sound; that plant
climbs and creeps extensively, spreading often on the ground;
the leaves are smaller, thinner and smoother, the seeds
winch less, and the seed-vessels smoother. 1 have lately met
with the King George's Sound plant near the half-way
house on the York road. Baron Hugel's K. arenaria grows
Plentifully all over the great plain of Quartania, that is be-
tween the sea-coast and the foot of the Darling range ; but
what I have always considered the same species, is seen in
abundance ail over the York country, answering well to the

358 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

description of K. prostrala. The whole plant is only about
half the size, and the seed-vessels smoother ; I send you the
two sorts so that you may compare them. Four kinds of
Hakea, belonging to Mr Brown's second division ("folia
plura filiformia"), are now in flower; and our beautiful crim-
son species, together with several others belonging to his
third division, are also in bloom. A beautiful green-leaved
Daviesia grows all the way from the sea-coast to the level of
the ironstone gravel formation on the top of the hills ; but
there the green-leaved variety disappears, and a very glaucous
species or variety takes its place. The latter plant grows
stronger, and has harder foliage, but the two are so alike in
every other respect, that I think they can scarcely be distinct.
We saw nothing but the glaucous-leaved plant for six or seven
miles, when on descending from the first range of hills, we
found the green one for several miles about the level where
we left it. Again the glaucous plant occurred on the top of
all the hills where the ironstone gravel appears to have been
undisturbed by the waters of the ocean, while the green species
was found no further to the east than the last named habitat.
A large Eucalyptus^ with a very rough bark, generally charred

on the outside, from which it has got the name oi black barkoy

Vi If
the settlers, grows plentifully about the Warrilow, our naii-

way house that is to be on the new Toodjey road ; the leaves
and flowers are something intermediate between the Bed-
Gum and Mahogany, I stopped for a day behind the cart
at Goolongine, to examine some ironstone hills, which I knew
to produce several fine plants. The largest and one ot
the finest species of Petrophila I have met with, inhabits the
top of a hill about a mile east from the well, it varies with
linear entire leaves, and leaves deeply trifid with linear
divisions ; the flowers are a golden yellow. I measured one
small tree twenty feet in height, with a clear stem four feet
high and six inches in diameter. I send you specimens col-
lected last year, the plant is not yet in flower. A fine long-
leaved upright-growing Dryandra, about twelve feet highj
grows within sight of the road where it begins to descend

nOTANICAL INFOUMATION. 359

into the valley of the Avon ; and by following the ridge of
the same hill for about a quarter of a mile to the south-west,
another beautiful species of the same Genus was detected,
having flowers like the Cape Honey bush. That is the only
spot on which 1 have found the last kind ; it attains from
four to six feet in height among dense bushes; I send
you specimens of each. The valley of the Avon lies about
five miles east from the top of this hill. A beautiful legumi-
nous plant grows on the banks of the river, known as the native
Lupine by the colonists ; I think it is a purple-flowered Astra-
galus^ the spikes of flowers are nearly a foot long, the leaflets
bear some resemblance to the common blue and rose Lupine,
whence comes the name; also the Nut-tree^ a species of
Sandal-wood; and the Acacia, styled by the settlers Raspberry
jam, in allusion to the smell of its wood, (the natives call this
tree Mangart,) the wood is very valuable, I understand it has
been sold in London at the rate of 2^. Gd. per lb. : likewise the
Acacia, called Manna by the natives, which produces a great
<luantity of gum resembling gum-arabic in the dry season,
'Oiming an important article of their food: all these are com-
mon in the valley of the Avon. The soil here in the valley
's generally a light sandy loam, of a reddish colour, and
yields grass of various sorts in tufts, generally nine inches or
* foot asunder; but the land is very unlike the meadows of
^-ngland. It takes three acres on an average of our best land
'okeep a sheep throughout the year ; when manured or sheep-
'olded, it affords from fifteen to twenty bushels of wheat per
acre. There are some tracts, generally of small extent, of
f'ard clay, which produce the fVhite Gum. The Eucalyptus,
found on the sandy loam, is called by the settlers York
Gum, by the natives Doatta, they use the bark of the root
^ food in the dry season, chewing it along with the gum
of the Manna, The White-Gum forests afford an urn bell i-
'erous plant with very small tops, and with small setaceous
eaves, but it has very large tuberous roots, sometimes three
Of four inches in diameter or more ; the natives eat this root,
^'hich they call Conna: it is very juicy, the juice having a

360 BOTANrCAL INFORMATION.

sweetish taste, with a slight flavour of Celery, the root seems
to contain very little starch or mucilage.

The tops of the ironstone hills in the Toodjey district
produce a beautiful species of Acacia^ with large oval leaves,
which remains a long time in blossom. The plant called by
the settlers the native Myrtle^ grows in Mr Leake's Grant : it
is an Acacia, and certainly bears some resemblance to the
Myrtle in its foliage and habit. On the same hill where the
Acacia grows, and where the road crosses it to Waylen s
Grant, the Nut-tree produces a red-flowering Lcranthus, its
foliage so like the tree on which it grows as to be easily over-
looked. This species is very rare. Between Waylen's road
and Guangan, I met with a new cream-coloured species or
variety of Anigozanthus.

I was accompanied by my youngest son, Johnson, who
collects and preserves the birds and insects ot*this colony; the
open sandy country is bordered by a considerable forest, com-
posed principally of two kinds of Eucalyptus, called Vrac and
Morral by the aborigines. The Urac was in full bloom, but it
seemed no easy matter to procure specimens, the trunk of the
flowering-trees being sixty feet high, very smooth, and oi a
yellow colour. My son and I tried several plans without suc-
cess. At length I thought of firing a ball across the top of the
tree, and thefirst shot brought down plenty of specimens. Tins
Morral is said by some to be the tree called Stringy-bark m
Van Dieman's Land. I suspect it is rather a nearly allie«
species, both these Eucalypti being easily split. One of the
most conspicuous plants on Guangan is a shrubby Eucalypti'
with large glaucous coriaceous foliage, and conspicuous re
flowers, succeeded by large seed-vessels. I have observed a
white-flowered variety of the same. We were too early i"
the season to find many plants in bloom. I gathered a nn^
Boronia with awl -shaped leaves, and several Acacias m
blossom; but the specimens I send you from Guangan wer^
mostly collected last year. Among them you will find a
beautiful Grevillea, its large yellow spicale inflorescence
being nearly a foot long ; the natives collect the flowers and

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 361

suck the honey from them: they call them Woadjar. About
five miles after entering the district of Guangan, we met
with a Melaleuca which we had never seen or heard of before;
It grows about two feet in diameter; I send you specimens of
Its bark. By inserting the point of a sharp stick under the
layers of cuticle, a considerable quantity of water rushed out;
I collected a cupful! of it, but found it as bitter as gall. If
this Melaleuca proves to be a new species, it may well be
called amara; we saw native huts covered with its bark.

August 3d. — I have been another excursion to Guangan,
accompanied by a native called Yarangan, to examine the
banks of the Salt River. The bed of this river is from twenty
to thirty feet wide, the water is now standing in it in pools ;
when these pools become dry, salt, eight or nine inches in
thickness and of good quality, is found in their beds. On
this journey we travelled east by north, and met in about
twenty-five miles the Salt River just before it enters the
grassy country. The Hibiscus hakecpfolius of Hligel, is plenti-
ful on its banks; and a fine species of Grevillea growing eight
or ten feet high, with fan-shaped bifarious branches, and long
^uinquefid leaves : the plant grows in a pyramidal form like
a young Spruce Fir tree, the old seed-vessels appear as if they
had been downy. I met with some seed-vessels on the fine
yellow Grevillea I sent you from Guangan ; they are flat for
this genus, and covered with short hairs ; thi'ee other Grevil-
•ea which I had not seen before, were growing on the banks
of the Salt River. I send you bits of them, but they were
only coming into blossom, and without seed-vessels. Before
^e entered Guangan, we crossed some very rugged iron-
stone hills with sandy valleys between them, thickly clad with
shrubs of various sorts. On the slope of one of these hills, I
Jound a species of Banksia which I had not noticed elsewhere,
Its leaves are entire and glaucous, with sharp points; I send
you the old flowers and seed-vessels : the plant grows from two
to three feet high in spreading bushes. The beautiful pink
Cockatoo, named after Mr Leadbetter, is common in this part
of the country. These birds come in flocks to the neighbour-

Vol. II._No. 15. 3 a

362 BOTANICAL INFOnMATION.

hood of the Avon to feed on the seeds of the Blackboy and
flowers of the Red-Gum; the natives tell us they breed in the
tops of a very high species of Eucalyptus which they call
Mallert, and which grows a day or two's journey to the east
of where we were : the black Cockatoo, with red bars across
the tail, is reported by them to breed in the same tree. My son
shot a species of blue-bird which we had not seen before, it
has broad white bars across the middle of the wings; we saw
only one cock bird followed by eight or nine hens, it is rather
smaller than the common blue-bird. The Xanthorrhaa,
which I call the York blackboy, grows sparingly in this dis-
trict on the tops of the hills; its flower-stalk is only about
half the length of the common species, the leaves are very
glaucous, and so tough that they can with difficulty be broken
off" by the hand ; it grows from twenty to thirty feet high
without a branch.

Among these vallies and ironstone hills, I met with two
Dryandras, new to me — a Petrophila, two Hakeas, three Gre-
villeas, and a Synaphea, which I had not seen before; but
few of them were yet in flower. A curious downy-leaved
plant like a Stachys was coming into bloom. Another in-
dividual of the same genus grows at the foot of the hiHs.
Fresh water is scarce on Guangan, even in this our rainy
season ; it is an undulating country, the hills generally sroall
and low, the soil on them a stony clay, they produce severa
Eucalypti. The vallies between these hills are generally
extensive and sandy, covered thinly with small shrubs.
Kangaroos of the large species, the males when fuU-grown
weighing 100 lbs. and upwards, are seen in hundreds on these
sandy plains. We have nine species of Kangaroo at Swan
River. The animal called Dolgilch by the natives, evidently
a species of Kangaroo, burrows in the ground, and, excep
in its tail, has a good deal the appearance of the Euro-
pean Rabbit. The native Burdit also burrows in the ground
or lives in holes in the rocks. Our dogs caught a smsl
kind of Kangaroo, with a horny substance like a claw on
the point of its tail ; the natives call them manang, and say

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 863

they are common to the north. A gallinaceous bird^ about
the size of the common domestic hen, called Nau by the
natives, breeds on Guangan ; these birds make large nests in
the sand and lay many eggs, they eat the seeds of the differ-
ent species of Acacia, and sometimes come into the valley of
the Avon with the bronze-winged pigeon to feed on them.

The natives use several species of Boletus as food; two of
the principal they call Numar and TVoorda, the latter I think
might be advantageously substituted in cultivation for the
common Mushroom, as it has the same flavour and is much
easier of digestion. The stem is in the middle of the pileus,
which is about six inches broad and two inches thick, it is of
the colour of rusty iron above, and orange underneath, the
pores very small ; it turns to bright blue when bruised and
exposed to the air. The Numar has the stem at one side, it
divides into several lobes, and when full-grown weighs many
pounds, it is only seen near the roots of Mahogany-trees, and
seems to be parasitical ; it is highly esteemed as food by the
poor natives.

Hawthornden Farm. Toodjey Valley,
October Uth, 1839.

Since writing the few observations dated on the 3d of August,
I have made another journey to the sea-coast, and accompanied
by Mr Preiss the German botanist, Mr Gilbert, who is col-
lecting birds for Mr Gould's* work, and Dr Walker, attached
to Mr Grey's surveying and exploring expedition, I visited
the island of Rotnesst, the largest and farthest out to sea
among the islands of this part of the coast. It contains lakes
of salt-water, now cut off from the ocean by sand-hills, where
wiuch salt is collected in the dry season. The island is of the
secondary limestone and calcareous sandstone formation, the
tops of the highest hills are about 300 feet above the level of

The distinguished Ornithologist, author of the " Birds of Europe, of
the Himalaya," &c.

364 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

the sea. For twelve or fifteen feet above the water, the strata
in the calcareous sandstone are placed very close together,
there being ten or twelve of them in a foot of perpendicular
height; ihey lie horizontally, unless where masses of the rocks
have been undermined by the waters of the ocean, and have
fallen in various directions. I observed a black coloured lime-
stone, resembling marble, also a grey kind spotted with black
and striated with black of the same description, but the great
mass of the hills consists of calcareous sand, very imperfectly
changed into stone. A crust of limestone, seldom more than
two or three inches thick, is generally found near the surface
in the low parts of the island, and it extends, but more un-
equal in thickness, over the very tops of the hills. In this
crust may be seen what appear to have been the trunks ol
large trees with a foot or two of them remaining where they
seem to have grown, but now changed into solid limestone; in
many places the calcareous sand has fallen away, and left the
roots of the trees now converted into stone, remaining just as
we see the roots of trees on the banks of mountain-rivers that
are undermined by the current. The soil in the vallies of
Rotnesst is a rich calcareous sand, with a large portion ot
vegetable mould, and the plants found on the island are
nearly the same as grow on Garden Island. We found a
fine Boronia, likewise an inhabitant of Garden Island, flower-
ing on the exposed western coast of the island; its leaves
are pinnated, with winged foot-stalks, it smells strong, like the
European Rue. A small arborescent Pittosporum^ bearing
yellow berries, which was in flower with ripe fruit at the same
time; the Garden Island Cypress in flower; and the "^V^'
taceous tree, with a parasitical Loranthus^ but not in bloom;
these are the principal timber-trees of the island. Neither
Xanthorrhceas^ Eucalypti, nor Proteaceous plants could be
seen, although species of these genera grow close to the shore
of the mainland. A showy Rutaceous plant, having '^
drooping scarlet flowers collected in a common calyx,* was in

* Dfploitena Dampieri, Dp.«f.

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 365

flower on the island; and on the coast of the mainland, a fine
white-flowering Mallow-like plant, resembling the tree Mallow^
found on Garden Island and on Carnal. A Lasiopeialunif
with hoary linear leaves and lilac flowers, was in full bloom,
different from any I have seen on the mainland. I also met
with a splendid rose-coloured species in flower, on the tops
of the ironstone hills near the Salt River, the leaves are in
whorls of three to each set ; and a pretty white-flowering one
which is found on Guangan, has the leaves arranged in the
same way ; we have got sixteen or seventeen species of this
genus at Swan River, most of them beautiful plants. We
searched in vain on Rotnesst for the beautiful scarlet CAo/7zeffi«,
which still grows on Arthur's head, but flowers in much greater
perfection on the coast near the Clarence road, about four
miles to the south of Freemantle. It is distinct from the
noUy^eaved Chorizema, found at the Rocky Pass, its leaves
being larger, more coriaceous and downy underneath, and
the plant spreading more along the ground; these are two
of the finest plants belonging to this numerous and beauti-
ful Order. I met with a curious monadelphous* plant in
flower near the foot of the hills, it resembles Stac/.j/s
hnata a good deal, but has the leaves closer set in a de-
cussated form; the flowers are in dense round downy
spikes, the only part of the flower appearing above this
^owny mass being the anthers, five or six in number, and
united together at their base by a membrane which some may
perhaps consider as the true corolla. I crossed the hills by
the Toodjey road, and found a beautiful Hovea which I call H.
Srandijlora. The only habitat I know for this plant is the
^est side of a hill, which the road crosses about a mile to the
«ast of the watering-place called Goolgoil, by the natives; the
leaves are oval and very entire, the flowers varying from deep
to light blue, allied to H. Celsii, but twice as large. Many
luminous plants are now in great perfection, belonging to
different Genera, the prevailing colour of their inflorescence

• Amaranthaceee ; nov. gen.

366 BOTANICAL INFORMATION,

being a mixture of red, orange, and yellow. A pretty Orchis,
which I cannot refer to any of Mr Brown's genera, is now in
blossom on the roadside ; it is remarkable for producing va-
rieties with blue, yellow and white flowers. I am acquainted
with two other species of the same Genus, with blue flowers,
varying to white; but this is the only instance I can recollect
of a blue flower changing into a yellow ; the yellow kind is
very rare to the west of the Darling Range of hills, where
the blue is common ; but in the Toodjey district some of the
hills produce the yellow plant in thousands, without any
mixture of blue; still I am satisfied they are the same spe-
cies. My family have paid a good deal of attention to the
Orchidece, and we have gathered between sixty and seventy
species; the few botanical books I brought out with me
having been soon lost by a fire, we consequently knew nothing
of the names of even the Genera, but every Orchis we found
for the first time was new to us, and were distinguished
among the different members of the family by the finders
names, such as Jane's yellow spiral-leaved, John's spotted
spiral-leaved, &c., &c. My youngest daughter, Euphemia,
knows the Swan River OrchidecB quite as well as I do myselr,
and she is able to tell any of her brothers who pick up an
Orchis, whether there is any chance of its being what we eali
a new one or not. Some of our genera, for we found it ne-
cessary to make genera to help in distinguishing the different
species, turned out to be exactly the same with Mr Brown s.
Our glazed Orchises were Mr Brown's genus Glossodium,
but we named the plants from the remarkable glazed or
glossy appearance of the flower, and not from the part of the
flower resembling a serpent's tongue. Two or three of our
OrchidetE are very rare, and have not been seen more than
once or twice, and we have no specimens of them ; a"
rest I can send you. One species came up in considerab
numbers one season, in a place where clay had been dug
build with, close to our residence on the Swan River, an
was found by my youngest daughter; but the specimens were
unfortunately lost, and it has never been seen since, although

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 367

often looked for this season. We have added five or six to
our list, one that I have found is a splendid species of Mr
Brown's Caladenia which grows two feet high, the three outer
divisions of the perianth are more than two inches long,
the two side ones shorter, of a yellow colour variegated with
red, they are sickle-shaped and turn round their points, so
that they act as a sort of guard to the lower lip, which moves
on a hinge. In this species the lower lip is heart-shaped,
with a dark purple curled insect-like point ; the throat is
filled with purple glands, the two sides smooth and yellow;
when undisturbed, the lower lip lies up against the anthers
until after impregnation, but when the plant is moved a little
to one side it falls down. Another, which I have gathered
this year for the first time, is a Pterostplis, which I have
named P. rupestris, from its growing in the crevices of horn-
blende rocks, where there is scarcely any earth ; it bears four
or five flowers, and has the stem covered all the way up with
sheathing scales ; the lower lip moves as in the Pterostplis
which inhabits the limestone rocks on the coast. A third
Orchis, also detected this season, forms a different genus from
^ny we had seen before; its lower lip resembles an insect,
and assumes the appearance of a head and feet, which none
of the other insect-like Orchidece have. The other Orchidece
'ound this season are small; they were gathered by my
youngest son when out kangaroo-hunting. I have only seen
them in a dried state. This is now the gayest season of the
year at Swan River ; the grasses are mostly in flower, the
birds are breeding, and singing from daybreak in the morn-
ing until dark; the grassy districts are covered with the
pink, yellow, and white Everlastings, and other annual plants
of this class. There is a curious little plant now in bloom,
*hich I think is nondescript; (I have since met with two
"lore of the same genus ;) I suspect it belongs to Mr
Brown's genera Aphelia or Devauxia, and in a natural arrange-
ment will be placed near the grasses; it has a few seta-
ceous leaves like a very small grass, and from twenty to thirty
flower-stalks about an inch high ; the head of flowers bears

368 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

some resemblance to a single cluster of the inflorescence
of Briza media, the flowers resemble those of a grass, they
are monandrous and have each a single seed ; it would per-
haps come into Jussieu's Natural Order Cyperacece. I have
met with one or two species of Hippuris at Swan River, also
a Callitriche, I believe the common European kind, but Mr
Brown has not noticed either of them in his work. I have
been to Guangan to the habitat of the paper-bark tree I
mentioned before, but it is not yet in blossom. A species of
Comesperma, having greenish-yellow and purple sweet-scented
flowers and stout woody stems, grows with it, and forms
the strongest creeper I have met at Swan River. My
youngest son, who is very fond of flowers, was much pleased
with a pretty Pelargonium he saw here for the first time ; "
has long tuberous roots, which lie about three inches under
the surface, small heart-shaped leaves growing close to the
ground, and a flower-stalk about three inches high with large
(for an Australian Geranium) white flowers, striated with
red ; the plant is sweet-scented. We have three Erodiums,
one with white, one with purple, and one with rose-coloured
flowers, and very strong smelling leaves ; one Geranium, UKe
G. moUe, with a perennial root, shaped like the carrot which
the natives eat, and another rose-coloured Pelargonium,
which I suppose may be the P. Australe, these form our whole
list of GeraniacecB yet met with. The Musk- scented Erodium is
naturalized on the Peninsula farm. We detected a curious
plant, with the habit of Thymelece, having snow-white downy
calyces resembling a Pimelea, but the divisions of the corolla
are not so deeply cleft, and they do not expand so much as
they do in this genus or Daphne, it grows about a foot high wit
hoary leaves, the flowers are several together, closely envelop-
ed in down, with only the tubes of the corolla rising over the
downy mass. The Natural Order GoodenovicB produces
some of the finest plants at Swan River ; an annual resem-
bling a Scabious, belonging to it, perhaps Sir J. E. Smith s
Brunonia sericea, with sky-blue flowers, is now in full bloom
m the grassy districts, covering many acres, and forming

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 369

a fine contrast with the pinkj yellow, and white Everlasting-
flowers; this plant would be likely to answer in the open air,
as an annual, in England. The splendid celestial-blue Leschen-
aultia is now in high beauty. Another species with bright
scarlet flowers is just coming into blossom on the banks of the
Salt River, and near Mr Hall's residence on the Avon ; this
may be the L. formosa of the Botanical Magazine; it grows
about two feet high, with yellowish-green leaves, and is very
distinct from a species called by me Leschenaultia sanguinea,
with blood-red flowers, found on a swampy plain, called
Dargoy by the natives, at the head of the Helena River. The
L. sanguinea is only five or six inches high, with glaucous
foliage ; the tube of the corolla is shorter and not so downy,
the divisions of it broader and fuller, and it flowers two
months earlier than the species I suppose to be L. formosa.
I have been up the Avon about forty miles from the Toodjey,
to Mount Bakewell, the highest (being about a thousand feet
above the level of the ocean) and most conspicuous hill in the
Vicinity of York; the base line for surveying the York dis-
trict passes over the top of Mount Bakewell. I met with a
hlue-flowering Orobanche, growing among stones near the
summit of the hill; another I found in 1837 in seed, or it may
he the same species, on sand-hills near the coast. A curious
plant belonging to Polj/galecSy and called by settlers the Swan-
River Broom, and which I suppose to be a species of Come-
'perma, I have called (from the use made of it) the Comesperma
*e(^aria. This was in flower on the only spot where it has as
yet been seen, and where it will, judging from appearances,
soon be destroyed ; it grows on a low sand-hill, on what was
originally Mr Edjet'sgrant,betweenMrEdjet*s first residence
and the river : it affords an excellent ready-made broom, the
root forming the handle; full-grown specimens are about
two feet in diameter, growing in dense upright bushes about
two feet high ; green branches are thrown up every year to
the outside of the plants, which, when they exceed two feet
m diameter, begin to decay at the heart. The plants in
greatest demand for brooms measure about nine inches in
Vol. 1 1.— No. 15. 3 b

370 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

diameter, and are sliaped exactly like a well-made broom ;
the branches are very tough, without leaves, and the flowers
blue. I shall send you one of these brooms as a specimen;
the natives supply all the settlers within ten miles round with
them, thus threatening to extirpate the plant, and many have
even been sent to Perth. I met with a leguminous plant, new
to me, on the grassy hills near Mr Lucas's residence, which
I think better adapted for cultivation as artificial food in this
country than any hitherto introduced ; it is not yet in flower,
and from its present appearance it will continue green for seve-
ral months. The plant, called by the settlers the Swan River
Lupine, is now in full bloom in many places on the banks of
the river ; it is three or four feet high, the leaves are downy,
about seven inches long, pinnate, having six pair of pinnules
with an odd one at the end, the leaflets about an inch long,
and half an inch broad; the flowers are borne in spikes
about a foot long, produced from the axils of the leaves, they
are mutable in colour, first making their appearance of a
yellowish-white, and then changing to a beautiful purple
hue; the seed-vessel and seed resemble Astragalus. (Cyclo-
gyne canescens, Benth.)

The cream-coloured u^m^rozaw^Aws, found between Waylen's
road and Guangan, seems not distinct from the early orange,
or only a form of it, and I have met with another variety of
the same species on the downs near the sea, about ten miles
to the north of Freemantle. The three varieties are as fol-
lows: — 1st. The early orange, which grows on the sand-hills,
between the Swan River and the Darling range; this plant
springs up singly, and is about nine inches high, with orange
flowers, and is the earliest of the genus ; it has one or two large
leaves near the ground, from the axils of which the flower-
ing branches are produced (besides the main stem). 2nd.
The sea-coast variety, attaining about a foot high, a strong
plant bearing many flowers ; there are four or five large leaves
on the stems, from which flowering branches are produced,
the flowers are often yellow, or yellow variegated with orange;
and 3d. the cream-coloured variety, which grows two feet bigJ>»

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 371

with two or three flowering branches from each root ; the
stems have two or three large leaves which produce flowering
branches from their axils, the inflorescence is of a beautiful
cream colour, but frequently marked with orange near the
mouth of the corolla.

Hawthornden Farm,
October 30th, 1839.

I have been another journey to the Salt River. The fine
yellow Grevillea and the pyramidal species were in full
bloom ; the flowers of the latter are of a greenish colour, the
most conspicuous part being the stigma, which is quite black ;
the seed-vessels are downy or hairy in both species. I found
a remarkable black-flowering plant in blossom on the banks
of the Salt River; the habit of this plant, the size and appear-
ance of its leaves, closely resemble the Cape Sab^ea aurea;
the corolla is notched, about the breadth of a sixpence, with
five stamens, smooth in the middle, but velvety near the out-
side of the circle, as black as ink ; the flowers are numerous,
produced singly from the axils of the leaves, the seed-vessels
^ere not far enough advanced to ascertain their structure,
^ut I do not think that they will agree with AsckpiadecSy to
which Order the flower bears some resemblance. In this
journey I found the beautiful Leschenaultia, which I suppose
to be L.formosa, producing rich dark purple inflorescence,
also light purple, lilac, and white, blood-red, bright scarlet,
pink, rose-coloured, &c., through every possible intermediate
shade of purple and scarlet. It is curious to observe the
great variety that prevails in the colour of the flowers of the
same species in many plants of this country. In the first part
of this journal, I pointed out the great variety in the colour
of the flowers of lobelia hypocrateriformis. A pretty annual
plant, like an Anthemis, exhibits as many hues in a state of
nature, as the China Aster does in a cultivated state. Most
of the Everlasting-flowers display yellow and white varieties.

372 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

equally common in different parts of the country; the plant
called Botany Bay Xeranthemum in England, is found with
yellow flowers in the Toodjey district, and white ones to the
west of the Darling range; an annual Gnaphalium, very
frequent in the Toodjey district, with long-pointed squarrose
scales on its heads of flowers, varies with iron-red, orange,
golden-yellow, straw-coloured, and white, also rose-coloured
flowers of several shades. I found a Prostanthera, with dark
red flowers, on the banks of the Salt River; and, in the bed of
the same river, a curious Malvaceous plant with creeping
roots ; the calyx is single and the corolla adheres closely to
it, when in flower, apparently attached to it by a sort or
gummy substance ; the divisions of the corolla are narrow,
and look like white stripes on the calyx ; when the seeds are
formed, the corolla is found separate from the calyx. A
curious grass with rush-like and very prickly leaves, makes it
no very easy matter to botanize on the banks of this inhos-
pitable river ; its culms grow four or five feet high, the fruc-
tification is borne in a sort of contracted panicle, the calyx is
of two glumes bearing five or six flowers, the flowers grow
mostly from one side of the panicle. Another remarkable
grass with large calyx-glumes was growing on the banks or
the river; the glumes contain four or five seeds with curious
wings for flying with. I send you specimens of both these
grasses.

James Drummond.

SOUTH AFRICAN. PLANTS.

Dr Krauss, a Prussian Naturalist, has lately arrived in
London with a very extensive collection of skins of animals*
well preserved Insects, Amphibiae, &c., and a large herbarium
of plants from the Natal country; the duplicates of the last,
amounting to between four and five hundred species, are
offered for sale, at the price of £2 the hundred. We trust

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 373

shortly to lay before our readers an account of the journey of
Dr Krauss into Natal, a district which he visited after having
made collections in the Cape territory.

ARRIVAL OF MR CUMING FROM THE PHIL'IPPINE
ISLANDS.

This enterprising Naturalist, who first distinguished him-
self by his voyages and collections made in the islands of the
Pacific, and on the western shores of South America, to
which the pages of the Botanical Miscellany^ and the early
numbers of the present work, bear honourable testimony, has
recently returned from a long visit to the Philippine Islands
made for a similar purpose as his former voyages, that of in-
creasing our knowledge of the natural productions of a group
of islands, little trodden by men of science, and singularly rich
m the several departments of nature. Alive to the importance
of every department in the wide field in which he was engaged,
and wholly neglectful of none, Mr Cuming had the judgment
to devote his attention mainly to two branches. Botany and
Conchology, in which, as may be expected from so acute and
so experienced a traveller, his collections are eminently
valuable and extensive, in each of the two departments, the
numbers of species being estimated at between three and four
thousand. Again, in Botany, Mr Cuming had his favourites,
these were the Ferns, and there is reason to believe that save
the rich stores of that family made by Dr Wallich and his
assistant, during a period of many years in all parts of the
East Indies, no such collections have ever before been
brought to Europe by any single individual. It is well
J^nown to Botanists, that amongst Dr Wallich's Ferns,
the rarest and most interesting one was that which has
^en figured and described by Mr Brown in the " Planta
AsiaticcB Hariores" under the name of Matonia pecti-
^(itay* of which a solitary specimen was gathered by Sir

* See i»lso Hooker's Genera Filicum, Tab. LIX.

374 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

William Farquhar on Mount Opiiir, thirty-six miles from
the town of Malacca. This Fern, which excited so much
interest a little before Mr Cuming's departure, he pledged
himself to rediscover and to supply our Herbaria with fine
specimens. He has kept his word, and the same letter, ad-
dressed to me, which announced his arrival in London, (June
5th,) mentioned this interesting fact. " It is with pleasure,
my dear Sir," he says, " I have to inform you of my safe
arrival here this morning from Singapore, with all my col-
lections I trust safe, and in as good condition as I am in health.
Since I did myself the honour of writing to you last, I have
been at Mount Ophir,in the Malayan Peninsula, and have had
the gratification of collecting the splendid Fern which I pro-
mised you to do before I left Europe. It is not found at the
foot of the mountain, as I had understood, but upon the moun-
tain, and there in great abundance, at an elevation of 4600
feet above the level of the sea. Its roots creep along the
ground, and each frond stands from five to seven feet high.

The Philippines have afforded Mr Cuming nearly 400
species of Ferns ; and on his return, in one short excursion
into the interior of St Helena, during part of a single day s
stay there, 15 species rewarded his researches.

The pages of this Journal will shortly contain many in-
teresting particulars relative to Mr Cuming's investigations
in this magnificent group of islands, and we shall theretore
content ourselves at this time with saying, that while on the
one hand, we know it to be Mr Cuming's intention to present
the most distinguished public Institutions of this country witi
some of the fruits of his toils, on the other hand, he otters
to private individuals the means of enriching their museums
by the purchase of collections on similar terms with tho
that attended the distribution of his South American ThnlS'
&c. It will yet necessarily be some weeks before the numei-
our chests can be unpacked, and their contents arranged tor
inspection and distribution; but due notice of this wiU "^
given in our Journal.

Vol //. 7'aS.A'/.J7/

NEW SPECIES OF KAULFUSSIA. 375

XX. — Description of a New Species of Kaulfvssia, found in
Upper Assam. By William Griffith, Esq., Assistant
Surgeon, Madras Establishment.

[With a Figure, Tab. XI. XII.]

(Of this very rare genus Kaulfussia, one of the most remarkable of the
Order Filices, the original species was detected and named by Blume. A
second species has recently been discovered by Mr GriflSth in Assam, and
described in a Memoir published in India, which that gentleman has been
80 good as to send us. The description refers to a figure which, as it ap-
pears, should have accompanied the Memoir, but I do not find that any of
the copies sent to this country possess this plate. Through the kindness
of the Honourable W. H. Harvey, we are enabled to give a figure from
an authentic specimen in his possession. The description is quoted verba-
tim from the work above alluded to. — Ed.)

KAULFUSSIA. Blume.

Ord. Nat. Filices. Marattiaceje. Kaulf.

Syst. Linn. Cryptogamia. Filices.

Char. Gen. Capsules sparsae, exsertse, orbiculari-cyathi-
formes, multiloculares. Indusium nullum.

Y^\c^% frondihus tematis amplis, suhtus stomatibus maximis
aperti quasi perforatis, stipitibus basi bisqiiamatis, capsulis

subsessilibus.

Kaulfussia Assamica (Griff, in Mem. on Kaulf, cum Ic.)
fronde triphylla, foliolis subsessilibus, stipitibus teretibus, cap-
sulis sub-20-locularibus, loculis per diraidiam longitudinem
tantum dehiscenlibus.

Hab. In rupibus arenosis solo alluviali tectis Assamis
Superioris, ad basin collium Nagensium Gubroo Purbut
propinquis, ubi copiose inveni mense Martii 1836, umbrosis-
sima amat.

Bhizoma subterraneum, longe repens, crassum, carnosum,
infra radiculas teretes, tortuosas, simplices ramosasve proferens,
supra ad basin cuj usque stipitis in squamas duas persistentes,
carnosas, quam maxime papiHosas (junioribus imbricatim
conniventibus et frondem nascentem obtegentibus) quasi
ruptum. Superficies papillis conicis raagnis pilisque cellulosis

376 NEW SPECIES OF KAULFUSSIA.

irregularibus septatis asperata. Stipes pedalis, aliquando
sesquipedalis, teres, basi incrassatus, papillis pilisque supra
descriptis valde scaber, pilis rarius stellatis, saepe ramosis,
squamis badiis minimis peltatis raroimmixtis. fronsampla,
ternata, ambitu deltoidea, novellas gyratae intra frondis sub-
stantiam formatae, demum erumpentes pilis ramentisve rubris
hispidissimae. Foliola subsessilia, oblongo-ovalia, acuminata,
carnosa, subintegra, supra sordide viridia Isevia et glabrata,
infra albida, oribus magnis elevatis innumeris stomatum officio
fungentibus quasi papulosa, et ad venas, ultimis exceptis,
mode supra descripto scabra, lateralia margine superior!
obiiqua.

Venatio: vctkb primarice {costce) ci-assse; secundari<B apices
versus arcuatae et ope venularum mutuo nexae, vel magis
distinctae; apice utriusque cum vena secundaria superiore
confluente, tertiarice vix prominulae ; intervenia casterum vane
irregulariterque reticulata; terminatio venularum ultiniarum
obscure clavata, vel intra-marginalis, vel intra areolas. Cap-
sula {son eel. Kaulf.) maximae, sine ordine evidente per totam
paginam dorsalem frondis sparsae, irregulariter seriatse vel
sub-biseriatse, sitae in confluentia venularum tertiariarum et
nhimarum, subsessiles, cyathiformes, superficie externa
tot exarata sulcis quot locula, margine paullo incurvato
sub lente crenato, crenaturis fissuris dehiscentiae oppositis:
loculis viginti vel ultra, verticalibus, ovatis, a medio supra
usque ad apicem rima introrsum dehiscentibus, extus lutes-
centes, intus luteo-badiae, utrinque rubro-punctatae, siccatione
rugosae. Sporulce in acervulo lutescentes, rotundatse vel sub-
reniformes, sub lente centies augente minutissime scabrell®.
Anatomia. Radices cellulosae, fascicule vasorum unico cen-
tral! fibris circumdato. Rhizoma e !naxima parte cellulosum ;
cellulae rotundatae, pressione angulatae, plurimae, parvae, succo
rubro-rosaceo turgidae ; lacunae paucee interjeclae sine ordine
evidente. Fasciculi vasorum plures, sparsi, peripheria fibrosi
centre ductiferi ; ductibus plurimis, vix solubilibus, simpHci-
ter trabeculatis. Stipes etiam e maxima parte cellulosus;
ce uae laxse, pressione angulatae, minoribus succo rubro-

NEW SPECIES OF KAULFUSSIA. 377

losaceo efFoetis paucis et praecipue peripheriam versus sitis ;
lacunae plures, sparsse. Fasciculi vasorum subnoni, versus
basin stipitis irregulariter, versus apicem hujus circa centrum
dispositi, sectione transversa oblongi vel subreniformes. Dis-
positio fibrarum ac vasorum eadem ac in rhizomate, sed vasa
majora, ductusque solubiles, pseudo-fissi compositi. Folio-
lorum cuticula utraque et praesertim inferior, quae stomatosa,
crassiuscula, e cellulis sinuosis globulas paucas virides minutas
continentibus formata. Stomata (vel potius perforationes)
maxima, sine ordine sparsa, in areolis minutis solitaria, in
niediocribus plura, rotundata, insequalia, supra cuticulam ele-
vata, oculis nudis facile conspicienda, oris margine e cellubs
linearibus 3-4 seriatis annulatim dispositis formato, membra-
nuia marginali simplici ? late crenata. Referunt omni sensu
Hepaticarum quarundam stomata. Parenchymatis cellulae ut
plurimum rotundatse, meatibus conspicuis interceptae; cellulis
cuticulae stomatosae propinquis laxissimis, quam maxime
difFormibus et lacunis amplis interceptis. Loculorum parietes
proprii tenues, membranacei, moleculis minimis crebris inter-
spersi.

Obs. For the knowledge of this plant being a Kaul/ussia,
I am indebted to my kind friend Dr Wallich. In my M.S.
I had called it Macrostoma, in allusion to its stomata, which,
so far as I know, have been found hitherto only iu the cuti-
culate genera of fie;?aftc^; these organs M. Kaulfuss describes
by the words « vesiculis pertusis." I have described the cap-
sule with reference to its appearance only, but it is at once
obvious that the fructification consists of as many capsules as
there are cells, united together by cellular tissue, which is
deficient along their inner faces, but in this species only from
their middle upwards. The genus obviously belongs to the
Subtribe MaraUiacecB or Baneace<B, in which M. Kauituss has
placed it; the correctness of this is farther pomted out by
the fact, that in Angiopteris the evolution of the young frond
takes place in a similar manner, so far at least as may be
judged from the universal presence of the two scales surround-
ing the base of the stipes in this latter genus.

Vol. II.— No. 15. 3 c

378 SWAN RIVER PLANTS.

Dr Blume's species may be thus distinguished : —

K. CBSCulifolia ; fronde ternata, foliohs petiolatis laterali uno

alterove geminato bipartitove, stipitibus hinc canahculatis, cap-

sulis subnovem-locularibus, locuHs per totam longitudinem

dehiscentibus.

K. (Esculifolia. Bl. — Kaulfuss, in Hook, et Grev. Icon. Fili-

cum, vol. II. tab. 329.

Tab. XI. XII. Fig. 1. portion of the frond with stomata
and sori; / 2, 3. sori; / 4. the same cut through vertically;
f. 5. sporules : — magnified.

XXI.—SWAN RIVER PLANTS.

Among the 1300 species of plants which have been sent to us from the
Swan River Settlement, by Mr James Drummond, the four following
(above alluded to at p. 343, &c.,) have been selected, as deserving of being
figured in this place. By G. A. W. Arnott, Esq., LL.D., &c.

[Tabs. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI.]

Myrtace^, Tribe Cham^laucie-s;.

1. Chrysorrhoe serrata; foliis obovatis carnosis dorso sub-
triquetris ciliato-serratis mucronatis subimbricatis, pedicelhs
flore 2 — 3-plo longioribus corymbosis, bracteolis distinctis
muticis deciduis, calycis glabri lobis multifidis, lacmus
lineari-subulatis pectinato-pinnatipartitis, petalis oblongo-
obovatis pectinatis, staminibus liberis sterilibus petaloideis
oblongis integerrimis filamentis fertilibus subdimidio brevi-
oribus, anthera globosa connectivo obtuse acuminato, stylo
glaberriino petala superante.

C. serrata, Lindl. in Swan Biver Botany, p. vi. n. 8.

Although Dr Lindley states in the work quoted, that a
comparison of his figures of C. nitens, and Verticordia insig'
nis, will sufficiently explain in what the difference consists
between these two genera, I am rather of opinion with
Endlicher, that Chrysorrhoe ought again to be reduced to
Verticordia. The original character of Chrysorrhoe, {Comp.
Bot. Mag, H. p, 357,) depended on having all the stamens
free, the sterile ones subulate, the anthers roundish, apiculate.

ri?ij/: rai.JM.

',%t^ f. T'e/yn*'^ ^■*

SWAN IlIVER PLANTS.

379

2-valved, and provided with two sphserical pellucid white gib-
bosities at the base, a naked style, and one-celled ovary com-
posed of a single capillary leaf. But some species of Verticor-
dia have the stamens free, while V. chrysantha, Endl., (which
so far as regards the anthers and style agrees with Chrysor-
rhoe), has the stamens slightly united at the base. Besides,
in C. nitens, the type of the genus, the two gibbosities
of the anther seem to be only the prominent bases of the
anther-cells : and in C. serrata, the whole anther forms one
little globe no way different from what is observed in Verti-
cordia grandiflora^ and some other species. Although, how-
ever, the above characters, as well as the smoothness of the
style, are certainly insufficient to distinguish Chrysorrhoe
as a genus, the other characters derived from the ovary may
perhaps prove more certain, and therefore I retain the
species as placed by Dr Lindley.

Tab. XIII. Fig. 1. Branch; / 2. Leaves, front and back
view; /. 3. Flower-bud ; /. 4. Expanded flower ; /. 5. Fertile
stamens, front and back view, the alternate ones shorter than
the others ; /. 6. Sterile filaments : — magnified.

2. Verticordia grandiflora; foliis carnosis lineari-triquetris
mucronatis summis distiche imbricatis, pedicellis flore 2 — 3-
plo longioribus laxe corymbosis, bracteolis ad medium con-
natis muticis persistentibus, calyce glabro lobis palmato-mul-
tifidis laciniis lineari-subulatis pectinato-pinnatipartitis, peta-
lis obovatis fimbriato-multifidis glabris, staminibus liberis
sterilibus complanato-subulatis trifidis nudis, antheris globosis
connectivo bicorni deflexo, stylo perbrevi glaberrimo.

V. grandiflora, Endl. Nov. Stirp. decad. p. 69.— K helian-
, tha, Lindl. in Swan River, Sot. p. vi. p. 9.

We know our plant to be the same as that of Dr Lmdley,
and there cannot exist a doubt, we believe, of its being also
that of Endlicher, although our character is slightly at
variance with both descriptions. For want of a more appro-
priate term we have called the bracleoles persistent; but strictly

380 SWAN RIVER PLANTS.

speaking they are not so, for they soon become detached from
the pedicel, although from being united and as it were sheath-
ing the pedicel, they cannot fall oflF till the flower itself does.
Endlicher says the bracteoles are free from each other,
but overlap "inferne altera exterior interiorem arcto am-
plexu retinens, ita ut prima fronte connatae videantur, sed
revere distinctse, persistentes ;" they appear to us truly con-
nate so far as the middle. What Dr Lindley describes as
" antheris appendice bicorni auctis," seems to be the connec-
tivum bent down over the front of the anther and divided
into two subulate segments ; this structure occurs more or
less conspicuously in all the species both of Chrysorrhoe,
and Verticordia, although usually the deflexed horns appear
to cohere with the sides of the connectivum, forming two
lateral ridges, as may be seen at the apex of the anther, (/. 5
of our plate of C. serrafa;) the same is exhibited in Dr Lind-
ley's figure 3 of C nitens; in his representation of Verticordia
insignis {fig. a, 2), they are short and blunt.

Tab. XIV. Fig. 1. Leaf;/. 2. Flower-bud;/. 3. Ex-
panded flower ; / 4. Fertile stamens, front and back view ;
f. 5. Sterile stamen : — magnified.

Lhotskya. Schauer.

Calyds tubus oblongus 5-costatus omnino cohaerens;

limhus patulus 5-lobus, lobis brevibus scariosis obtusis. Petala

5, calycis limbum longe excedentia, decidua, aestivatione

imbricata. Stamina inaequalia, corolla breviora, numero

indefinita (plura quam 10) omnia fertilia; filamenta capil-

laria; an^Aer^ subglobosae, dorso medio insertae. Stylus nil-

formis, imberbis, stamina superans. Stigma punctiforrae.

Fructus maturus ; Pericarpium capsulare tubo calycis arete

adnatum idemque 5-costatum. Semen 1 oblongum, erectum,

pericarpii totam fere cavitatem implens ejusque costas

intrans, hinc pariter 5-costatum ; integumentum tenuissime

membranaceum : embryo orthotropus semini conformis ;

cotyledones minimse vix discernendae ; Radicula crassa, recta.

)W.//. rai.J/K

^^"4i'«?H^^±-:

^J-k - ,t. X

Ibl./A 7'f/j^.A17.

rolJT. Ta/^.J^\:

v^/^^"-^' a^^^-u/f^/za.

SWAN RIVER PLANTS. 381

—Frutices AustralasiCis habitu GynothyWidi accedentes. Folia
conferta acerosa glabra. Flores sessiles, bracteolis hinis per-
sistentibus foliaceis carinatis in/erne altera latere connatis in
brevem pedicellam abeuntibus basi stipati. Schauer.

3. L. acutifolia; foliis linearibus triquetris acutis glabris,
bracteis obovatis mucronatis dorso herbaceis margine mem-
branaceis tubo calycis brevioribus, floribus axillaribus.
Lindl. in Swan River Bot. p. vii. n. 13.

Mr Drummond finds also at Swan River the original
species, L. ericoides, Sch.y which is readily distinguished by
the leaves being tetragonal, more patent, and, as well as the
whole plant, more slender.

Tab. XV. Fig. 1. Leaves;/. '2. Flower;/ 3. Pistil and
bracteas ; / 4. Petal : — magnified.

Byttneriace^, Tribe Lasiopetale^..
Sarotes. Lindl.
Calyx membranaceus pentagonus. Petala 5, cucullata.
Stamina 5, antherarum apice elongate bilobo. Ovarium
5-loculare, loculis dispermis ovulis superpositis. Stylus supra
basin scapffiformis.— Folia linearia, margine revoluta, obtusa,
ramulisque incana, fasciculis pilorum nullis conspicuis, tematim
verticillata, forte stipulis in folia omnino mutatis. Pedunculi
stellato-tomentosi, apice pauciflori corymbosi. Flores majus-

culi. Lindl.

4. S. ledifolia, Lindl. in Swan River Bot. p. xix. n. 85.
Mr Drummond, in the collection which accompanied this

memoir, distinguished three species of this genus; but as
they appear only to differ in the colour of the calyx, and the
greater or less breadth of the leaves, we consider them but
varieties. Mr Lindley's plant has bluish flowers.

Tab. XVI. Fig. 1. Leaves, front and back view;/ 2.
Flowers; / 3. Flowers from which the calyx has been re-
moved ; / 4. Petal ; / 5. Stamen ; / 6. Germen and style ;
/ 7. A stellate hair from the style x— magnified.

382 LIFE OF OLAF SWARTZ.

XXII. — Brief Memoir of the Life of Olaf Swartz, with
Extracts from his Letters. Accompanied by a Portrait.

iSee the Frontispiece to Vol. II.)

" Discessit e vita, oestimatus ab omnibus qui doctrinam in pretium habent,
amatus a quocunque qui virtati studet, desideratus ab optimo quoque et cive et
extus."

Perhaps no Swedish Naturalist, save the immortal Linnaeus,
has enjoyed a greater degree of celebrity during life, or been
more generally regretted throughout Europe, when dead,
than the subject of the following short and imperfect memoir.
This, however, cannot be attributed to the length of time
during' which Dr Swartz laboured in the cause of science, for
he died comparatively young, nor yet to the number and
comprehensive nature of his publications ; but partly to those
publications being mainly devoted to extensive tribes of plants
which had previously but little engaged the attention of Bo-
tanists, such as the Orchidece, the Ferns, and the Mosses; and
partly to his amiable manners, his gentle and pleasing char-
acter, and above all, his generous disposition, and his readi-
ness to communicate information with his pen, and liberally
to impart the riches of his own collections for supplying the
wants of younger and less opulent Naturalists. Twenty-
three years have elapsed since his death, yet so far as our
researches have extended, the materials to be found for his
life are peculiarly meagre. Nor have we access to any
thing but what may be seen in the short memoirs by Spren-
gel, in the 10th Volume of the " Nova Acta Natures Curio-
sorum," and in some notes in the " Conspectus Litteratura
BotaniccB in Suecia," by Wikstrom, and what is afforded by
several private letters with which he honoured us in the
early part of our Botanical career, extracts from which will
be here given as a specimen of his style and manner of
writing,

Olaus, or Olaf Swartz, was born on the 21st September,
neo, at Nordkoping, in Sweden, a large town situated on

LIFE OF OLAF SWARTZ.

383

the river Motala in East Gothland, and which, after Stock-
holm, covers the greatest extent of ground of any town in
the kingdom of Sweden. It is well located for trade, and is
celebrated for its manufacturing establishments, one of which
belonged to the father of Olaf. His mother was of noble
extraction, her family name was Broberg. In 1778, he was
sent to the University of Upsal, the year in which Linnaeus
died ; but still the name and remembrance of this great man,
who had raised this seat of learning to such eminence, were
deeply cherished by the youths who studied there ; and while
Swartz was unable to share in the benefit of Linnaeus's per-
sonal instructions, he caught the general ardour, and vied
with those of his fellow-students who had been the immediate
pupils of the illustrious Swede— an honour in those days
eagerly coui-ted or proudly claimed by all those who aspired
to the character of men of science. Under the instructions of
the younger Linnaeus, Olaf Swartz attained great proficiency
in the various branches of Natui-al History, as he did in
medicine under the respective Professors. Throughout the
summer months of the years 1779 to 1782 inclusive, he made
excursions in the provinces of his native country, chiefly with
the view to render himself familiar with its natural produc-
tions. He traversed the districts bounded on the west by the
Gulf of Bothnia, Lapland, as far as Lulea, Finland, and
lasdy, the islands of Oeland and Gothland. In the twenty-
third year of his age he felt an ardent desire to visit distant
and especially tropical regions; and, after employing the
winter in studying and arranging the collections he had
already formed in his native land, and after writmg his
''Dissertatio de Methodo Muscorum," (published in Linn^s
Anum. Acad. v. L App. p. 69), and his history of Genitana
pukhella, and having communicated his inaugural treatise to
the Faculty of Medicine, he quitted Sweden in 1783, passed
a year in North America, and the following one landed in
Jamaica. During his stay there, he applied to his University
for and obtained his degree of Doctor in Medicine, and con-
tinued his travels in St Domingo, and several other of the

384 LIFE OF OLAF SWARTZ.

West Indian islands, even to the shores of South America;
everywhere, besides studying the phaenogamous plants, em-
ploying himself diligently in collecting Ferns, Mosses, and
Lichens. At length, in 1786, he returned to Kingston in
Jamaica, where, out of attachment to his native land, he
declined the honour that was offered him of being appointed
Botanist to his Britannic Majesty, and embarked for England
on his way to Sweden. He remained for some time m
London, profiting by the opportunity thus afforded him for
examining the vast treasures in the Banksian Herbarium,
and comparing the plants that he had himself brought home
with this and other collections, and then in 1789, he returned
to his own country. The Academy at Stockholm instantly
enrolled him as a member, and he again made exploratory
journies through various parts of the Swedish dominions,
especially visiting the northern provinces, the Norwegian
Alps, and part of Lapland. In 1790, Dr Swartz was nomi-
nated President of the Academy of Stockholm, and in 1791,
Professor at the Bergian Agricultural Institution. About
this time, he married the daughter of Dr Bergius of Upsal,
but she only lived till 1797, leaving him a son and a daughter.
His time was now almost exclusively devoted to Botany ; the
rich collections he had amassed enabling him to enter into
correspondence and exchanges with the naturalists of other
countries, and his innate liberality of disposition prompting
him to avail himself eagerly of this ability, by which the giver
and receivers were alike benefited. An honourable appoint-
ment was offered to the subject of our memoir, which became
vacant on the death of Lepechin, and w;as pressed on his
acceptance by the Academy of St Petersburgh; but this he
declined, being resolved to devote his time and talents to
advancing the glory of his own country. Nor was that
country ungrateful. Sweden knew how to estimate such
uncommon ability and rare industry. He was presented with
the orders of Wasa, and of the Polar Star; in 1811, he was
made Secretary of the Academy of Science, and in 1813,
the duty of Professor in the Carolinian Institution was dele-

LIFE OF OLAF SWAKTZ. 38 K

gated to him. With these accumulated honours and duties,
Dr Swartz laboured in his various employments till Septem-
ber of the year 1818, when he died of nervous fever, after a
short illness of eleven days. His constitution had never been
strong, and the numerous avocations that called for his atten-
tion, were pursued with such zeal as often to make Dr Swartz
neglect his health, and thus bring on attacks of illness that
might perhaps have otherwise been avoided. In person he
was rather above the middle height, slender, but well formed,
with good features which in youth must have been very hand-
some, as even in later years he had all the freshness and
agreeable traits of a young man. His vivacity of manners,
cheerful aspect, and winning deportment, rendered him an
universal favourite, while his instructive conversation and
high moral character completed the fascination. A portrait
of Dr Swartz, published in the Swedish Journal, is not unlike
him, though it is far from doing him justice; while the
medallion executed by Fogelberg, and which may be pur-
chased in Stockholm, though highly characteristic of his
features, and perfectly well done in all its parts, gives him
too melancholy a countenance.

Since the days of Linnaeus, no Naturalist has so much
raised the fame of the Swedish school, as Dr Swartz. To
him all writers on the subject appealed before committing
their works to the press ; and excepting Thunberg, it would
be difficult to name any Botanist who imparted knowledge
and distributed his treasures with such liberality, for he was
above petty jealousies, and loved to see science promoted by
others as well as himself. How much he aided Weber and
Mohr in their publications on Mosses— WiWdenow, Romer,
and Schultes, in their more general works— Acharius in his
Lichens— Lehmann in the Asperi/olm— and Billberg, in his
book on the Botany of Sweden, has been gratefully acknow-
ledged by these respective authors, and scarcely a contem-
porary botanist exists who does not owe him valuable assis-
tance. The writings of Swartz are marked by correctness,
clear comprehension, simplicity and ease.

Vol. n.— No. 15. 3 D

382 LIFE OF OLAF SWARTZ.

The beautiful family of Orchidete, which has since engaged
the attention of Richard, Brown, and Lindley, was first illus-
trated by the excellent Swartz ; new Genera were formed
upon certain fixed principles, figures of them were published,
and many novel species added, especially West Indian ones,
in the " Genera et Species Orchidearum, systematice coordina-
tarum, 1806." The Genera of Phaenogamous Plants which
were constituted by him are Acidoton, Jrdisia, Brosimum,
Bumelia, Calyptranthes^ Cephcielis, Chloranlhus, Chloris, Coc-
cosypselum, Corycium, Cranichis, Cymbidium, Dendrubium,
Diplodium, Disperis, Ernodia, Epistylium, Hedyosmon, Hed-
wigitty Hoffinannia, Hypelate, Labatia^ Lacistema, Legnotis,
Leptanthes, Linociera, Lithophila, Meriana, Meyer a^ Microtea,
Myrodia, OchromOy Oncidium^ Petaloma, Picramnia, Ptery-
godiutn, Rochefortia, Solandra, Stelis, Stylidium, Siylosanthes,
Tanaecium, Thrinax, Tetranthus, Tricera, Trixis, falentinia,
Vanilla, and Wallenia. And all these Genera were so care-
fully elaborated, that few indeed of them have been contro-
verted, while the names of several are already become quite
familiar to the botanist, as if founded by the Princeps Bo-
tanicorum.

The treasures brought by Swartz from the West Indies,
afterhaving been diligently examined and compared with speci-
mens and descriptions of other authors, were first published
in the " Nova Genera et Species Plantarum, sen Prodromus
descriptionum Fegetabilium, quce sub itinere in Indiam occiden-
talem 1783—1787, digessit O. Swartz, Holm. 1778;" then in
his " Observationes Botanicce, Erlang. 1791," and lastly, in his
well-known ''Flora Indice Occidentalis, Vol 1—5, Erlang.
1797—1806." At diflPerent times, and in other publications,
the Genera Phyllachne, Forstera, Ehrharta, Stylidium, Linco-
nia, Ochroma, Stylosanthes, Solandra, and Chluranthus, were fully
described and illustrated by excellent figures tlrawn by him-
self. He was author also of the designs and de.scriptions of
*nany plants in the " Svensk Botauik," a work published, as is
well known, after the model of the English Botany; and the
'° ^^^ ®t^ volumes inclusive, which contain these, are

LIFE OF OLAF SWARTZ. 383

acknowledged to be the most accurate and valuable portion
of the whole publication.

Cryptogamic Botany was particularly studied by Swartz,
and the Mosses received a large portion of his attention. His
collection of these minute but beautiful parts of the vegetable
creation, which had been got together in the West Indies, is
fully described in his " Flora Indi(B Occidentalis ;^* and besides
the ''Methodus Muscorum," already alluded to, there appeared
in 1799, his admirable little manual, " Dispositio Systematica
Muscorum Frondosorum Suecice ; adjectis descriptionihus et icon-
ibus novarum specierum" which has served as a model for the
excellent " Muscologice Hibernice Spicilegium," of Mr Dawson
Turner, and for the " Mosses of Germany,'* already alluded
to, as published by Weber and Mohr. Several new Genera
of Mosses were established by Swartz, such as " Cynontodium,
Conostornum, Cinclidium, and Calymperes; while on the other
hand certain Genera of Hedwig have been abolished; and
these views have been confirmed by many recent and dis-
tinguished Botanists. Fissidens he combined with Dicranum,
Swartzia with Didymodon, Barbula with Tortula, and Webera
with Bryum, S^c.

In no publication does Swartz's merit as a Botanist appear
more conspicuous than in his "Synopsis Filicum" published
at Kiel in 1806, with five plates. To him we are indebted
for the Genera Lygodium, Psilotum, Botrychium, Grammitis,
Anemia, Mohria and Cheilanthes, and none were ever establish-
ed on more solid grounds.

With respect to Swartz's labours among the Lichens, be-
sides the several new species described in the "Flora Indite
Occidentalism' there appeared in 1811, a "Fasciculus of the
Lichenes AmericancBi" and as to the Fungi, it is said by Wik-
strbni that he discovered, in the neighbourhood of Stockholm
alone, three hundred species which were new to the Swedish
Flora.

It is not our object to notice the numerous memoirs by
our author, which were inserted in the Transactions of various
Societies, whether on Botany, on Horticulture, or on Zoology.

384' LIFE OF OLAF SWARTZ.

A fall list of all his works is given in Wikstrom's " Conspectus
LitteraturcB Botanicce in Suecia ah antiquissimis temporibus
usque adfinem anni 1831, p. 244, et seq.

His name will be handed to posterity in the Swartzia of
Willdenow, a genus o^ Leguminous Plants o£ very remarkable
structure, inhabiting the West Indies and South America,
to which a great number of new species have lately been
added at p. 85, et seq. of our present Journal. In 1824, a
medal was struck in honour of him by order of the Academy
of Stockholm. It represents on one side the head of Swartz,
and on the reverse, a plant of the Lily of the Valley, with
the motto "honos dum prata virebunt." Sprengel has thus
summed up the general character of this excellent man.
" Quod Croeso scribit praeceptum a Solone Herodotus, bea-
tam vitam expectare ultimum aetatis tempus, neque quem-
quam, antequam e vita discesser t, dici beatum posse, id < m-
nino in Swartzium nostrum cadere mihi videtur. Siquidem
prosperitas complectitur tum earum rerum copiam, quas
fortuna largitur ad bene beateque vivendum, corporis nimi-
rum mentisque sanitatem, opulentiam etiam, seu saltern
egestatis absentiam, turn ea, quae in potestate hominum sita
sunt, virtutem omnium concentum, animi candorem, scien-
tiam amplam, suavitatem morum, tranquillitatem mentis,
hominum omnium, quibuscum versamur, amorem simultaturu
invidiseque absentiam, domesticae demura vitse felicitatem et
innocentiam. His omnibus cum Swartzius vel abundaverii,
vel non caruerit, bene beateque vixisse exploratum habemus.
Namque mediocri loco eoque honesto natus, a parentibus
solerter educatus, opibus numquam indiguit ad scientiam
augendam itinera suspicienda, supellectilem literariam acqui-
rendam. Sanitate gavisus est stabili prosperaque ad ultimos
usque aetatis annos. Morum suavitas et innocentia in eo ea
fuit, ut amore sincero omnes fere homines amplecteretur, ut
nemo ipsi invisus esset, ut a nemine Isederetur, neminem un-
quam offenderet."

Much of the character of an individual may be learned
trom a perusal of his letters. We shall conclude our notice,

LIFE OF OLAF SWARTZ.

385

therefore, of this estimable Naturalist, by extracts, firstly, from
one letter which was written in French, and addressed to the
celebrated Miiscologist, P. de Beauvois, in the possession of
Mr Arnott, and then from some that were addressed to our-
selves; omitting such matter as is of a private nature, or
botanical remarks which could not at this period be con-
sidered novel or peculiarly interesting.

" Stockholm, le 30 9>«, 1805.
" Monsieur, — Re9evez mes assurances parfaites de ma
sincere obligation pour votre interessante lettre du 1 1"'' 1 "
qui m'a donnc un plaisir inexprimable. Vous m'avez fait
un cadeau inappreciable par la participation d'un grand
nombre d'especes de Mousses, dont j'ai hazarde de vous prier
me faire gracieusement une belle addition a ma collection.
Je vous en donne mes reraercimens de tout mon coeur, en
vous assurant que rien me sera plus agreable que vous
temoigner le haul prix que je mets a votre complaisance et

amitie.

" Mon ami, Mons. Peck, Professeur d'Histoire Naturelle
a Cambridge de Massachusetts en Amerique Boreale, a bien
voulu, a son depart d'ici, se charger de cette lettre. J'ai
aussi profit^ de ses offres obligeantes pour vous remettre un
paquet des Mousses de mon pays, suivant indication que
vous m'avez donne. Je me flatte que vous en trouverez quel-
ques echantillons qui vous interessent etqui, peut-etre, vous
manquent encore. Je le regarde m^me comme une bonne
fortune d'etre en etat de le faire, ayant voyage pendant
plusieurs annees dans ce pays, par cause des recberches con-
cernant n6tre aimable science. Ces petites choses vous
serviront au moins d'extriquer des douteuses, en raeme tems
vous pouvez eire assure de la realite des differentes especes.
Quelques unes m'ont ete presque uniques; mais en general,
vous trouverez des echantillons, tolerablement complets et
souvent largement presentes. Je suis ftche que le tems ne
me permette a present de chercher les especes de Hypnum et
d'autres Cryptogames qui peuvent me rester en double, mais

386 LIFE OF OLAF SWARTZ.

j'espere de trouver les occasions a I'avenir de vous remettre
lelles une autre fois. Plait au ciel que la Paix reviendra !
J'aime la France, moi, ainsi que, j'en suis sur, la plupart de
raes concitoyens. Ce n'est precisement ici, comme peut
etre, chez vous. Secundum B. — totus componitur orbis.
Le renom de votre grand chef a penetre jusque dans la
Lapponie !

" Vous connaissez sans doute, M. Bory de St Vincent. J'ai
ete enchantc de parcourir son Voyage aux 4 ties d'Afrique,
et j'ai reconnu chez I'Auteur le vrai savant et le plus excel-
lent caractere. Comme c'est une vraie jouissance aux
Naturalistes de se rapprocher I'un a I'autre, je vous prie,
Monsieur, de lui presenter mes complimens devoues. II m
inter^sserait particulierement de connaitre quelques unes des
productions de Tlsle de Bourbon, dont M. Bory de St
Vincent a fait mention. Enfin je lui serais particulierement
oblige s'il voudrait bien me regaler d'une pinnule (seulement)
de ses Calypteres, de son Pteris osmiindioides et Dicksonia, mais
principalement d'une echantillon de la Bartramia gigantea.
J'ai grande envie de connoitre cette espece, comme j'ai decnt
moi-meme plusieurs especes du meme genre. Tout va bien
facilement par la poste. ■

" Si vous avez la bonte pour moi de m' addresser quelque
chose par cette voye, je vous prie de ne faire votre lettre plus
volumineuse qu'au plus a deux onces.

" M. Afzelius est actuellement en Upsale apresson retouren
Suede. Je ne I'ai pas vu depuis avoir re9u votre lettre; vaa^s
je lui ai donne tres recemment de vos nouvelles.

*' J'ai joint a mon ecrit quelques remarques que j'ai pris la
liberie de faire sur votre ouvrage, le Prodromus, et sur les
echantillons que vous ni'avez envoye. Ayez la complaisance
de la regarder comme une marque de ma confiance en vos
sentimens liberaux, et de mon zele pour les vrais progres de
notre Science.

" J'ai I'honneurd'etreavec une estimeparticuliere, Monsieur,

" Votre devoue serviteur,

" O. SWABTZ."

LIFE OF OLAF SWARTZ. 387

We think it unnecessary to quote the remarks on many
genera and species of Mosses which Dr Swartz added to the
above letter, simply because his views, though then novel, are
now adopted by all muscologists.

" Stockholm, April 4, 1811.

"My Dear Friend, — -Pray do not consider it as a neglect
from my side, to have not acknowledged your beloved letter
of the 23d Sept. sooner. I did not receive your kind send-
ings before very lately, (15th March,) still congratulating me
that I have been fortunate enough to do it at last. Accept
now, dear friend, my sincerest thanks for all these proofs of
your disinterested inclination towards me. I cannot express
it so as I feel it. I was enchanted at the excellent parcel of
the Jungermannice ; nothing could be more acceptable. You
can easily judge that yourself from your own experience.
But how greatly I am not obliged to you for it ! For the
other communications of your own Memoir on the Nepal
Mosses f as well as of the 9th Part of the Linntean Transac-
tions^ so generously given away to me, I am also very much in
your debt. How sorry I am not to want an opportunity of
sending you a copy of the Synopsis Filicum, which you desire.
I have requested Dr Smith to part with his, and I shall readily
transmit him another again. The account of your intended
trip to Adam's Peak in Ceylon,* could not but most pleas-
ingly surprize me. May kind heaven preserve you ! What
jour defete shall it not once be to me, to hear those consoling
news, that you have saluted your Lares again ! How often
shall I not think of you !

"The sundry parcels from MM. Brown and Smith, which
you obligingly joined to yours, I also received safe and have
acquainted them both about it. I long very much to attain
the pleasing moment of perusing your history of the Junger-
mannice; perhaps did you never see that part of Weber's and

• An excursion indeed once contemplated, and for which considerable
preparations were made, but never carried into execution.

3BS LIFE OF OLAF SWARTZ,

Mohr's Taschenhuch, which treats of the same genus. I am
very vexed that I have not been able to procure me a copy of
this little fine book. Mr Turner has accordingly been not
more fortunate than myself, though the book is dedicated to
us both. I have seen but one copy, which is kept as a trea-
sure by the owner. Beauvois' ideas we will leave to them-
selves ; they are neither practicable nor worth particular at-
tention. Humboldt's works I have seen and admired, as
well as I have done in respect to the surprizing botanical
labours of Mr Brown. We are quite overcome by new and
wonderful things, and I am sure that you are going to add to
the stock in an equal manner. May health and courage be
the kind concomitants of your heroic enterprize ! Adieu,
my dear friend. Remember me some moment in the midst
of that exotical nature you intend to embrace. I am with
the sincerest regard and esteem,

** Your obliged, obedient, faithful servant,

« Olaf Swartz."

« 26'»e 9.^^, 1817.

" No literary communications in the world can afford me
greater pleasure than yours, not so much for their being ac-
companied with many particular marks of your liberality, but
for their interesting contents, such as your last letter of the
27th October included. Receive, my friend, my sincerest
thanks for all instructions and bounty ! The specimens were
gratifying above description. Weissia Templetoni was the
only one that I did not find among the rest, notwithstanding
iterated researches ; it may probably have been left behind.

" The Daltxmia is certainly a very proper genus.

"A work such as you described to me on the British Mtisci,
from your and Dr Taylor's hands, cannot but be most excel-
lent and desirable. The copy you please to say is destined
for me, I am ashamed to receive as a present, your having
been very often too liberal against me. I certainly long for
perusing such a treasure.

" Your proposal to change the plan of publishing Hum-

LIFE OF OLAF SWARTZ. 389

boldt's Crypiogamce by themselves, and to incorporate them
with new and rarer subjects of the same class, is most excel-
lent, and likely to answer much better the destined purpose,
that of promoting this part of the science, and I wish and hope
I shall in some measux'e be useful to you in this undertaking,
by communication of matters that perhaps deserve attention.
It would somewhat satisfy me if you find the few enclosed
duplicates ofJungermannice worthy notice. They appear new
to me, and were these very days, given me by a friend who
brought them from Guadeloupe in the course of the year.
They are natives of the cloud-capped regions of that island.
"You have obliged me very much by the information about
the doubtful plants in my last letter. Surprising appears to
me the generic metamorphosis of Bryum conoideum I Tim-
mia Austriaca, I believe to be distinct from T. Megapoliiana,
as I have received both from Hedwig himself. The former
is an indigenous Swedish plant. The singular splachnoid
moss* you mention, I long very much to see, and I wonder
much that I do not find it, among many others, communi-
cated by Dr Schmidt from Christiana, who, I think, becomes
an excellent labourer in the vineyard. Yesterday I was told
that he is arrived to England, coming from the Canaries.
If this be true, he will certainly endeavour to see you person-
ally, a fortune of which I am deprived. I liave been hard at
work on the indif'enous Roses this summer, and am convinced
of the multiplicity of that genus beyond the opinion hitherto

entertained.

" Your heartily obliged friend and servant,
" Olaf Swartz."

"Feb. 9 th, 1816.

"The pleasure I felt by receiving your letter of the 21st

December was indeed very great, since I had been m want

of all news of you very near a twelvemonth, and I began to

fear that something in my last might have displeased you.

• Tayloria splachnoides, Hook.
Joum. o/Bot. Vol. II. No. 16. September, 1840. 3 e

390 LIFE OF OLAF SWARTZ.

Now I am satisfied it was not so, and thank you most heartily
for the truly amiable and interesting contents of your letter.

"Honoured by your friendship, I should think myself un-
deserving, if I not offered you my best wishes for your unre-
mitting felicity in the new connexion you have formed with
the family of Mr D. Turner, on which I congratulate you
from the bottom of my heart. Twenty-two years ago, I
experienced a like happiness as yours, but mine was of short
duration ! Though nineteen years are passed, I still impre-
cate my bad fate, to which I should not have been reconciled,
if scientifical hard pursuits had not been my consolation.

" The works of Wahlenberg, his Mora Carpathica^ and
the last of Acharius, I shall make my best to procure for you.
A copy of my petty * Muscologia Suecica,' I have put aside for
you. I must however say that the number of species it con-
tains is very much increased since the time of its publication.

" Remember me with my respectful compliments to Mr
Dawson Turner, and Sir James E. Smith.

"O. SWARTZ."

"August, 1818.
" I wish most sincerely that you have not considered me
one of the most ungrateful for not having acknowledged your
kind letter of April 6th, accompanied by the highly valu-
able present of your < Muscologia Brifannica; and the four
numbers of the 'Musci Eosotici;' but the reason is that 1 have
first just now handled these precious proofs of your friendship,
not knowing at this moment by what means I have obtained
them, on account of which I beg you to accept my sincerest
thanks and assurances of my boundless obligation. I can
hardly explain the satisfaction I felt at the sight of your beau-
tiful performances, and I am sure the further perusal will
afford me a vast deal of pleasure and perhaps opportunities
for remarks which you permit me to communicate.
^ '' That M. Schwagrichen has not acknowledged your letter

^Ine^^- ^'"^"^''^*'* ^ '^"^"^ "^'"^ as a very good, amiable, and
entive man. His work on the Musci I think very merito-

LIFE OF OLAF SWARTZ. 391

rious, though in pohit of artistical execution, it may stand far
behind yours. You mention his Sclotheimia (borrowed I
believe from Bridel), which has not quite satisfied me either.
That it is my Neckera torta {Fl. Ind. Occ.) is true enough ;
the late Dr Mohr found meanwhile the particularity of this
moss, which he, expressis verbis^ speaks about in his excellent
paper, you must certainly recollect as inserted in the ' Annals
of Botany,' II. p. 542, and figured the calyptra, capsule and peri-
stome, in the 14th plate. He explains also (/. c), the various
forms of the calyptra, and the distinction between Orthotrichum,
and his Ulota, from the consideration of this organ. In 1810,
I likewise sent to Professor Schrader at Gdttingen for his
Journal, (which I supposed to be continued,) complete de-
scriptions and figures of the Calymperes, and of the Neckera
torta, whose value as a type for a genus of its own, I had my-
self been aware of and called it Schizodon, ob dentes vel cilia
peristomii, nee non calyptram basi fissa. The character I
formed was " Peristomium exterius; dentes 16, 2-partibiles
revoluti ; interius, cilia totidem 2-partita dentibus (32) oppo-
sita erecta. Calyptra campanulata basi multifida (5 — 8 fida.)"
I described two species, the Schizodon tortum {Hypnum tortum,
Vrodiv.— Neckera torta, Fl. Ind. Occ— Orthotrichum lisve,
(not breve) Palis, de Beauvois jEtheog. p. 80, and Encalypta
ramosa, var. rufescens, Bridel.) M. Bory de St Vincent has
also found this species in the Isle de Bourbon. If you should
like to have the description at large, I will send the same.

« The second species is Schizodon acuminatum, (the Orthotri-
chum angulosum, Palis, ^iheog.) of which I had a small speci-
men, but complete enough to convince me of its true affinity.

" Among several Mosses that I have seen, in habit some-
what similar to the above, I never observed such a form of
the calyptra nor of the peristome, but they appeared to me to
belong (on account of the calyptra) to the Ulota of Mohr;
to which, according to that author's and my own observation,
the Encalypta crispata, H., the Grimmia parasitica, (Encalypta,
Fl. Ind.,) Grimmia Daviesii, Orthotrichum coarctatum, Palis.
O. crispum, H. O. curvifolium, Wahlenb., Weissia uncinata,

392 LIFE OF OLAF SWARTZ.

Brid.j Neckera cirrhosa (Fl. Ind. Occ.,) and four or five more
non descriptee, most from the South Seas, ought to be joined.
At the hasty inspection of the exotic Mosses, there is, I think,
something similar among them, about which more another
time, as well as considering the Hypnum Tamarisci, (Fl. Ind.,)
and the confusion of Leskea rotulata,' etc. How much you
will oblige me by some fragments of the new species, the
Humboldtian, &c. Nobody can estimate their value more
than I do. I dare say I may find something worth your
notice for publication in my collection.

" Very lately I had the satisfaction of receiving a letter
from Mr Taylor of Ireland, together with some interesting
indigenous Mosses. But the letter was upwards of fifteen
months old ! It came via Hamburgh.

" How goes it with the Lichenographia of Messrs Turner
and Borrer, (quoted frequently in Engl. Bot. as in manu-
script ?) I suppose nothing is published yet,* as I have not
seen it announced anywhere. The tracts of M. Acharms
which I send you upon the CalicioidecB may perhaps be ot
some service for extricating doubtful points on this tribe oi
the Lichen family. The accompanying Dissertation on
Daphne, by Wikstrom, was delivered last year at Upsal, as
a specimen joro Grado Medico, and I think it is a pretty good
botanical publication. Besides these, you will find a httle
Monograph on the Genus Diopsis, as I know your taste for
Entomology, and probably may this exhibition please you.
My friend M. Schonheer has requested me to present you
his best compliments ; he is anxious to know if his last send-
ing of insects and the 3d vol. of his Synonymia are come to
your hands.

" Is the 2d volume of Mr Brown's Prodromus published
at present?

« O. SwARTZ."

• This has only recently (that is in 1839,) been printed by the authors
for private distribution, and is at once a proof of their deep knowledge in
that branch of Botany, and a model for accurate description.

CyPERACE^ OF SCHOMBURGK. 393

XXIII. — Cyperace^ a Schomburgkio in Guiana Anglica
coUectcB^ ex Herbario Lindleyano. Auctore Nees von Esen-

BECK.

882. Cyperus compressus, L.
825. C. cuspidatus, H. et K.

809. C. simplex, H. et K.

810. C. Schomburgkianus^ N. ab E.; culmo triquetro fili-
formi basi folioso, foliis lineari-filiformibus obtusis culmo
brevioribus, involiicro triphyllo capitulum superante, spiculis
ellipticis multifloris in capitulum hemisphaericum aggregatis,
squamis lineari-lanceolatis sinuato-obtusatis obsolete trinervi-
bus pallidis rufo-lineolatis, stamine uno, caryopsi lineari-
oblonga trigona. "U.

Solo C. tenerrimo, Presl, inter Luzuliformes affinis, sed
diversus foliis brevioribus obtusis, spiculis plurifloris.

841. C. LuzulcE, var. microcephalus. (Cyp. microcephalus,
N. ab E. in Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 103.)

806. C. Surinamensis, Vahl. (denticulatus, Schrad,)

878. C. sphacelatus^ Vahl.

851. C. infucatuSf Kunth.

858. Kyllingia cruciformis, Schrad.

971. Leptoschoenus prolifery N. ab E.

Leptoschcenus.

Spiculce distichae, parviflorae, squamis omnibus fertilibus,
stamina 2. Stylus bifidus, basi continua conica brevi persis-
tens. Perigynium indistinctum, 2 — 4-dentatum, adnatum.
Caryopsis obovata, marginata, Isevis.

Inflorescentia disticho-corymbosa, ramis elongatis simpli-
cibus iterumve divisis, spicula media sessili. Spiculae in
radiis distantes, sessiles. Involucri foliola alterna aut sub-
opposita. Culmi humiles, basi foliosi, foliis lineari-setaceis
subtusbisulcis, supra planiusculis, marginescabris. "U. Locus
inter Cypereas,

1025. Hypolytrum /)M«/7e«5.

394 CYPBUACE^ OF SCHOMBURGK.

807. Non definienda species, ob flores fungositate quadam
destructos.

765. Abildgaardia Rottboelliana, N. ab E. var. «.
(Absquenumero)Fimbristylis(/tcAotoma,W.A.etN.var.?w«a.
855. Fimbristylis brizoides, var. microstachya.
657. Isolepis micrantha, R. et Sch. (subsquarrosa, Schrad.)
Isol. Sect. II.

804. I. junciformisy H. et K. ; var. squamis glabris vaginis
omni margine fibroso-fimbriatis.

1023. Trichelostylis stricta, N. ab E. ; culmo compressius-
culo striato stricto, umbella composita contracta, radiis 1 — 3-
stachyis media spicula sessili lateralibus longe pedunculatis
erectis, spiculis subcylindricis, squamis ovalibus obtusis
glabris ferrugineis albo-marginatis, caryopsi obovato-trigona
transversim punctulato-rugosa fusca, involucre diphyllo um-
bella multo breviori foliisque anguste linearibus canaliculatis
strictis culmo multo brevioribus, margine scabris.
Trichelostylibus autumnali et scahree similis.
915. Calyptrostylis longirostris, N. ab E. ; spiculis fascicu-
lato-capitatis axillaribus simpliciter terminalibus composite
corymbosis contractis rigidis, radiis foliisque linearibus mar-
gine carinaque scabris, rostro fructu subduplo longiori.—
Calyptrostyli Rudgei affinis. Adnot. Cephaloschcenus articu-
latus^ et ZeylanicuSi aptius Calyptrostylibus adscribuntur.

760? Holoschoenus elatior^ N. ab E. ; culmo trigono-
compresso, foliis linearibus complicatis, corymbis contractis,
ramis gracilibus apice di-tristachyis, spiculis pedunculatis.
If. Ob deficientem fructum dubia restant de genere. Habi-
tus est Holoschceni.

913? Scleria stipularis, N. ab E. ; culmo triquetro, foliis
culmo longioribus latis lanceolato-linearibus trinervibus
nervis subtus marginibusque folii scabris, vaginis trialatis,
ligula foliorum inferiorum maxima subrotunda membranacea,
paniculis densis thyrsoideis rigidis e lateralibus in terminalem
densam abeuntibus, spiculis distichis quadri squamibus, fcemi-
neis solitariis ad basin ramulorum inferiorum sessilibus, mas-
culis ternis, ramorum terminalibus omnibus masculis, fructu?

CYPERACEJE OF SCHOMBURGK. 395

Planta speciosa, probabiliter sui generis, sed ceite luijus
tribus.

876. Scleria mdaleuca^ Reichenb.

860. S. microcarpa, N. ab E. in herb. Lindl. var. ^. lon-
giligula; ligula lanceolata folioruni inferiorum elongata,
fructibus dimidio minoribus. An species distincta ?

(Absque numero). Anogyna tremulUi N. ab E.

Anogyna.

Spiculce diclines. Mascul(B in paniculis inferioribus laxi-
oribus compositae, bracteis imbricatis plurifariis; proprite
distichffi squamis 4 monamhis.—Fcemineie in paniculis superi-
oribus rigidioribusque, simplices (seu potius bracteis sobs
residuis compositae), uniflorse, subdistichae. Slylm crassus,
trifidus, coloratus. Fructus?

Planted strictse, rigidse, foliis habi tuque Cladii, Rhizoma
horizontale crassum h'gnosum, fibris fuscis adscendentibus
barbatum. Culmi crassitie pennse anserinae, trigoni, stricli,
bipedales. Folia radicalia (5) e vagina brevi fusca sesquipe-
dalia, 3 fere lineas lata, acuminata, carinata et apicem versus
complicata, margine carinaque scabra, striata, rigida, coriacea,
glauca : cmdina duo breviora, distantia, vaginis fuscis totis
herbaceis striatis, lobulo oppositifolio ovato. Panicul^ mas-
culse tres, bracteis foliis caulinis similibus, 2— H-poHicaribus,
vaginis suis pedunculos colligentibus, ternffi-quaternse, paten-
tes, decomposite, tremulae, ramis compressis ; vagina fusca
ad singulum articulum ubi pedicelli cum ramulo diviso fas-
ciculatim nascuntur. Spicule 1-U !!«• l«"g*' ^^^J^*.*
obovatove-oblongse, fusco-ferruginese, densae, bracteis trifanis
ovatis emarginatis cum mucrone setaceo, 5—7 nervibus.
Spicule propria sub singula bractea 3-2-1, bracteam sub-
wquantes, quadri-sexflore, oblongse, compressae. Squamae dis-
tich*, oblongge, acutse, carinatae, membranaceae, uninerves,
scabrse, pallide fuscae. Stamen unum sub singula squama,
inferioribus abortivum, filiforme subclavatum, supenorum
perfectum, filamento brevi, anthera lineari erecta, mucrone
longo terminata. PanicuI<B foemineoe apicem versus circ.ter

396 CYPERACEiE OF SCHOMBURGK.

6, decrescentes, minus ramosse rigidnlae, contractae, cseterum
ad eundem typum formatae. Vagincs similes, at breviorl
acumine. Spicules adpressae, lanceolatae, rigidae, virides, sub-
distichae, squamis seu bracteis senis e basi ovata striata eraar-
ginata subalato-cuspidatis fastigiatis decrescentibus interiori-
busque submembranaceis, extrema florifera. Spicules pro-
prise nullae. Stylus crassus, profunde tri- (subinde bi-) fidus
pubescenti-hirtus, purpureus; ovarium cylindricum, substi-
pitatum, scabrum. Fructum non vidi.

Androcoma.* N. ah E,

Spicula tri-quadrifaria squamis membranaceis subenervibus
persistentibus. Stylus trifidus, persistens. Perigynium nul-
lum. Stamina tria. Caryopsis trigona, filamentis persisten-
tibus elongatis crispatisque cum caryopsi cadentibus cincta.

Inflorescentia : corymbus (in nostra specie) compositus.
Spiculae in capitula composita densissima agglomerata^ pauci-
florcB. Involucri folia allerna, magna; involucelia brevia,
etiam alterna, Capitula bracteis membranaceis inter stincta.

Locus inter Scirpeas plurifarias post Isolepidem.

Adnot. 1. Est inter Scirpeas tanquam Comostemon, a quo
non difFert, nisi squamis spiculae plurifariis.

Adnot. 2. Comostemoni generi subscribendum est Androtri-
chum genus Brongn., quo in numerum gene rum recepto el.
Kunth se ipsum correxit, nobisque, quod erat nostrum,
restituit. Pertinent enim ad Genus Comostemon seu Andro-
trichum, Brongn., species ilia; omnes, quas Cypero generi in
antecedentibus adjungendo plantas distinctissimas male con-
fudit. Comostemonis generis sunt.

1. C. Montevidense, (Eriopborum Montevidense, Link.
Hort.Berol. I. p. 331. Androtrichum polycephalum, Kunth.)

Observ. Sub nomine Cyperi Montevidensis in hortum
Vratislaviensem illata est haec species, quam in horto Bero-
Imensi Eriophorum appellavit cl. Link. Cyperum Montevi-

^°*^ ^*""' '"^'^'^ plantas Tweedianas pertinet, post Isolepidem in-

CYPERACE^ OF SCHOMBURGK. 397

densem appellatum, nusquatn descripsit Linkius, ut facile
quis ex verbis Kunthianis p. 78 colligeret. Inter Eriophora
quaerere speciem alienissimam nefas duxi ; retinui itaque
nomen hortense, quo adscripto erat illatum.

2. C. Icetum (Cyperus lactus, Presl.)

3. C. impolilum (Cyperus impolitus, Kunth.)

4. C. prolixum (Cyperus prolixus, H. et K. Comostemon
Schottii, N. ab E. in Linn.)

Androcoma speciosa (Bonaria. Tweedie.) if.'
Culmus digitum crassus. Involucrum 8-phyllum, foliis
approxiniato-alternis corymbo duplo triplove longioribus,
(exterioribus * poll, latis) glaucis, carina et margine serrulato-
scabris quandoque et fibroso-ciliatis. Radii 8, 8-10 poll,
longi apice corymbose — 3-4-radiati, corymbus centralis
sessilis pluriradiolatus. Radioli 1 —2 poll, longi. Involucelli
foliola alterna, radiolis breviora, e basi lata setaceo-acuminata.
Radioli longiores apice corymbose- aut agglomerato-radiolati.
Capitula magnitudine Cerasi minoris, ovato-globosa, deu-
sissima, ex aliquot minoribus compacta, bracteolis totidem
ovato-lanceolatis membranaceis interstincta. Spiculse 2-3
lin.longje; squamae lanceolatae, acutse, carinatae, 1 — 3-nerviis,
membranacese, rufescentes, rufo-irrorata, persistentes. Fila-
menta denique elongata, squama triplo longiora, crispa, rufa.
Caryopsis oblonga, trigona, punctulata, fusca, in stylum
trifidum persistentem continuo transiens.

1054. Xyris involucrata, N. ab E.; scapi ancipitis angulis
foliisque lineari-ensiformibus obtusis fimbriatis, capitulo
hemispbserico involucrato. V- Fl. flavi.

CYPERACEiE A TwEEDiE in BonaHtt kctcE.

1. Cyperus Vegetus, L. var. angustifolius.

2. Kyllingia obtusata, Presl.

3. Chaetocyperus Limnocharis, N. ab E. an nanus. -
Fructus deest. Squamse obtusae ut in Ch. Umnochan.

4. Isolepis Meyeriana, N. ab E.

5. Androcoma speciosa, N. ab E. vid. supra.

6. Malacochoete riparia, N. ab E.
Vol. II.— No. 16. 3 V

398 CYPERACB^ OF SCHOMBURGK.

7. Scirpus monophyllus.

8. Eleocharis consanguinea, Kunth.

E. BonariensiSf N. ab E. ; repens, culmis filiformibns
striatis (subquadrangularibus,) vaginis ore albo-membranaceo
mutico oblique hinc fisso, spica ovali acuta, squamis uniner-
vibus ovalibus obtusis carina viridibus marginibus albo-
hyalinis vitta laterali fusco-purpurea, infima quiriquenervi
viridi concolore abortiva, caryopsi pyriformi-oblonga pallida
substriata tuberculo obscuriori coronata, setis hypogynis
ternis. In Buenos Ayres, Tweedie. Hb. Lindl.

Eleocharitibus multicauli et ochreatds similis, difFert ab hac
stigmate triplici, ab ilia rhizomate crassiore, culmis profunde
striatis, squamis in dorso latiori spatio viridibus, squama
bracteali distincta plurinervi, vagina oblique truncata altero
latere apice hiante, cet., an var. ?

9. Calyptrostylis Rudgei, N. abE. (Rhynchospora aurea.
Kunth, En. exdusis syn, Vahl, Brown, Nees abEsenheck, Bottb.,
Swartz, Poeppig. Exphaloschcenus divergens, N. ab E. in
Sieb. H. Martin, n. 261. et Rhynchospora corymbifera, N. ab
E., id est, exdusis omnibus synonymis, ad Rhynchosperam
aurea m spectantibus.

Ad banc, ni fallor, pertinet ZostercBspermum gradle. Pal
de Beauv.'

10. Nomochloa (Pleurostachys) strida, Kuntb. Spiculae
omnino distichae. Ovarium in rostrum longum attenuatum.

1 1. Echinoschoenus sparganioides, var. jS. rarais monoce-
phalis. N. ab E.

12. Carex (Vulpina) /jflpY/o^a, N.abE. ; spica androgyna
oblonga, bracteis inferioribus foliaceis, spiculis approximatis
ovatis apice masculis, stigmatibus binis, fructibus ovatis plano-
convexis subimmarginatis nervoso-striatis in medio papillosis
basi spongiosis squama ovata acuta paulo longioribus, rostro
bidentulo.

13. Carex Tweediana, N. ab E.; spicis pluribus cylin-
dricis erectis inferioribus androgynis basi plerumque compo-

sitis subexserte pedunculatis, superioribus 3 4 approximatis

sessihbus totis masculis, stigmatibus ternis, squamis membra-

FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND. 399

naceis late ovalibus cuspidato-mucronatis virescenti-hyali-
nis, fructu ovato ventricoso brevirostri suberoso-exasperato,
bracteis omnibus foliaceis culmum superantibus, infima vagi-
nante (foliisque) linearibus margine carinaque scabris.

Proxima Carici hymenolepidi et magis etiam setigera^ dif-
lert autem spicis androgynis, inferioribus plerumque ad basin
una alterave spica breviori quidem at similiter androgyna
prseditis, et fructu tuberculis parvis aspero puberuloque,
nee scabro tantum.

14. Juncus microcephalus, a, — /3. intermedius. An a. et
^' species distinctae ?

15. J. densifioruSi H. et K.

XXIV — Contributions towards a Flora of Van Dieman's
Land, chiefly from the Collections of Ronald Gunn,
Esq., and the late Mr Lawrence. By Joseph Dalton
Hooker, M.D., R.N., Assistant-Surgeon and Naturalist
in H.M. Discovery Ship, Erebus.

( Continued from page 258 of Vol. I.*)

Ranunculace^. Juss.

1. Clematis blanda, Hook, in Bot. Journ. v.'i.p. 241, et in
Comp. Bot, Mag. v. i. p. 273. Dr Scott; Mr Lawrence (n.
146, and n. 147); Mr Gunn, (n. 54.)

Varies in size and in the breadth of the leaves, which are
generally small and glossy. Pedicels glabrous. Carpels
striated, shining, red-brown, glabrous.

2. C. gentianoides, DC— Hook, in Bot. Journ. p. 242.
Leaves much larger than in C. blanda, generally simple

and entire, S-nerved, sessile and semi-amplexicaul. Pedicels
smooth, 1-flowered. Anthers aristate. Carpels dark-brown,
hirsute. Mr Lawrence (n. 831); Mr Gunn (n. 53).

3. C. aristata, DC.—Syst. Veg. v. i. p. 147. Ker in BoL
Mag. t. 293.

* See also ''Companion to Bot. Mag." v. I. p. 272, where some addi-
tional species are described. The whole are enumerated in the present
memoir.

400 FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND.

Petioles and pedicels twisted or flexuose, covered with
short fulvous hairs. Carpels as in C. gentianoides. Young
leaves beautifull variegat d with dark brown, and purple
beneath; as mentioned in Comp. Bot. Mag. I. c, where it is
conjectured to be a distinct species from C blanda.

/3. minor, pedicellis et petiolis minus tomentosis, floribus
majoribus, foliis grosse dentatis interdum trifidis.

a. In a dense forest near Launceston. Mr Gunn, («.
1972, and n. 773), trailing to the length of 70—100 feet.—
^. Foot of Mount Wellington, Mr Gunn (n. 631).

1. Anemone crassifolia [Hook, in Ic. Plant, t. 257)/ sub-
pilosa, foliis longe petiolatis trilobis lobis 3 — 5-dentatis cune-
atis, involucro 2-phyllo, foliolis subsessilibus 3 — S-lobis, sepalis
6 obovatis, carpellis in stylum longum ad apicem uncinatum
acuminatis.

Abundant near the summit of Black-blufF mountain, at an
altitude of 4000—4500 feet. Dr Milligan and Mr Gunn,
(w. 775.)

Radix fibrosa, fibris crassis fasciculatis. Folia omnia
radicalia, pauca, petiolata, cordata, profunde trilobata, crassa,
lobis late cuneatis, profunde 3 — 5-dentatis. Scapus palma-
ris, pilosus, pilis brevibus appressis. Involucrum a flore dis-
tans, 2-phyllum, foliolis subsessilibus, trifidis, inciso-dentatis.
Flos solitarius, majusculus. Sepala 6, patentia, obovata,
alba, striata, glaberrima. Stamina 00. Carpella 20 — 30, ma-
juscula, ovata, marginata, subsericea, in stylum subaequi-
longum, ad apicem uncinatum acuminatum desinentia.

Most of the specimens of this interesting and distinct spe-
cies that had been gathered by Mr Gunn, were unfortunately
lost. It is a very remarkable plant, as being the first described
Australian Anemone. The leaves are singularly thick and
fleshy, the involucre constantly two-leaved. Flowers like
those of A. nemorosa. Carpels large in proportion to the
size of the capitulum, and furnished with a long smooth style,
uncinate at the extremity. It flowers in February.

I. Ranunculus cuneatus. Hook, in Bot. Journ. p. 242.
Mr Gunn (n. 228.)

FLORA. OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND. 401

2. R. inundatus, Br. in DC. Prodr. Hook. I. c. p. 242.
Mr Gunn (n. 396, and n. 774).

3. R. nanus, Hook. I. c. p. 242. Mr Lawrence (w. 324).

4. B. lappaceus, Sm — Hook. I. c. p. 243. Mr Lawrence
(«. 10); Mr Gunn {n. 90, and 633). (3. vix unciam longus,
pube brevi appresso vestitus.

Mr Gunn {n. 634). Received by Mr Gunn from Dr
Mllligan, who found it on the Hampshire hills. B. lappaceus
IS a most variable species as to size and the shape of the
leaves.

5. R. pimpinellifolius, Book. I. c. p. 243. Mr Gunn, (mixed
with n. 90). — «s, glabrior; laxe pilosus, scapis petiolisque
elongatis gracilibus. — /3. vestitus; dense pilosus, scapis peti-
olisque brevioribus. Hook. Ic. PI. t. 260. '

a. Moist places, with B. lappaceus, (n. 90.) — /S. Abundant
on the edge of a stream called Blackman's River, near
Hobart Town. Mr Gunn {n. 635).

6. R. glabrifolius. Hook. I. c.p. 243, and Comp. Bot. Mag.
V. i. p. 273. Mr Gunn {n. 157).

7. R. leptocaulis. Hook. Bot. Journ. p. 244, and Comp. Bot.
Mag. p. 273. Mr Gunn {n. 229, 230, and 444).

8. R. scapigerus, Hook. Bot. Journ, p. 244, Comp. Bot.
Mag. p. 270. Hampshire hills, Mr Gunn {n. 229.)

9. R. Gunnianus, Hook. I. c. t. cxxxiii. Western tier of
mountains, altitude 4000 feet ; Mr Gunn (n. 276).

DlLLENIACE^. DC.

1. Pleurandra riparia, Br. in DC. Prodr. v.'i.p. 72.— a.
glabriuscula. Hook, in Bot. Journ. p. 245. Dr Scott and Mr
Lawrence, {n. 224). Mr Gunn, {nos. 22, 32, 637, 639, 640).
— 13. pubescens. Mr Lawrence, {n. 225). Mr Gunn, (n. 182).

2. F.densijlora, Hook. I. c. p. 245. Mr Lawrence (n. 227).
Mr Gunn, (n. 636).

3. P. reticulata. Hook. L c. p. 245. 3Ir Gunn {n. 125).

4. P. ovata, Lab.— Hook. I. c. p. 245, and Comp. Bot. Mag.
^' i. p. 278. Mr Lawrence (n. 203). Mr Gunn (n. 183).
Port Arthur, Mr Backhouse.

402 FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND.

5. P. hirsuta; foliis linearibus acutis marginibus revolutis
(sed non ad costam attingentibus) sericeo-hirsutis, floribus
axillaribus sessilibus solitariis, calycibus totis dense sericeis.
Hook, in Comp. Bot. Mag. l. c. Mr Gunn {n. 445). Port
Arthur, Mr Backhouse.

6. P. acicularis, Lab. Nov. Holl. t. 144. DC. Prodr. v. i.
p. 73. Rocky Cape, Mr Gunn, (n. 641).

7. P. astrotricha, Sieb. PI. exsicc. Novcb Hollandm, (n. 149).

Spreng.Syst.Veg. \v.p. 191 P . parviflora, Sieber, {n. 144).

not Br. in DC.

Mouth of the Tamar River, and Flinders' Island in Bass'
Straits, where it grew under the Xanthorrhceas, or Grass-trees,
Mr Gunn, («. 893).* — A dense much branched shrub, 2—3
feet high. Branches, especially their tips, hairy, upper part
and revolute margins of the leaves scabrous with minute,
white, callous points, under-side obscurely hispid, most so
upon the nerve which is strong and sometimes excurrent.
Pedicels half an inch long, and as well as the ovaries and
calyces, hairy or tomentose. These specimens differ in no
particular from Sieber's P. astrotricha, except that the flowers

* The specimens were accompanied with the following note from Mr
Gunn : —

" As this was one of the few plants I was enabled to collect upon
Flinders' Island, during my few hours' stay there, I cannot omit the present
opportunity of expressing my hearty obligations to Sir John and Lady Franklin,
who most kindly invited me to accompany them on their visit to the aborigi-
nal establishment upon that island. Such an opportunity so seldom arrives,
and encouragement to scientific pursuits has been of such rare occurrence
from influential individuals in this colony, that their attention was more
than usually felt. Sir John and Lady Franklin accompanied me upon
foot in the evening, to see the Grass-trees, (JXanthorrhced), distant about
four miles, over a most rough and hilly road. It was quite dark before
we returned, when a number of the aborigines met us with torches made of
the bark, which lies in quantities upon the ground. In walking along, they
picked up fresh pieces, and the light was really excellent, the effect most
picturesque. The accomplished lady displayed her usual energy, walking
most cheerfully over trees and bushes in a manner which astonished and

Jh!S K T' ^"^ *'^°*^^' '"'^^'^^^ °ot a "ttle from the thorny shrubs
which beset our path."

FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND. 403

are rather larger; in his P. parvijlora, they are smaller than
in either. Neither of them agrees with the P. parvijlora,
{Br. in DC.) which is described ^^foliis suhtus ramisque velu-
tinis," (v. i. p. 72); nor in this particular does Sieber's P.
cinerea, (n. 139), coincide with the plant of that name as
described by DC. I. c.

1. H'lhbertia procumbenSf Lab Hook. I. c. p. 246. Mr Law-
rence {n. 197). Circular Head and Woolnoth, Mr Gunn
(«. 638). Hampshire hills, Dr Milligan. — ^.pilosa; ramis
foliisque pilosis.

Rocky Cape, Mr Gunn (n. 776). Varies much in size;
the specimens from the Hampshire hills being quite as large
again as those from Circular Head.

2. H. prostrata. Hook, in Bot. Journ. p. 246. Mr Law-
rence (n. 226). In sandy soil, Epping Forest, thirty miles
from Launceston, Mr Gunn (n. 642).

Carpels generally three, not single as was supposed to be
the case from the imperfect specimens described in the first
volume of this Journal. Both this and the following spe-
cies have constantly twelve stamens disposed in three fasci-
cles; 3, 4, and 5 being respectively placed opposite the union
of the three carpels, their anthers opening by internal valves.
Ovaries smooth, ovules 2.

3. H. virgata, {Hook. Ic. PI. t. 267); erecta, subramosa,
subhirsuta, foliis fasciculatis anguste linearibus hirsutis seu
ad apices ramorum interdum tomentosis, floribus inter foha
sessiiibus, 12-andris, 3-gynis.

Circular Head and Woolnoth, Mr Gunn {n. 465).— Stems
erect, virgate, branches covered with the dense fascicles of
leaves, hairy or tomentose at their summits. Leaves very
narrow, linear, rigid, pubescent, the young ones especially
so. Flowers abundantly produced, large, golden-yellow,
sessile among the leaves. Sepals unequal, ovate, acuminate,
downy towards the centre, with scariose margins. Petals
obovate and slightly emarginate. Stamens 12 ; three in one
fascicle being placed towards the union of two carpels, four
and five respectively towards the union of the other two

404 FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND.'

carpels. Ovaries three, smooth, with long curved styles.
Ovules 2.

Magnoliace^. DC.

1. Tasmannia aromatica, Br. in DC, v. i. p. 78. Mr Gunn
(«. 777). — "Forming a complete miniature forest, between
Burghiey and Mayday plains, the trees growing close together
to the height of 9 — 12 feet. It prefers a rich soil. Bark
when young, red. Eipe fruit black. Whole plant highly
aromatic and pungent, whence its seeds and berries are some-
times used as pepper, and the plant is called pepper-tree.'*

CRUCIFERiE. JuSS.

1. Nasturtium semipitinati/idum, Hook. I. c. /?. 246. Mr
Gunn (n. 74).

1. Barbaraea precox, Br. in Hort. Kev. ed. ii. v. 4. p. 109.
— var. foliis latioribus.

Margins of rivers, Mr Gunn {n. 643).

1. Cardamine dictyosperma. Hook. I. c. p. 246. Mr Gunn
(«. 80, and 401).

2. C. tenuifolia. Hook. I. c. p. 247, and Comp. Bot. Mag.
V. i. p. 273. Mr Lawrence {n. 237). Mr Gunn (n. 447).

3. C. heterophylla ; glabra, foliis radicalibus suboblongis
petiolatis, extimis cordatis integris integerrimis, reliquis pin-
natisectis segmentis remotis ovato-cordatis perpaucis sinuato-
dentatis terminali maximo, caulinis 1 — 2 pinnatifidis laciniis
linearibus, corymbis paucifloris, siliquis erectis linearibus
gracillimis, stigmate sessili. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. v. i. P-
273, and Ic. Plant, t. Iviii.

In wet places, Mr Gunn {n. 446, and 780.)
/3. minor, foliis omnibus simpHcibus cordato-rotundatis in-
tegerrimis longe petiolatis, aliquis latioribus. — an sp. dis-
tincta ?

Shingly beach, a little above high water-mark Mr Gunn

(n. 781).

4. C. nivea; glabra, foliis interrupte pinnatisectis segmentis
numerosis ovatis cordatisque sin uato-den talis basi angustatis

FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND. 405

in rachidem decurrentibus caulinis segmentis paucioribus
angustioribus supremis linearibus integris, corymbo niulti-
floro, siliquis (immaturis) linearibus, rostro attenuato. Hook.
Comp. Bot. Mag. I. c. Mr Gunn {n. 40 1 .)

5. C. lilacina, Hook. I. c. Mr Gunn (n. 779).
Abundantly distinguished from C. heterophylla by the

long style, more divided leaves, and very large flowers.

6. C. intermedia {Hook. Ic. PI. t. 258); glabra, sesquipe-
dalis, foliis subradicalibus longe petiolatis, foliolis obovato-
rotundatis integerrimis petiolatis, flore mediocri albo, siliquis
longe pedunculatis suberectis, stylo breviusculo.

Western mountains. Mr Gunn (n. 446 ?)

Erecta, laxa, glaberrima. Folia radicalia, longe petiolata,
pinnata, foliolis 5 — 7 obovato-rotundatis, integerrimis, raris-
sime sinuato-dentatis, petiolatis. Folia caulina pinnatisecta,
foliolis lanceolatis. Flores albi. Calyx parvus, segmentis
rotundatis. Petala calyce quadruple longlora, obovato-
rotundata v. subspathulata, alba. Siliquae lineares, 1 — 1|
unc. longse, cum pedunculo 5 lin. longo horizontali rectan-
gulum formantes, dein erectae. Stylus ^ — f lin. longus,
stigmate emarginato. Semina vix punctata.

1. Arabis gigantea {Hook. Ic. PL «. 259); elata glabra,
ramosissima, foliis lato-lanceolatis ad basin contractis breviter
auriculatis irregulariter dentatis subacutis, floribus parvis albi-
dis, petalis erectis, siliquis divergentibus pedicellis 4 — 5-plo
longioribus, stylo 1 lin. longo, seminibus brunneis clathrato-
punctatis.

Black-blufF, Circular Head; growing to the height of three
feet, near the sea. Mr Gunn {n. 778).

Annua, erecta, glaberrima, ramosissima, circa 3 ped. alta.
Uami oblique adscendentes, subglauci, Iseves, striati. Folia
lato-lanceolata, 4—8 unc. longa, ad basin sensim attenuata,
utrinque Iseviter auriculata, hinc caulem semi-amplexantia,
irregulariter dentata, subacuta. Floras parvi, albi, segmentis
calycinis subellipticis acutiusculis, petalis albis subspathulatis
calyce duplo longioribus. Siliquis divergentes, cum caule
reciangulum fere formantes, 1^ unc. longse, pedicellis quadru-

Vol. II.— No. 16. 3 G

406 FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND.

plo longiores. Styli I lin. longi. Semina 10—14, mediocria,
brunnea, profunde clathrato-punctata.

1. Lepidium cuneifolium, DC. Prod. v. i. p. 206.

Robbin's Island, Circular Head, and Woolnoth ; growing
near high water-mark. Mr Gunn (n. 645).

1. Coronopus didyma, j3. incisa, DC. — Hook. Cotnp. Bat.
Mag. I. c. Mr Gunn (n. 545).

1. Stenopetalum incisifolium ; foliis inciso-pinnatifidis,
siliquse valvis concavis loculis 12-14-spermis. J". D. Hook.
in Ic. PL t. cclxxvi. — Blackman's River on the road to
Hobart Town, Van Dieman's Land. Ronald Gunn, Esq.,
(p. 644.) Fl. Nov.

Radix annua, parva, ramosa ; Caules plurimi ex eadem
radice, suberecti, valde raraosi, graciles; fructiferi spithamei
et ultra. Folia oblonga, inciso-pinnatifida, basi attenuata,
laciniis 3-5. Flores ignoti. Racemi fructiferi elongati,
digitales et ultra, gracillimi, flexuosi. Pedicelli erecto-
patentes, semiunciam longi. Siliqua (fere silicula), duas
lineas longa, vix lineam lata, stylo perbrevi terminata, ellip-
soidea, glabra. Valvules concavae, venosae. ImcuU poly-
spermi. Semina sub 13 in quoque loculo, biserialia, obovata.
Radicula dorso incumbens.

The present plant is probably not generically distinct from
Stenopetalum, though the valves of the siliqua are more con-
cave than is consistent with De Candolle's character, and the
seeds in each cell are more numerous, and the stigma is not
sessile. These circumstances, however, tosrether with the
deeply cut leaves, will keep it specifically distinct from S.
lineare, (Br. in De Candolle.) I have to regret that Mr
Gunn did not find any flowering specimens.

VlOLARIE^, DC.

1. Viola betonicmfolia, Sm.~Hook. in Bot. Journ. p. 247.
Mr Lawrence, (1831.) Mr Gunn, (n. 84. )

2. V. hederacea. Lab.— Hook. I. c. p. 247. Mr Lawrence,
(1831.) Mr Gunn, {n. 95.)

3. V. Steberi; caulibus stoloniferis densis, foliis fasciculatis

FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND. 407

obovatis cuneatis seu rhombeis crenato-serratis longe petio-
latis, stipulis lanceolatis subdentatis, pedunculis folio sub-
brevioribus. Hook, in Comp. Bat. Mag. p. 274.— V. spa-
thulata, Sieb., {not Willd.) Mr Gunn, (n. 95 ?)

1. Hymenanthera angustifolia, Br. in DC. — Hook. Comp.
Bot. Mag. p. 274. Mr Gunn, {n. 459.)

DROSERACEiE, DC

1. Drosera Arcturi, Hook, in Bot. Journ. p. 247. Ic PL
t. 56. Summit of Mount Arthur, Mr Gunn, {n. 139.)

2. D. peltata, Sm. — Hook. I. c. p. 247. In wet places, Mr
Gunn, (w. 784.)

3. D. binata. Lab. — Hook. I. c. p. 247. ^r Lawrence, («.
144.) Mr Gunn, («. 646.)

4. D. lunata, Buck, in DC. — Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. p.
274, and Ic. PI. t. liv.

The most common species here, on dry hills. Mr Gunn,
(n. 350.)

5. D. Menziesii, Buck, in DC. — Hook, in Comp. Bot. Mag.
p. 274, and Ic. PL t. liii.

A climbing plant, sticking by its leaves to the grasses,
ferns, and dead wood amongst which it grows, so firmly, that
it cannot be separated without much care. Mr Gunn («. 449.)

6. T>. pygmaa, DC. Prodr. v. I. p. 317.— JD. pusilla, Br.
ined. {not Humboldt).

Common along the coast. Mr Gunn, (n. 783.)
A very beautiful and minute species, the large stipules pre-
senting the appearance of a silvery star surrounding the base
of the scape, and scariose and laciniated, nearly equalling the
petiole in length.

7. D. spathulata. Lab. Prod. FL Nov. HolL L 106, Jig. 1.
Abundant near Rocky Cape. Mr Gunn, (n. 782.)

POLYGALE^. JUSS.

1. Comesperma retusa. Lab — Hook, in BoL Journ. p. 248.
Mr Lawrence, (1831.) Mr Gunn, (n. 170.)

2. C. volubilis. Lab.— Hook. L c. p. 248.

408 FLORA OF VAN DIEMAn's LAND.

Dr Scott Mr Lawrence {n. 174 and 181.) — Mr Gunn {n.

147,) who says of it, " it is one of the most beautiful and
common Van Dieman's Land plants." — Flowers bright blue.

3. C. calymega^ Lab. — Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. p. 274. —
Port Arthur, Mr Backhouse. — Common in this island, vary-
ing with blue and white flowers. Mr Gunn, («. 785.)

4. C. ericina, DC. Prodr. v. I. p. 334.

George Town, Circular Head, and Robbin's Island. Mr
Gunn («. 647).

Tbemandre^. Br.

1. Tetratheca ^'/awrfw/osa, Lab. — Hook. Bot. Journ. p. 248.

Mr Lawrence (1831). — Mr Gunn {n. 194) a. Leaves hairy

and glandulose — |S. Leaves smooth, ciliated, or hairy. T.
pilosa. Lab.-— Hook. I. c. p. 248. Dr Scott. Mr Lawrence
(1831). Mr Gunn {nos. 21, 193, 217, 309, 649, 786).

Of this variety, /3, the following subvarieties may be enu-
merated : 1st, floribus albis. Hook. I. c. — 2d, foliis laevissimis
glabris, floribus minoribus, Hook. I. c. — 3d, foliis latioribus
marginibus vix recurvis.

From a very extensive series of specimens of this plant,
sent by Mr Gunn, it appears that T. pilosa cannot be
specifically distinguished from T. glandulosa. It varies ex-
tremely in the shape of the leaves, size of the plant, and in
the quantity of hairs and glands. The ripe seed-vessels are
constantly obovato-triangular, with a furrow on the back of
each valve, 2-seeded, or by abortion 1-seeded. Seeds some-
what hairy, with a furrow towards the dissepiment, of a yellow
brown colour. The valves are hairy, glandular, or both,
corresponding with the state of the other parts of the plant.
In the T. ericina, Sm.^ which may be another variety, the
capsules are generally ovate, subelliptical, and each valve is
bifid at the point after the discharge of the seeds.

2. T. ciliata, Lindley in Major MitchelVs Australian Ex-
pedition, V. ii, p. 206 — Hook. Ic. PI. t. cclxviii.

West Head, mouth of the Tamar river. Mr Gunn (w. 648).
Rami hirsuti, subglandulosi. Folia sparsa, opposita v. 3-4-

FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND. 409

nata, orbiculari-rhomboidea, breviter petiolata, subobtusa,
integerrima, hirsuta precipue ad raargines subrevolutas, sup.
virescentia, inf. pallidiora v. glauca, nervo rubro. Flores
axiUares, penduli, rosei, magni. T. glandulosce. Pedunculi
arcuati, setose- glandulosi, infra calycem turbinati. Calycis
segmenta late ovata, ciliato-glandulosa. Tetala obovata,
spathulata, marginibus praefloratione involutis. Stamina 8.
Ovarium ellipticum, glandulosutn. Styli lougi. Capsula
magnae, obovato-spathulatse.

A very distinct and beautiful species.

PlTTOSPORE^. Br.

1. Billardiera mutabilis, Lab. — Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. p.
275. — B, scandens, Bot. Journ. p. 249. Mr Lawrence (1831).
Mr Gunn (n. 11).

2. B. longiflora^ Lab. — Hook. Bot. Journ. p. 249. Comp.
Bot. Mag. p. 275. Mr Gunn {n. 169, 650, 310, and
310?)

A very variable plant in the length of the leaf and size of
the parts of the flower.

1. Bursaria spinosa, Cav. — DC. — Hook. Bot. Journ. p.
249, Comp. Bot. Mag. p. 275. Dr Scott. Mr Gunn (n. 15).

Beautiful specimens of this plant, now sent by Mr Gunn,
prove that the var. /3. Hook., is a form depending upon the
age of the plant. Mr Gunn says of it : " At Circular Head,
it sometimes attains the heigHt of 30 — 40 feet, with a trunk
three feet in circumference ; when young, the plant is very
spinous, and the leaves almost round, but its whole aspect
changes as it becomes older."

1. Pittosporum bicolor, Hook. Bot. Journ. p. 249. Mr
Lawrence (1831). — Mr Gunn («. 154, 650, and 651).

2. P. procumbensi pumilum, glabrum, ramis procumbenti-
bus, fol iis sparsis erecto-patentibus oblongis mucronatis laevibus
marginibus revolutis, floribus terminalibus subsessilibus, pe-
talis acuminatis rectis. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. v. i. p. 275.
Mr Gunn (n. 151).

3. P. nanum; pumilum, erectiun? pubescenti-scabrum, foliis

410 FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND.

sparsis erecto-patentibus lineari-lanceolatis mucronatis niai-
ginibus revolutis, floribus terminalibus aggregatis, pedunculis
flore longioribus, petalis aciiminatis rectis. Hook. I. c.p. 275.

Hobart Town. Mr Backhouse, Mr Gunn (n. 617).

There is a plant from Van Dieman's Land found by Mr
Gunn, figured and described in the " Icones Plantarum"
(tab. cclxv.), under the name of Frankenia cymbifolia. This,
we are assured by Mr Brown himself, is bis rare and little
known " Wilsonia kumilis," which that distinguished botanist
refers to ConvolvulacecB, under which Order we shall further
notice it.

LiNE^. DC.

1. Linum angustifolium, Huds. — Hook, in Bot. Journ. p.
249. Comp. Bot Mag. p. 275. Mr Lawrence {«. 134.) Mr
Gunn (w. 71).

Caryophylleje. Juss.

1. Spergula>/?cto/a, Lah. Fl. Nov. Holl. t. 182. I>C.
Prodr. V. i. p. 395.

Circular Head. Mr Gunn (n. 966).

Subcaespitosa, glaberrima. Radix fusiformis. Folia omnia
radicalia, opposita, connato-imbricata, longa, regulariterarcu-
ata, graminea. Pedunculi numerosi, erecti, substriati, crassi,
uniflores, foliis sublongiores. Flos apetalus, 5-andrus. Caly-
cis segmenta lanceolata acutissima, capsula ^ longiora. Cap-
sula ut in sequente, 1-locularis, 5-valvis.

2. S. affinis {Hook, in Ic. PI. t. cclxvi.) ; csespitosa, sub-
acaulis, foliis subradicalibus oppositis connatis imbricatis
longis flexuosis, pedunculis solitariis unifloris radicalibus
arcuatis, floribus apetalis 5-andris, calycibus acuminatis, cap-
sulis multo brevioribus.

Hampshire hills. Mr Gunn {«. 967).

Caespitosa, glaberrima. Radix lignosa, caespitosa, elon-
gata. Caulis vix ullus. Folia radicalia arete imbricata,
opposita, connata, flexuosa, rigida, lineari-subulata, H u"*^'
longa. Pedunculi solitarii, foliis longiores, uniflores, arcuati.

FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND. 411

Flos apetalus, Calycis segmenta ovato-acuminata, uninervia,
longitudine f capsulse subaequantia, Capsula unilocularis,
3-valvis.

Differs from the preceding species in being more tufted,
the leaves narrower and flexuose, and in the calycine seg-
ments being much shorter and less acute. In both species
the capsule is 5-valved, which, with the apetalous flowers,
would seem to indicate their close affinity with Sagma.

i. Stellaria angustifolia, Hook. Bot. Journ. p. 250.

Formosa. Mr Lawrence {n. 241). Mr Gunn {n. 238).

2. S. pungens, Duperrey Voyage, t. 78. — 5'. squarrosa.
Hook. I. c. p. 250.

Common ; attaining to the height of five feet by twining
among the surrounding shrubs. Mr Lawrence (1831). Mr
Gunn {n. 96).

3. S. Jiaccida; caule elongato debili ramoso nitido glabro,
foliis ovato-lanceolatis acutissimis ciliatis in petiolum brevem
attenuatis, pedunculis axillaribus solitariis folio triplo longi-
oribus, petalis bipartitis, sepalis glabris uninerviis marginibus
albidis longioribus. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. I. c. p. 275. Mr
Gunn (w. 450, of 1835). — (3. minus flaccida, hirsutior, petiolis
brevioribus. Mr Gunn {n. 450 of 1837).

4. S. multiflora; glaberrima, caulibus e basi ramosissima
decumbentibus, foliis sessilibus lanceolatis acutissimis basi
coadunatis, pedunculis terminalibus axillaribusque (ex omni
nodo) solitariis erectis foliorum longitudine, sepalis lanceolatis
acuminatissimis obsolete 3-nervibus, petalis deficientibus.
Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. t. 275. Mr Gunn (n. 451),

5. S. ccBspitosa, n. sp. (/c. PL ined.); glabra, opaca, caes-
pitosa, caulibus ramosis adscendentibus, foliis lineari-lanceo-
latis integerrimis sessilibus divaricatis, pedunculis axillaribus
unifloris, calycibus ovato-lanceolatis subaculis, petalis pro-
funde bifidis calyce longioribus.

In a marsh at Circular Head. Mr Gunn {n. 652 and 653 ?)
Stem branching, ascending, 2—4 inches long, thick. Pe-
duncles about i H inch long, incrassated below the flower.

Flowers about the size of S. media. Stamens 10. Styles 3.

412 FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND.

Seeds large and tuberculated. It may be distinguished from
S. glauca by its want of glossiness and small petals, and from
iS. graminea by its flowers not being panicled. The plants,
especially the smaller ones, are very much tufted.

1. Arenaria marina^ Sm. E. Bot. t. 958 A. mediae L.

—DC.

By the sea-coast, Circular Head. Mr Gunn {n. 654).

1. Cerastium vulgatum, L. — Hook. Camp. Bot. Mag. p.
275.

An introduced plant. Mr Gunn.

Malvaceje. Br.

1. S'lda piilcheUa^ Bonpl. — Hook, in Bot. Journ. p. 250.
Almost strictly dioecious. Mr Gunn (n. 173).

2. S. Tasmannica, (n. sp.); erecta, molliter stellato-pubes-
cens, foliis elongato-ovatis basi subcordatis crenato-dentatis,
racemis 4 — 8-floris axillaribus petiolo brevioribus, stylis
exsertis, floribus hermaphroditis.

From Mr M'Leod's garden at Campbeltown, who received
it from hills to the eastward of that township. Mr Gunn («.
653).

Frutescens, erecta, tota pubescenti-stellata. Folia petiolata,
petiolis elongatis | folii aequantibus, ovato-elongata, crenato-
dentata, basi subcordata, inferne pallidiora, tomentosa. Ra-
cemi axillares, breves, aggregati. Flores breviter pedicellati.
Calyces stellato-pubescentes, subcampanulati, segmentis bre-
vibus, bracteati, bracteis parvis. Petala alba, obovato-lance-
olata, in tubum staminiferum unita. Styli 5 exserti; capsula
5-locularis, loculis monospermis stellato-hirsutis.

Nearly allied to S. pulchella; but the racemes are denser
and bear more numerous flowers, the leaves less cordate, the
calyx covered with a stellated pubescence, the styles exserted,
and the plants never dioecious. The calycine segments are
shorter, and the petals rounded at the extremity.

1. Lavatera pleheja, Sims Bot. Mag. t. 2269. — DC. Prodr.
"o. »• p. 439.-_/3. tomentosa, caulibus validis, pube stellata ves-
litis — L. australis, Cunn. in Hook. Herb.

FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND. 413

Near Woolnoth. Mr Gunn {n. 655), (also in New Holland.
Cunningham).

This seems to be the species alluded to under L.pleheja, in
the Bot. Mag. I. c. as having been collected on the south coast
of New Holland. The var, ^. differs from the described state
of L. plebejtty in having the upper side of the leaf equally
tomentose as the under side.

Lawrencia. Hook.

Gen. Char. Lawrencia. Hook. — Calyx monophyllus,
subinflatus, .5-fidus, bractea trifida stipatus. Petala 5, lance-
olata, basi coalita. Stamina 15 — 20, filamentis in tubum
longum coadunatis, basi cum petalis unilis: AnthercB 1-locu-
lares. Ovaria 5, lato-ovata, acuta, in orbem circa styli basin
congesta, Iseviter coalita, 1-ovulata. Stylus 1, brevis. Stig-
mata 5, filiformia, exserta. Carpella unilocularia, indehis-
centia, monosperma. Semen reniforme, suspensum. Embryo
curvatus. JRadicula cylindracea, ad hilum seminis versa.
Coiz/^ecfowes crassae,insequales, duplicatae. — Herba Australasica,
glabra. Radix crassa, annua? multiceps. Caulis erectus^
simplex, crassus, herbaceus, medullosus, l-ped. ad 3-ped. et
ultra. Folia stipulata, subcarnosa, ovali-spathulata, subtri-
nervia, obscure serrata : radicalia hnge petiolata, summa sessi-
lia multoties minora, arctissime imbricata, numerosissima,
fiorifera. Flores parvi, sessiles, bracteati, foliis floriferis
tecti et in spicam longam densam arctissime congesti.

L. spicata, Hook. Ic. PI. t. cclxi. cclxii.

Hab. Port Arthur, Van Dieman's Land, (and also at Port
Fairy, South Australia), growing on the side of a salt-water
inlet, where the ground was marshy. Ronald Gunn, Esq.

Whole plant singularly thick and fleshy, shrinking and
turning black, or nearly so, in drying, so that it is difficult to
determine the real nature of the different parts of the flower.
The anthers, as far as can be judged, appear 1-celled; were they
otherwise, this curious plant would perhaps be better referred
to ByttneriacecB. What we believe to be a second species of

Vol. U— No. 16. 3 H

414 FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's L\ND.

this Genus has lately been sent by Mr James Drummond
from the Swan River settlement.

Bo MB ACE ^. Kunth,

1. Plagianthus sidoides^ Hook, in Bot Mag. t. 3396. — Comp.
Bot. Mag. I. c.p. 275. — Pl. Lampenii, Lindl. in Miscellaneous
Notices to V. xxiv. of Bot, Begisfer, p. 22.— Sida discolor,
Bot. Jmtrn. I. c Mr Gunn (n. 452). Mr Lawrence («. 227).

Mr Gunn remarks that this plant is almost strictly dioe-
cious, and that its bark was used in the earlier times of the
colony as cordage, and called Currajong.

Byttneriace^. Br.

1. Lasiopetalum discolor; foliis breviter petiolatis cordatis
ovatis obtusissimis supra pubescentibus subtus albo-tomen-
tosis, ramis petiolis calycibusque ferrugineo-tomentosis, cymis
parvis capitatis. Hook, in Comp. Bot. Mag. p. 276. — Mr Gunn
{n. 551).

Leaves much broader than in the following species, and
white underneath.

2. L. dasyphyllum, Sieber, PI. exsicc. Nova Hollandice («.
240).

Var. ^. foliis minoribus, plerumque valde obtusis mmus-
que cordatis, superne ferrugineo-virescentibus, inferne argen-
teo-tomentosis, prsesertim ad nervos punctis stellatis rubris
notatis, petiolis foliisque junioribus rubro-tomentosis, fasci-
culis florum multo minoribus.

Mr Gunn {n. 551), (1837) First discovered hy Mr Back-
house at the base of two hills called " the Sisters" between
Rocky Cape and Table Cape. It grows there amongst dwarf
Banksias. It was sent by Mr Gunn as the L. discolor^ Hook.,
but is a very different species, and apparently the L. dasy-
phylluniy Sieber; the leaves in his and our specimens vary
much. The var. a. has been received from King George's
Sound, collected by Mr Baxter. It may be the L, rubigi-
nosum of Mr Cunningham, in Field's Voyage, p. 344.

FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND. 415

ELiEOCARPE^. JuSS.

1 . Frlesia pedunculans, DC. — HooL I. c. p. 250 Mr Law-
rence (n. 200, and 302). Mr Gmm (n. 312.)

Hypericine^. DC.

1. Hypericum involutum, Chois. — Hook. I. c.p. 251. — Mr
Lawrence («. 210). Mr Gunn [n. 73).

2. H.pusillum, Chois.— Hook. I. c.p. 251. — Mr Lawrence
{n. H9). Mr Gunn («. 656).

3. Carpodontus lucida, Lab. — Hook. I. c. p. 251. — Mr Law-
rence («. 80). Mr Gunn {n. 272).

SaPindaceje. Juss.

1. Dodonaea aspleniifolia, Rudge. — DC. — Hook. I. c. p.
251. var. ^. arborescens.—Mr Lawrence (n. 221). Mr Gunn
(n. 377).

2. D. salsolifolia, {Cunn. Mss.) Hook. I. c. p. 351 Mr

Lawrence {n. 821.) Mr Gunn.

GERANIACEiE. DC.

1. Erodiuni dcutarium^ L. — Mr Gunn (n. 660.) — Intro-
duced ?

1. Geranium potentilloides, VHerit — Hook. I. c. p. 262.
Mr Gunn {n. 259.)

2. G. parviflorum, Willd.—Hook. I. c. p. 252.— Dr Scott.
Mr Gunn (n. 63 and 453.)

3. G. brevkaule, Hook. Bot. Journ. I. c. p. 252 — Mr Gunn
{n. 256 and 324.)

4. G. pilosum, Forst. Prod. n. 531. Sweet, Geran. t. 1 lU.
DC. Prod. V. i. p. 642.

Circular Head, Mr Gunn (//. 789.) In this species the
hairs are remarkably reflexed.

1. Pelargonium australe, Willd.—Hook. I. c. p. 252.— Dr
Scott. Mr Gunn (w. 659 and 425.)— iS. minus, Cunn.— Mr
Gunn («. 61.)— 7. albiflorum, Hook. I. c. — Mr Gunn, {sub n.

416 FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND.

425,) — 3. glabriuscultim, Hook. I. c. — Dr Scott. Mr Gunn (n.
657 and 648.)

A most variable plant in every respect, even in the situa-
tion of the nectary, which renders the species P. erodioides
(Hook.) a doubtful one. The following numbers of Mr
Gunn belong to this plant or states of it. («. 61, 61 ? 62,
and 425, 657, 658, 787, 788.)

2. P. erodioides. Hook. I. c. p. 252. Mr Gunn {n. 352.)—
An species distincta ?

OxALIDEJE. DC.

1. Oxalis microphylla, Poir, — DC. — Hook. I. c. p. 233.
Dr Scott, Mr Lawrence (n. 231.) Mr Gunn {n. 94, 370.)

2. O. lactea; acaulis, parce pilosa, foliis longe petiolatis
ternatis, foliolis obcordatis utrinque laevibus, scapo petiolis
sublongiore supra medium bibracteolato unifloro, flore erecto.
Hook, in Comp. Bot. Mag. I. c. p. 276. Mr Gunn (». 370.)

Zygophylleje. Br.

1. Zygophyllum Billardieri, DC. — Hook. I. c.p. 276.
Flinders' Island in Bass' Straits. Mr Backhouse. Mr Gunn
(n. 552.)

RUTACE^, Juss. DC.

1. Corrjea alba, Andr. — Hook. in. Bot. Journ. I. c. p. 233.
Mr Lawrence (1831.) Mr Gunn (n. 428,) who says of it,

" It is tJie only Van Dieman's Land species with erect
flowers. It grows along the coast, forming a shrub 2-3 feet
high."

2. C. virens, Sm.—Hook, Bot. Journ. p. 253, and Comp.
Bot. Mag. p. 276.

Mr Lawrence (1831.)— Hobart Town and George Town,
generally growing prostrate, Mr Gunn («. 152.)

3. C. Backhousiana, Hook. Bot. Journ. p. 253, and Comp.
Bot. Mag. p. 276, and Ic. PI. t. ii.

Cape Grim, Mr Backhouse.—VJ ooXnolh and Robbin's Is-
land, Mr Gunn {n. 456.). Grows to the height of four feet. A

FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND. 4 IT

variety of this, with punctate leaves, was found at Hobart
Town by Mr Cunningham^ also at M'Quarrie harbour.

4. C. Lawrenciana, Hook, in Bot. Journ. I. c. An erect
shrub of from 8-10 feet high, Mr Lawrence («. 151). Mr
Gunn (n. 453).

5. C. ferruginea {Gunn mst.); foliis erectis (?) ovali-Iance-
olatis obtusissimis in petiolum attenuatis integerrirais supra
viridibus glaberrimis Isevibus impresso-punctatis subtus
stellato-tomentosis ferrugineis, floribus 1-3 terminalibus
cylindraceis pendulis, dentibus calycinis acutis, staminibus
longe exsertis. Hook, in Comp. Bot. Mag. p. 276, and Hook.
Ic. PI. t. iii.

Mr Gunn {n. 457 and 457 ?) An inland straggling shrub,
growing from 3-9 feet liigh on mount Wellington at 1500 feet
of elevation. On the banks of the M'Quarrie river 60 miles
from the sea. Dr Milligan.

6. C. speciosa^ Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 653. — DC. Prod. v. i. p.

719 a. foliis ovato-oblongis valde tomentosis, floribusque

rubris suberectis. New Holland, Messrs Fraser and Cunning'

ham ^. foliis ovatis v. ovato-cordatis cum floribus pendulis

minus tomentosis. New Holland, Sieber (n. 239.) — Van
Dieman's Land, Mr Gunn, {n. 663.) Grows between George
Town and the sea, procumbent, 1 foot high with long shoots.
— 5. minus tomentosa, foliis ovato-cordatis cum floribus luteis
pendulis. Found with the var. jS. Mr Gunn, (w. 664.)

1. Eriostemon verrucosus, A. Richard, Voyage de V Astrolabe
t. 26. — E. obcordatus. Hook. I. c. p. 254, and Cunn. Mss. and
Ic. PI. t. Ix.

Hobart Town, Cunningham. — Mr Lawrence, (1833.) (n.
nZ).~Mr Gunn, (n. 14.)

2. E. ? trinervis. Hook. I, c. p. 254.
Mr Lawrence («. 91 ? 1831.)

3. E. virgatus (n. sp.) ; erectus, sub-raraosus, glaber,
foliis elongato-obovatis mucronatis inferne et marginibus
minute tuberculatis sessilibus, floribus axillaribus, calyce 4-
sepalo, petalis 4, staminibus 8 ciliatis, carpellis 4.

Rocky Cape, Mr Gunn (w. 485, 1837.)— New Holland,
^r Cunningham.

418 FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND.

Erectus, glaberrimus, frutescens. Rami teretes, rubri,
tuberculati, elongati. Folia alterna, copiosa, obovato-lan-
ceolata, sessilia, ^ unc. longa, superne subnitida, ad margines
prsBcipue tuberculata, inferne glanduloso-punctata, nerve
valido excurrente. Flores breviter pedicellati, pedicellis ad
basin bituberculatis v. bibracteolatis, axillares, pleruraque
solitarii, rosei, segmentis cal ycinis 4 brevibus obtusis, petalis 4,
pedicello longioribus. Stamina 8, filamentis latis compressis
ciliatis, antheris intus dehiscentibus. Ovarium 4-loculare ;
stylo simplici ; stigmate capitato.

Differs from any described species, and from the genus in the
constantly quaternary arrangement of the parts of the flower.

1. Phebalium retusum, Hook. I. c, p. 254. Ic. PI. t. 5T.
Dr Scott. Mr Lawrence (1831.) Mr Gunn (w. 455.)

2. P. montanunij Hook. I. c. p. 255. Ic. PL t. 59.

Mr Lawrence, (w. 321). Western mountains, Elev. 3500
feet. Mr Gunn (n, 223.)

3. P. Billardierii, Adr. Juss. — Hook. Cotnp. Mag. p. 277.
Mr Gunn (n. 545.)— Grows from 6-15 feet high.

1. Boronia tefrathecoides, Pers. — Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag.
p. 277.

2. B. kyssopifolia, Sieb. {n. 296). Hook. Bot. Jounu p.
255. Mr Lawrence, (1831.) Mr Gunn {n. 458, 1832.)
Stamens always hairy.

3. B. variabilis. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. p. 277. Mr Gunn,
{nos. 214, 666, 667.) {not 667 of 1837.)

Varies with regard to the quantity of tubercles and glan-
dular dots upon the leaves. It is the only species with
broad, obtuse, obcordate or spathulate leaflets, often trifid at
the extremity or bipinnate. Flowers abundantly produced,
large, pink. " It is the Lemon-plant of the colonists, and
grows upon hills, at 4000 feet of elevation, to the height of 18
inches. The rougher and more glandular varieties are
found at a less elevation, and are from 2-3 feet high, and
smell \\ke Mango." —Gunn.

^•B.tetrandra, Lab. t. 125 — DC. I.e. sed floribus semper
8.andris. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. /. c, and B. variabilis,
«. and -/, Hook. Bot. Journ. I. c.

FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND. 419

The following are my ideas of the varieties of this protean
species, deduced from the comparison of a numerous suite of
specimens sent by Mr Gunn. All are octandrous.

«. Jloribunda ; foliis linearibus petiolatis 3 — 4-jugis, ramis
hirsutis, floribus pernumerosis lateralibus et terminalibus. —
Agrees best with Labillardiere's figure. Mr Gunn (n. 665).

/3. terminijlora ; foliis linearibus petiolatis, ramis hirsutis,
floribus semper terminalibus fasciculatis. — Leaves broader
than in a. Plant more erect. Mr Gunn (n. 790).

y. grandijiora; foliis majusculis longioribus ovato-lanceolatis
sub-2-jugis, floribus axillaribus maximis, ramis fere glabris.
Launceston. Mr Gunn (n. 8). Smells like Tansy or Rue.

3. laricifolia; stricta, virgata, subramosa, foliis in fasciculis
distantibus "2 — 4-jugis, petiolis subnullis saepe arete ramo
appressis, floribus omnibus terminalibus fasciculatis minori-
bus. Circular Head, &c., Mr Gunn (n. 790).

«. pi/osa B. pilosoj Lab. DC. — Hook. Bot. Journ. p. 255.

Scarcely differs from var. jS. 3Ir Lawrence (1831). Mr Gunn
{n. 151,' 667).

5. B. nana (n. sp.) ; parva, erecta, caule puberulo, foliis
oppositis impari-pinnatis, foliolis 3 sessilibus elliptico-lance-
olatis acutis glandulosis glabris, floribus in axillis foliorum
sessilibus pedunculatis. Hook. Ic. PI. t. cclxx. Rocky Cape.
Mr Gunn («. 894).

Radix lignosa. Caulis subnullus. Rami erecti v. adscen-
dentes, puberuli, 5—6 unc. alti. Folia erecta, glabra, oppo-
sita, breviter petiolata, 4—5 lin. longa, impari-pinnata, foli-
olis 3 sessilibus, ellipticis, lanceolatis, acutis, punctato-glandu-
losis. Flares rosei, pedunculati. Pedunculi solitarii, ex axil-
lis foliorum et eos longitudine aquantes, uniflores. Calyx
4-sepalus, sepalis ovatis acuminatis. Corolla calyce duplo
longior, rosea, 4-petala, petalis obtusis. Stamina 8, filamen-
tis pilosis. Ovarium 4-partitum. Carpella abortu 2. Stylus
brevis subhirsutus.

1. Zieria arborescens, Sims.— Hook. BoL Journ. p. 256. Mr
Lawrence (1831), («. 152). Mr Gunn (w. 140).

420 FLORA OF VAN DIEMAN's LAND.

Rhamneje. Br.

1. Discaria australis, Hook, Bot. Miscell. v. i. p. 157. Bot.
Journ. V. i. p. 256. G. Donn, System of Gardening, v. ii.
p. 35. — Tetraspora junceay Donriy ibid. p. 40. Mr Gunn [n.
206).

1. Pomaderris apetala. Hook. Bot Journ. p. 256. Mr
Lawrence {\S^\). Mr Gunn {n. 126).

2. P. racemosa. Hook. I. c. p. 256, and Comp. Bot. Mag.
p. 2T7. Mr Lawrence [n. 143). Mr Gunn {n. 461).

3. P. elliptica. Lab. — Hook. Bot. Journ. p. 256. Mr Law-
rence («. 186, 1831). Mr Gunn {n. 440).

4. P. parvifolia, Hook. I. c. p. 257. Mr Lawrence {n. 95,
J831).

5. P. ericifolia. Hook. I. c. Mr Gunn {n. 231).

6. P. obovata; foliis obovatis retusis integerrimis marginibus
revolutis supra nudis subtus albo-fuscescenti-Ianatis, floribus
glomerato-capitatis sessilibus bracteatis terminalibus foliosis,
petalis cucullatis patentibus. Hook, in Comp. Bot. Mag. p.
277. Mr Gunn {n. 460.)— Discovered by Mr Backhouse at
Meredith River, Swan Port, East coast.

1. Cryptandra ulicina, Hook. Bot. Journ. p. 257. Mr
Gunn {n. 150). Mr Lawrence {n. 233).

2. C. vexillifera, Hook. I, c. p. 257. Port Dalrymple. Mr
Fraser. Dr Scott. Mr Lawrence (ft. 185). Mr Gunn {n. 16,
and 792, 1837).

3. C. amarOi Sm. — Hook. I. c. p. 258. Mr Lawrence {n.
160, 1831).

SXACKHOUSlEiE. Br.

1. Stackhousia monogynay Lab. — Hook. Bot. Journ. p. 258.
Dr Scott. Mr Lawrence («. 106, 1831). Mr Gunn («. 69, and
462.)

I cannot but consider the S. obtusa of Dr Lindley {Bot.
Jieg. sub tab. 1917), as a form of S. monogyna, which in Mr
Gunn's specimens varies very much in the length of its brac-
teas and spike; it is the n. 469, of the collection.

NEW SPECIES OF CRESCENTIA. 421

2. S. maculata (Sieh. Fl. Nov. Holl. exsicc.) ; foliis obovatis
sessilibus integris ad apicem rotundatis, junioribus aciitis,
spicis brevibus interdum inter folia sessilibus, floribus medio-
cribus densis, corollas segmentis obtusis.

Barren Island, one of the Hunter's Islands. Mr Gunn (n.
895). Port Jackson. Mr Cunningham. Mr. Fraser.

Erecta, glabra, e radice ramosa. Radix valida. Rami
plurimi, erecti, simplices, striati, 1 — 2 ped. longl. Folia
numerosa, suberecta, interdum subimbricata, obovata, sessilia,
uninervia, Integra, ad apices rotundata, junioribus acutis v.
apiculatis marginibus cartiiagineis, pallide virescentia, maculis
pallide rubris notata, | — 1 J unc. longa. Spicce terminales,
breves, subacuminatse, interdum inter folia subsessiles. Brac-
tecs tubum corollae subsequantes. Flores aggregati.

3. S. fiava; parva, foliis linearibus v. lineari-lanceolatis
curvatis apicibus subrecurvis interdum subsecundis, spicis
parvis terminalibus nudis, floribus subcapitatis horizontalibus
V. pendulis pedicellatis, corollae segmentis acatis. Hook. Ic.
PL t. cclxix.

Near Woolnoth. Mr Gunn (n. 793).

Radix lignosa, fusiformis. Caulis brevis. Rami plurimi,
adscendentes, striati, i — | ped. alti. Folia parva, laxa, gla-
bra, subsecunda, curvata, lineari-lanceolata, apicibus acutis
subrecurvis, marginibus integris, tenui-cartilagineis, 7 — 9 lin.
longa, pallide virescentia. SpiccB e foliis remotae, subcapi-
tatae, obtusae, flavo-virescentes. Bractece 3 — 5, minimae.
Flores horizontales, v. reflexi, breviter pedicellati. Segments
calycina brevia, acuta. CorollcB limbus acutus tubo brevior.
AnthercB starainum 3 longiorum exsertae. Carpella et stigmata

2—3.

(To he continued.)

XXV Description of a New Species of Crescentia ; with

Observations on the offinities of the Genus. By George
Gardner.
In the garden of the " Vigario Geral," and afterwards in
others at the Villa da Natividade, in the north of the pro-
Vol. II.— No. 16. 3 1

422 NEW SPKCIES OF CRESCENTIA.

vince of Goyaz, I have found in cultivation a species of Gre-
8centia which does not accord with any of the seven species of
that genus described in Sprengel's edition of the " Systema
Fegetabilium," and which may be distinguished from them all
in the following manner : —

Crescentia. Linn.

C. cuneifolia; arborea, foliis confer tis obovatis abrupte et
breviter acurainatis versus basin longe cuneatis superne gla-
bris nitidis subtus nervo venisque puberulis, fructibus glo-
bosis.

Hab. in Brasiliae Prov. Goyaz, apud Natividade in hortis
culta.

Description. — A much branched tree, about eighteen feet
high. Principal branches nearly vertical, the smaller ones
horizontal. Bark thick, soft, much cracked longitudinally,
and of a greyish colour. Leaves in fascicles of from 2—8,
arising from the centre of large flattish nodes. Abortive
branchlets covered by thick broken lamina of soft bark,
and petioles surrounded by a fev/ small withered subulate
scales; petioles about three lines long, somewhat winged
by the decurrent base of the leaf; entire leaf from 4—7
inches long, and from H— 2^ inches broad, obovate,
abruptly and shortly acuminate, towards the base greatly
cuneate, glabrous and shining above, and of a dark green
colour, beneath slightly pubescent, particularly on the pro-
minent midrib and large veins, opaque, and paler than above.
Flowers solitary or in pairs, springing from nodes similar to
those from whence the leaves arise ; but always destitute of
leaves, principally on the thicker branches, and often on the
trunk itself, pedicellate; pedicel about an inch long, bearing
three small scariose bracts a little below its middle. Calyx
inferior, monadelphous, deciduous ; in its early state forming
an ovate oblong shut sac which encloses the internal parts
ot the flower, ultimately splitting almost to the base into two,
rarely into three, nearly equal ovate divisions. These divi-
sions, however, have no certain relation to the axis of inflo-

NEW SPECIES OF CRESCENTIA. 423

rescence, sometimes being lateral, and sometimes anterior
and posterior. Corolla inferior, monopetalous, campanulate,
taking its rise from between the base of the calyx and a disk
which surrounds the base of the ovary, lower side of the tube
doubled in transversely about the middle ; limb subbilabiate,
upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, lobes much acuminated
and irregularly lacinated, the middle one of the lower lip
broader than the others, the upper ones nearly plane, the
lower one plicate longitudinally, structure fleshy, the outside
thickly covered with minute pellucid glands, colour greenish
yellow, with the reticulated veins of the lobes purplish ; aesti-
vation imbricate. Stamens 4, didynamous, with the rudiment
of a fifth between the two posterior ones, arising at nearly
equal distances from each other near the bottom of the cor-
olla, included ; ^laments thick, all nearly of the same length,
but the anterior ones appear shorter by separating from
the corolla a little further down than the posterior ones;
anthers 2-lobed, attached to the filament by their upper end,
divergent below, lobes one-celled, cells bursting inwards lon-
gitudinally. Pollen globose, white. Ovary superior, oblong,
seated within a yellow annular disk, 1-celled, with four fleshy
parietal polyspermous placentae, placed one on each half of
the pericarpal leaves, and at equal distances from each other.
Ovules horizontal; style 1, about the length of the stamens,
flattened towards the top ; stigma formed of two broad plates.
Fruit a large perfectly globose, smooth, green berry ^ from

6 8 inches in diameter, bearing on its top the scar of the

deciduous style, and on its bottom the annular disk ; pericarp
woody, consisting of two indehiscent carpels, placed anterior
and posterior to the axis of the inflorescence. Pulp fleshy,
formed by the increase and union of the placentae, in which
the seeds ultimately nidulate irregularly. Seeds roundish,
flattened; testa coriaceous, loose; albumen none; embryo
erect ; cotyledons 2, thick, orbicular, emarginate, and cordate
at the base ; radicle next the hilum, thick, short, and but little
protruded beyond the cotyledons.

Observations Whether or not this species of Crescentia

424 NEW SPECIES OF CIlESCENTIxV.

may ultimately prove to be distinct from those which are
already described, it has at least afforded me an opportunity
of minutely examining its structure ; and, as the genus has
not yet received a fixed " local habitation" in the Natural
System, I may be allowed to make a few observations on its
affinities. Notwithstanding that the fruit is fleshy and inde-
hiscent, if the pulp and seeds are scooped out of it when
ripe, the internal surface of the pericarp presents the follow-
ing appearance : — A well marked suture is seen dividing it
into two portions which stand anterior and posterior to the
axis of inflorescence, while another which is less distinctly
marked, crosses this, and is no doubt the midrib of the pen-
carpal leaves. This structure at once refers the genus to the
dicarpose group of Dr Lindley's monopetalous plants, and
its unimbricated calyx, unsymmetrical flowers, and ex-
albuminous seeds, unattached to placental hooks, place it m
the Bignonial alliance of that group; and it is consequently
with the Orders contained in it that Crescentia has the most
numerous resemblances. The Orders of this alliance are
PedaliacecB, Bignoniacecs, and CyrtandracecB ; audit \^ in Big -
noniacecB that Dr Lindley has placed, apparently provision-
ally, Crescentia; but it seems to be vei-y different from the
normal genera of that Order, in its 1-celled ovary, four pari-
etal placentae, fleshy indehiscent fruit, and wingless seeds.
It differs also in the anomalous structure of its calyx,
although that of Spathodea is somewhat analogous ; and the
didynamous character ofCrescenitm differs very materially from
ihaloi Bignoniacece^xhe posterior pair of stamens in the former
being the longest, while in the latter, the anterior pair are
longer than the posterior. With Bignoniaceoe it agrees in
habit, and approaches it somewhat further through EccremO'
carpus, which has a 1-celled fruit, and parietal placentae.

In the economy of its fruit, Crescentia is more closely
related to CyrtandraceeB than to Bignmiace^, but differs
essentially from it in the structure of its calyx, in its four
distinct placentae, horizontal, not suspended ovules, and par-
ticularly in habit. The same observations apply to Pedali-

NEW SPECIES OF CRESCENTIA. 425

aceoB, which are also 1-celled, for although the ripe fruit of
both them and Cyrtandraceee, possess apparently more than
one cell, as if produced by the spreading and dividing of their
parietal placentae ; the ovary of both, according to Bentham,
being always unilocular if examined before the development
occasioned by fecundation.

To all the other orders of the dicarpose group, Crescentia
is of course more or less related, but is abundantly distinct
from every one. Thus, it is distinguished from Acanthacea;
by its simple calyx, 1-celled ovary, unsuspended seeds, and
in habit ; from Lentibulariece, by its parietal not free central
placentation ; and from Scrophulariacecs and Solanaceis and
their allies, by its want of albumen.

While it is evident that it is to the Bignonial alliance that
Crescentia belongs, it appears equally obvious to me that it
cannot be joined to any of the Orders in it, without materially
weakening their characters. Lindley remarks {Nat, Syst.
ed. ii. 282), that " there do not appear to be any very certain
limits between Bignoniacece, Cyrtandracecs and PedaliacecBj
which might be reunited without much inconvenience," and
this observation is no doubt true ; but while these Orders are
allowed to remain separate, I see no reason why Crescentia
should not also form a separate order, it being as distinct
from them as they are from each other. I therefore propose
that the genus Crescentia s\io\x\d form the type of an Order to
hold an intermediate station between Bignoniacece and Cyr-
tandracece, with the following character; but as this charac-
ter has been drawn up from the examination of a single spe-
cies only, it will no doubt require to be much modified.

CuESCENTiACEiE. Gardner.

Calyx inferior, monosepalous, at first perfectly entire, and
forming a shut sac around the corolla and genitals, ultimately
splitting nearly to the base into two, rarely three, somewhat
equal divisions. Corolla hypogynous, monopetalous, cam-
panulate, irregular, somewhat 2-lipped, the lobes imbricate
in a?stivation. Stamens 4, didynamous, with the rudiment

426 NEW PHOSPHORESCENT SPECIES OF AGARICUS.

of a fifth between the posterior pair, which are the longest.
Anthers 2-lobed, lobes 1 -celled, bursting inwards longitudi-
nally. Pollen globose, white. Ovary superior, seated in a
yellow annular disk, 1-celled, with four fleshy, parietal, poly-
spermous placentae. Ovules horizontal. Style 1. Stigma of
2 plates. Fruit a large 1-celIed berry, with a woody pericarp
consisting of two indehiscent carpels. Pulp fleshy, formed
by the increase and union of the placentae in which the seeds
ultimately nidulate irregularly. Seeds roundish, flattened.
Testa coriaceous, loose. Albumen none. Embryo straight.
Cotyledons thick, roundish, cordate. Radicle next the hilum,
thick, short. — Trees of intertropical America. Leaves alter-
nate or clustered, exstipulate. Flowers solitary or in pairs,
taking their rise from nodes on the stems and branches.

Villa de Natividade, Province or Goyaz,
Brazil, December, 1839.

XXVI Description of a New Phosphorescent Species of

Agaricus. By Mr George Gardner ; laith remarks upon
it by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley.

One dark night about the beginning of the present month,
December, while passing along the streets of the ViUa
de Natividade, I observed some boys amusing themselves
with some luminous object, which I at first supposed to be a
kind of large fire-fly ; but on making inquiry I found it to be
a beautiful phosphorescent species of Agaricus, and was told
that it grew abundantly in the neighbourhood on the decay-
ing fronds of a dwarf palm. Next day having procured
better specimens, I was enabled to make the accompanying
rude figure, which, however, is quite characteristic of its ap-
pearance, and the following description. It belongs to the
section Pleurotiis of Fries, but does not agree with any of
the species of that tribe described by Sprengel. If new, I
propose to name and characterize it as follows : — Agaricus
phosphorescensy—^a name for which Mr Berkeley thinks the
following ought to be substituted,)

JJEW PHOSPHORESCENT SPECIES OF AOARICUS. 427

A.. Gardneri (Berk, mst.); pileo carnoso-coriaceo subin-
difundibuliformi glabro flavo, lamellis longe decurrentibus
pallidioribus, stipite brevi coriaceo glabro cinerascente.

Hab. in Brazilia, ad folia palmarum quae ab incolis dican-
tur Pindoba.

Description. — Plant growing solitary, or two or three to-
gether on the bases of the half-rotten midribs of the fronds
of a stemless palm called Pindoba by the Brazilians. Pikus
about 21 inches broad, depressed, at length becoming some-
what infundibuliform, margin waved and lobed, texture
between coriaceous and fleshy, glabrous, and of a beautiful
lemon-yellow colour. Gills rather distant, decurrent, various,
between every two which reach to the top of the stipes are
from three to seven shorter ones, varying from two lines to
nearly an inch in length, the lower end of the shorter ones
roundish, the long ones gradually becoming narrower till
they finally merge into the stipes, of a paler colour than the
pileus. Stipes excentric, solid, about an inch long, and half
an inch thick, of a more coriaceous texture than the rest of
the plant, smooth, and of a light cinereous colour.

The whole plant gives out at night a bright phosphorescent
light, somewhat similar to that emitted by the larger fice-flies,
having a pale greenish hue. From this circumstance, and
from growing on a palm, it is called by the inhabitants " Flar
de Coco.**

VlLtA DK NatIVIDADK, PrOVISCE OF GOTAZ,

BKAZit, December l3tA, 1839.

Upon the subject of the above Mr Berkeley has kindly
communicated to me the following letter : —

" My Dear Sir, — I have read with great interest Mr
Gardner's communication. The phenomenon, however, ob-
served by him is not entirely new. Agaricus oleariuSi Dec.,*

* Fries thinks it probable, that the luminous appearance is due to the
presence of a Cladosporium, but as other Agarics are luminous, the opi-
nion seenis to be unfounded.

428 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE POLLEN.

exhibits it in a very striking degree, and a similar phospho-
rescence was noticed by Rumphius in a species of the same
genus in Amboyna, and it is probable that other species pos-
sess the same property. Indeed, Fries seems to assert as-
much in his " Epicrisis." The luminous appearance exhi-
bited by certain Rkizomorphce, which are in general anomal-
ous forms of Fungi, has been frequently described. Mi
Gardner's plant however is doubtless quite new, and is pro-
bably referrible to Fries' new genus Partus, which associates
those Agarics of the tribe Pleurotus which are of a more per-
sistent and coriaceous substance, as A. conchatus, &c. The
specific appellation proposed by Mr Gardner is certainly not
preoccupied ; but as the property of phosphorescence is not
peculiar to his plant, I should prefer denoting it by the name
of its zealous discoverer. At present I have seen no speci-
mens, but there appears no reason to doubt, though it has
the habit of a Cantharellus, that he has referred it to its
right place in the Mycologic system. It is to be regretted
that he did not ascertain the colour of the sporidia, a point
of such great importance in the vast genus Agaricus, and its
allies. I am. My Dear Sir, with much respect,

Faithfully yours,

M. J. Berkeley.
To Sir W. J. Hooker.

King's Cliff, August 4, 1840.

When the specimens arrive, we shall take the opportunity,
with the assistance of the drawing made on the spot by Mr
Gardner, of giving a figure of this interesting Agaric.

XXVII. — On the Structure and Functions of the Pollen.
By John Aldridge, Esq.

tWE feel gratified in affording an early place in our Jonrnal to the follow-
ing observations on that very obscure but interesting subject, vegetable
impregnation, which have been communicated in a letter by a gentleman,
who, we trust, wUl continue his researches, which cannot fail to throw a
new light on this department of vegetable physiology. We have received

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE POLLEN. 429

from the same individual a more elaborate paper, with numerous drawings,
which it is intended should be read before the Members of the British
Association, meeting in Glasgow. — Ed.]

Mount- Michael, Glasnevin,
Dublin, August Qih, 1840.

My Dear Sir, — In the character of a former pupil of yours,
I take the liberty of communicating to you some observations
which I have made upon tiie structure and functions of the
pollen, and which, I believe to be original.

You are of course aware, that acids possess the property of
causing the grains of pollen to dehisce. This discovery,
mentioned with regard to the sulphuric acid, in Lindley's
last edition of his ^^ Introduction^' I had previously found to
occur with dilute nitric acid, and I have since extended the
observation to most of the acids, as well organic as inorganic.

The knowledge of this fact would appear naturally to lead
to the chemical examination of the stigma, and accordingly I
have found the stigma to be acid at some period. This curious
fact is easily demonstrated by pressing any stigma, especially
a large fleshy one, such as that of the Turk's cap Lily, or a
Grevillea, between a fold of litmus paper. Your extensive
acquaintance with species will suggest an infinite number of
corroborative phenomena ; thus, in Myosotis, some species of
Symphytum, Borago, Anchusa, Polemonium, etc., you may re-
collect the flowers being red before impregnation, and changing
to blue afterwards; while in some species of Iris, die converse
of this is found, for the petaloid stigmas, which are blue pre-
vious to the bursting of the anthers, immediately afterwards
become purple. In these cases, the natural colouring matter
supplies an appropriate test for the existence of acid.

I need but call to your recollection the differences which
have existed between the observations of Brongniart and
Treviranus, as respects the mode of dehiscence of the pollen ;
the first perceiving the protrusion of a gut or tube, which he
imagined to descend through the intercellular passages of the
stigma; while the latter was never able to detect this organ.
Lindley reconciles this contradiction by the difference of the

Vol. II.— No. 16. 3 k

430 STRUCTURE AXD FUXCTIONS OF THE POLLEJf.

circumstances under which dehiscence may take place : — in
water no gut being protruded, but the fovilla scattering itself
irregularly through the liquid; while on the stigma, the tube is
formed in consequence of what he conceives to be a vital action.

I find that under the influence of acids, the contents of the
pollen are protruded in many instances in a form closely re-
sembling a gut or tube, but that in pure water, when rupture
takes place, the fovilla diffuses itself through the fluid without
any order.

My next observation explains how this happens; for I
find in the transparent pollen of Monocotyledones, as well as
of the RosacecBy LegummoscB, &c., the addition of acid renders
them instantly opaque ; and I am thus led to conclude that
the fluid in which the fovilla floats, is coagulated by these re-
agents. Now, when the external membrane of the pollen
dehisces by pores, it is easy to understand why the coagu-
lated contents, forced through these small round apertures,
should assume a tubular or gut-like appearance. In the
Liliacece, Smilacece, Butomece^ and several allied families, the
dehiscence is by a suture; and in those cases, upon the addi-
tion of acid, the external membrane peels off, leaving the
contents of the original form : while I have sometimes found
species, such as Butomus umbellatus, and Irisfceiidissima, which
have naturally opaque pollen, burst in water in a manner
similar to their allies under the influence of acid, and I have
always found these varieties capable of reddening litmus.

An appearance which might seem to support Brong-
niart's hypothesis, is frequently seen in Gentianece^ Tropeolece,
Linece, Plumbaginece, Pol€moniace<B, Labiatce, and some other
families. The pollen of these plants when placed in water
or acid, may be observed to form on their surfaces little vesi-
cles, which are at first transparent, but become in acid soon
opaque. These vesicles are evidently formed by the protru-
sion of an inner membrane of the pollen, through pores in
an outer one; but when they burst, the usual results take
place ; if in water, the fovilla becomes scattered, if in acid, it
is bounded by a definite gelatine.

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE POLLEN. 431

Many observers have remarked the alterations which the
form of the pollen frequently undergoes when placed in
water. I find that the addition of acid often produces a
fresh metamorphose. Thus, in the Leguminosce^ Rosacece^
CrassulacecB, Saxifragece, HippocastanecB, Rutacece, and those
genera of Ranunculacece which have follicular fruits, the pol-
len when dry is oval, and marked with a dark central line,
but when placed in water, the central line disappears, and
the figure rapidly becomes spheroid; again, when acid is
added previous to protruding its contents, it usually assumes
a triangular appearance. Now, it is very curious to find in
Grevillea, the pollen naturally to possess a triangular form,
exactly similar to what acids produce in the former instances
at the same time. This is beautifully explained in the struc-
ture of the flower in this genus; for the green stigma is very
acid, and when the flower is young is pressed strongly against
the anthers. The pollen being thus developed under acid
influence, possesses normally the same form, as is produced
in other cases artificially.

The triangular pollen of OnagraricB and CircecE, is not
to be confounded with that of Grevillea, being produced by a
very different cause. In the families cited, the triangular
form of the pollen is produced by the cohesion of three
spindle-shaped granules, which can be very distinctly seen in
Epilobium hirsutnm. In this species, each granule which
enters into this compound pollen, is capable, under the influ-
ence of acid, of dehiscing by a pore at each extremity, so
that the pollen bursts by six pores. In Fuchsia, CEnothera,
and Circesaf the neighbouring pores coalesce, so that in these
cases the pollen bursts by three pores only.

A phenomenon, similar to that of Grevillea, is presented
in Fumaria ; in this instance the diadelphous stamens have
their anthers collected between the extremity of the stigma
and the connate and highly acid summits of the inner petals.
Under these circumstances, the natural form of the pollen in
Fumaria is the same as may be produced through the agency '
of acids ill Corydalis and Dielytra.

432 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

The above are the most general and best proved of my
observations, which may be shortly stated thus : namely, that
the stigma is always acid ; that it is in consequence of this
acidity that the pollen bursts ; that by the same means the
fluid contents become coagulated, enveloping the fovilla, and
assuniing, according to the method of dehiscence, difFeient
and very remarkable forms.

I am aware that these observations render still more obscure
the operations of the pollen on the ovule. It is difficult to
conceive how the fovilla entangled in a coagulated mass, can
reach the ovule. But we must be contented to take truth as
we find it. It is the object of the natural historian to observe,
rather than explain.

If you think the foregoing phenomena worthy of your
attention, I can supply you with a copy of the diagrams
which I have drawn from the examination of numerous spe-
cies, belonging to many families. The operations of the
laws which I have just described, seem to me to be fraught
with phenomena of great interest in detail, and perhaps upon
examination, you may consider the subject worthy of being
brought before the British Association.

Apologising for intruding upon time so valuable as yours,
I have the honour to remain,

My Dear Sir,

Your obliged Pupil,

John Aldbidge.

XXVIIL— BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

[Again we have had the pleasure of receiving intelligence from Mr Gard-
ner. The following are extracts from his correspondence.]

Villa de Natividade, Province of Goyaz,
Brazil, January 6th, 1840.

"About two months ago, I wrote pretty fully, giving a
sketch of my journey from the city of Oeiras to this place ;
and although 1 have not much that Is important to commu-

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 433

nicate since that period, the opportunity now afforded by the
heavy rains that deluge the country inclines me thus to em-
ploy the interval of leisure. My only fear is lest I should
trouble you with too many letters; but as it will be impossible
to write again for two months, you will probably pardon me
on the present occasion. Enclosed, you will find two little
papers which I have drawn up for you; one on the structure
of the genus Crescentia, and another containing a description
of a beautiful phosphorescent species of Agaric. In the
former is an accurate description of a Crescentia, which ap-
pears hitherto unknown, and whose peculiarities induced me
to make a few observations on the affinities of the genus ; but
it remains with you to decide if these remarks be worth the
publishing. Of the Agaric, I have made a very rough draw-
ing, conveying, however, a tolerable idea of its appearance;
it is very possible that some of the Botanists who have lately
visited the interior of Brazil, may have already collected this
Fungus. I have procured a number of specimens of it, and
they have dried pretty well, considering the dampness of the
season. From Crato, I sent you a description of a Tree,
which I have called Erionema; I have no doubt it will belong
to the Nat. Order Siyracece, and would have so referred it
when drawing up the character, but that I observed, in the
definition oi Styracea; as given by Lindley, that the aestiva-
tion is imbricated, while in my plant it is distinctly valvate.
This structure, together with its being polypetalous, and
having an inferior fruit, decided me at one time to refer my
Erionema to the neighbourhood of LoranthacecB. I have
since found a species oi Strigilia, which seems to be a legiti-
mate genus of Styracece, and has a valvate aestivation, and
this has led me to suspect that my plant also belongs to the
same Order. You will, of course, be able to ascertain this
point at once ,* but to whatever Order it shall be referred,
I think there can be no doubt of its bearing a strong affinity
to those with which I have compared it.

" Since I wrote to you last, the weather has been extremely
Wet ; to-day completes the number of thirty days, during

'434 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

which it has rained heavily; and you may hence judge that
it has been impossible for me to make any important excur-
sions in this neighbourhood. I, however, embrace every
opportunity that offers for going out, and by this means
have added considerably to my stock of dried specimens. In
my last letter, I believe I stated that I had eight hundred spe-
cies; the number now amounts, I am sure, to full a thou-
sand, and the specimens to upwards of twenty thousand.
Among some of the rarities lately added to my stock, I may
mention a fine species of Tapura, (Aubl.) ; a Diplusodoti,
with large purple flowers; and a small tree which I believe
to be the Physocalymna Jlorida (Pohl), but the specimens
are in a very bad condition, having neither flower nor fruit,
the large calyx being all that remains. It is very common
in this neighbourhood, the inflorescence, however, only ap-
pearing during the dry season. I also found a beautiful annual
Gloxinia^ about a foot and a half high, with purple axillary
blossoms, the middle lobe of the under lip of which has its
margin toothed and turned inwards, so as exactly to resemble
the lower jaw of a fish, from which peculiarity I have named
the species G. icthyostoma. Along with it grows another indi-
vidual of the same genus, somewhat similar to the one which I
sent you from Oeiras, and an herbaceous fibrous-rooted Ges-
neria, which is not yet in flower ; I hope soon to procure
specimens of both. They grow in the shady clefts of calca-
reous rocks, inhabited also by a climbing species of Alstrce-
meria, which will soon be in blossom. Two species of Jlex,
one of them perhaps but a narrow-leaved variety of the other,
numerous Compositce, and Melastomacece, and a few terres-
trial Orchide<B, have lately rewarded my researches. One of
the latter is highly beautiful ; as yet I have obtained but two
specimens of it, but more are coming into blossom. It is
about two and a half feet high, with numerous lanceolate,
somewhat amplexicaul glaucous leaves, from the base of the
wppermost of which is produced the flower, about three
inches long^ and of a purplish colour. The structure of the
inflorescence resembles the genus Vanilla, to which the plant

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 435

may belong. At each side of the base of the column, there
are two whitish glandular bodies, about the size of large peas :
do these exist in Vanilla? This Orchideous plant would
prove a great ornament to the hothouses of Britain, and I
shall accordingly do my best to preserve alive some of its
fleshy tuberous roots, till I can obtain the opportunity of
sending them home. Several Ferns also occurred, among
which are four species of Anemia, one of them a beautiful
little plant, found, though very rarely, on the top of a high
Serra near this Villa; it has multipartite leaves. On the
shady faces of calcareous rocks, grows a very pretty small
Adiantum, Of Mosses, I have only met with one species in
fruit, a Weissia, probably W. curvirostra (Hook.) Two Vel~
lozits are abundant here, but neither of them is yet in flower;
indeed I have been unfortunate with this genus, having seen
no fewer than six species of it since I left Crato, not one of
them in a flowering state. Perhaps they may occur in my
way to Minas. The rains will probably forbid my leaving
the province of Goyaz, till the end of March ; but by that
time I expect to be on the Serra which divides it from Minas
Geraes, where I hope to find a good field for my labours.
The route I shall probably follow is this. From Goyaz I
Intend to gain San Romao, on the Rio San Francisco; then,
crossing the river, proceed up to Tejuca, and Villa do Prin-
cipe in the Diamond district. From thence I go to Sahara,
Gongosoca, Villa Rica, and San Joao del Rey, and thence
again, via Barbacena and the Organ Mountains, I hope to
gain Rio de Janeiro. I shall be unable to transmit any spe-
cimens home, till I reach the latter place, and by that time I
expect to have more than doubled my present stock. The
journey is attended with considerable expense. I have now
ten horses, and will soon require to get more. Yours, &c.,

" G. Gardner."

" P. S. I hope you spent a merrier Christmas than I did.
Let alone feasting, we have enough to do to procure the
necessaries of life."

436 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

Figures dcs Cactees enfleur, peintes et Litkographiees (T apres
nature, avec un texte expUcatif; par M. Louis Pfeiffeu,
Docteur en Medecine, et M. Fr. Otto, Directeur dii Jar-
din au Roi a Berlin.

Of this work, the respectability of which is guaranteed by
the names attached to it, the three first Fasciculi are now
before us. It is published in 4to, each number having five
plates, partially coloured, and as many leaves of letter-press ;
the descriptions are written both in French and German ;
the specific character always in Latin. Though not in the
first style of the art, the plates seem to be executed with
great accuracy, and the subjects are selected from the rich
gardens of Berlin, Munich, Dyck, Erfurt, and Cassel. No.
1. exhibits Echinocaclus Sellowianus, E. centaterins, (Lehm.),
Mammillaria bicolor, Lehm., Echinopsis (a genus made by
Zuccarini to include the Cerei globosi of authors) multiplex.
Cereus Hookeri Link, et Otto. {Epiphyllum, Haw.). Opuntia
Salmiana, Farm; and O. Curassavica, Mill. — No. 2. Mam-
millaria cirrhifera. Mart. M. Seitziana, Mart. Echinocactus
phyllacanthus. Mart. Cereus Pkyllanthus, De Cand.; and C.
latifrons, Zucc. — No. 3. Cereus Curtisii, Link, et Otto.
{Cactus Itoyeni, Hook. Bot. Mag.) Cereus Jlagriformis, Zucc.
Mammillaria uberiformis, Zucc. Echinocactus leucacanthus,
Zucc. ; and Cereus coccineus, Salm.

We are happy to be able to announce, that the *« Planta;
HartwegiancB" of Mr Bentham, which we noticed as printed
by the author for private circulation, may now be had as a
published work, of Mr William Pamplin, 9, Queen Street,
Soho, London. The price of the first part is 2s. 6d.

The 2d Part (or Pentas) of Mr Webb's " Otia Hispa-
mca," has recently appeared at Paris, and contains a beau-

BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 437

tiful coloured plate of five AlgoB; viz., Griffithsia jlabellata^
Mont., Gigartina Gaditana^ Mont., Delesseria interrupta^
Ag., Gigartina conferta^ Schousb., and Griffithsia Schousboei,
Mont. The descriptions are from the pen of Dr Montaigne,
the distinguished Agamist of Paris.'

It is gratifying to be able to say, that the 6th and last part
of Professor Lindley's " Genera et Species Orchidearum,'* is
rapidly advancing, and will contain the Neottidece. This is a
work of inestimable value, and will be the more prized, now
that the extensive family of which it treats is so generally
cultivated and so much studied.

From Madras, we have received the continuation of Dr
Wight's two publications on the Botany of India, which
now extend, the ^^Illustrations of Indian Botany" to the end
of the first volume ; and " Icones Plantarum Indice OrierUalis"
to the 14 th Fasciculus.

We have much pleasure in announcing, that the Society
for the extinction of Slavery in Africa, and for the Civiliza-
tion of the Africans, has expressed a wish that a Botanist
should accompany their projected expedition up the Niger.
A competent person has been already recommended, and
should he be approved of by the Society, it is confidently
hoped that our knowledge of the Botany of Western Africa
will be considerably promoted, and that many valuable and
hitherto unknown plants will, by his means, be introduced to
our herbaria.

Vol. II.— No. 16. 3 L

438 BOTANICAL INFORMATION.

Another station has lately been discovered for that highly
curious and rare Moss, Buxbaumia aphylia, by Mr George
Lyon of Glasgow, upon a bleak knoll, on hills of considerable
elevation at Bowling, on the banks of the Clyde, about twelve
miles below Glasgow. The locality of this Moss is very re-
markable. On the Continent of Europe, and in North
America, we believe its habitat is generally the old decayed
trunks of trees. In England, it was first discovered thirty-
five years ago, on the ground, in a young fir-plantation near
Norwich. The second station was near Aberdeen ; the third
in a wood, but on the bare ground, at Rosslyn ; the fourth
on a moor in Peebles-shire ; the fifth, on a very exposed spot
near the summit of one of the Lomond hills in Fifeshire ;
and lastly, in the place above mentioned in Dumbartonshire.
In all these localities the plant has generally been found
very sparingly, and has soon disappeared. -" — '

Twenty sets of the late Mr Drumraond's unpublished
** Mosses and Hepaticce of Louisiana," named and arranged by
Messrs Wilson and Hooker, are nearly ready for sale, and
may shortly be had by application to Wm. Wilson, Esq., of
Bruch Cottage, Warrington; to the Editor of this Journal;
or to Mr William Pamplin, 9, Queen Street, Soho Square.
Each set consists of about 200 species, in beautiful condition,
and will be offered, as already announced in the " Annals of
Nat. History i" at the rate of £2 the 100 species.

INDEX TO VOL. 11.

Africa, Botanist to be sent thither
by the African Civilization
Society. ... 438

Agaric, Phosphorescent, Gardner, 426
Aldridge, Dr J., on Structure
and Functions of Pollen, 428, 432

Babington, his Botanical Works
noticed,

Bagneres de Bigorre, Botanical
letter, written thence,

Ballia, a New Genus of Algae,
by Mr Harvey, (Tab. ix.),

Ballia Brunonia, (Tab. ix.}.

Beech, Species of, in the South-
ern Hemisphere, by W. J. H,
(Tabs. vi. — viii.),

Bentham, on Schomburgk's Gui-
ana Plants, 38, 103, 127, 146, 210
223, . . . 286—324

Berkeley, Rev. M. J., on two
New Fungi, (Tab. v.) .

Berkeley, Rev. M. J., on Mr
Gardner's Phosphorescent
Agaric,

Botanic Gardens of Trieste, Ve-
nice, and Padua, . .

185

112

190
191

147

146

426

Botanic.Gardens of Caen,Nantes,

and Bordeaux, &c. . 109

Botanical Information, 29, 103

Botanical Information, Gardner's

Letters, &c., . . 194

Botanical Information, Drum

mond's Swan River Journal, 343
Botanical Information, '. 432
Botanical Publications, Notice

of, .... 157

Bowman, Mr J. E., on a Fossil

Powder, (Tab. ix. B.), 257

British.Phaenogamous Plants and

Ferns, by Ralf, noticed, 177

Buxbaumia aphylla, found near

Dumbarton, • 437

Cactees, sur les, par Pfeiffer et

Otto, noticed, . • 436

Carludovica, Gardner on, 27

Carludovica Gardner!, (Tabs.

ili. iv.), ... 29

Cambogia Gutta, (Linn.), Dr

wight on,' ... 324
Cassia of Commerce, Dr Wight,

on 342

26

106 Cassytha, Gardner on,

440

INDEX.

Ceylon, Tour in, by Mrs Col.
Walker, .. . 223, 256

Chrysorrhoe serrata, (Tab. xiii), 378

Comesperma, the native Broom
of Swan River, . . 369

Contributions towards a Flora of
South America, Schomburgk's
Guiana Plants, by Bentham,
88, 103, 127—146, 210—223,

286—324

Contributions towards a Flora of
Van Dieman's Land, by Dr
J. D. Hooker, R.N., 399—421

Cotton, E. Indian, its Culture
and Quality, . . 157

Crescentia cuneifolia, Gard., a
New Species, and on its Affi-
nities, Gardner, . . 421

Cuming, Arrival of Mr C, from
Philippine Islands, . 373

Cyperace£e,Nees Von Esenbeck,
on Mr Schomburgk's, 393—399

Drummond, (James,) Journal
Swan River, . 343—372

Drummond, (Thomas), Mosses of
United States, announced, 438

Edgeworth on the Botany and
Agriculture of the Sikh States,

267—286

Erionema, new Genus of, Gard-
ner, .... 433

Fagus Antarctica, by W. J. H.

(Tab. vi.). ... 147
Fagus Cunninghamii, (Tab. vii.), 152
Fagus Forsteri, (Tab. viii.), 156

Flora Bathoniensis, Suppl., by

Babington, noticed, . 185

Flora of Van Dieman's Land,

Contributions towards, by Dr

J. D. Hooker, 399—421

Fossil Powder, composed of

Petrified Confervee, described
by J. E. Bowman, Esq., (Tab.
ix. B.), ... 257

Fungi, Rev. M. J. Berkeley, on
two New Ones, (Tab. v.), 146

Gardner on Mouriria, (Tabs.

i.— iv.), ... 21

Gardner, his Collections and

Letters, ... 34

Gardner, Mr G., his Letters

and Poetry, . . 194—209
Gardner, Mr G., Letter from, 432
Griffith, W. Esq., Description of

a New Kaulfussia, (Tab. x. xi.), 375
Guiana Plants, Schomburgk, by

Bentham, 38, 103, 127—146,

210,-223, and 286—324

Harvey, Hon. W. H's., Musci

Indici, (Tabs, xvii, — xxiv.), 1 — 21
Harvey, Hon. W. H's., on Bal-

lia, a New Genus of Algae,

(Tab.ix.), . . . 190
Harvey on Peddaea, (Tab. x.), 265
Hebradendron Cambogioides,

Dr Wight on, . . 324

Hooker, Dr J. D., R.N., Musci

Indici, of Royle, (Tabs. xvii.

— xxiv. . . . 1 — 21
Hooker, Dr J. D., R.N., Flora

of Van Dieman's Land, 399—421

Icones Plantarum Indise, by Dr
Wight, noticed, . . 157

Icones Plant. Ind. Orient., by
Dr R. Wight, noticed at 157

Iter Hispaniense, by Mr Webb,
noticed at . . • 177

Jardin des Plantes, the Herbari-
um there described, - n7

Journal of a Tour in Ceylon, by
Mrs Col. Walker, 223—256

INDEX.

441

Kaulfussia, a New Species de-
scribed by Mr Griffith, (Tab.
xix.) 375

Krauss, Dr S. African Plants, 372

Laurus Cassia, Dr Wight on, 323
Lentinus fasciatus, (Tab. v.). 146
Letters from Mr G. Gardner, 432
Lhotskya acutifolia, (Tab. xv.), 3S1
Lindley, his Sketch of Swan

River Vegetation, noticed, 187
Lindley, Genera et Species Or-

chidearum, noticed, . 437

Lobelia hypocrateriformis, its

poisonous qualities, . 353

Lygodisodea, Gardner on, . 24

Lygodisodea Bra2iliensis,(Tab.ii.) 25

Mosses of S. United States, col-
lected by the late T. Drum-
mond, announced, . 438

MouririacesB, Gardner on, 21

Mouriria Pusa, (Tab. i.), 23

Musci Indici, by Harvey and
Hooker, (Tab. xvii— xxiv.), 1—21

Nees Von Esenbeck on Schom-
burgk's Cyperaceae, 393—399

New S. African Genus of Thy-
melese, described by Mr Har-
vey, (Tab. X.), . . 265

Nuytsiafloribunda,at Swan River, 345

Orchideae, very remarkable at
Swan River, 351—366

Otia Hispanica, by Mr Webb,
noticed at, . .177

Peddie, Col., his Plants, 124

Peddisea, New Genus of Thyme-
leae, described by Mr Harvey,
(Tab. X.), ... 265
Peddiaea Africana, (Tab. x.), 266

Pfeiffer and Otto, sur les Cac-
tees, noticed, . . 486

Plantae Hartwegianae, noticed, 188

Pollen, Dr Aldridge.on its Struc-
ture and Functions, 429 — 432

Primitiae Florae Sarnicae, by
Babington, noticed, . 185

Pyrenees, Botanical Excursion
there, . . . 114—116

Pyrenean Plants, some new ones,
mentioned at . Ill, et seq.

Ralf, his British Pheenogamous
Plants and Ferns, noticed, 177

Sarotes ledifolia, (Tab. xvi.), 381
Schimper's Abyssinian Collec-
tions, . , . 80,209

Schomburgk's Cyperacese, de-
scribed by Nees Von Esen-
beck, . . 393—399
Schomburgk's Guiana Plants,
by Bentham, 38, 103, 127—
146, 210—223, 286—324

Sikh States, Botany and Agri-
culture of, by Mr Edgewortb,

267—286

South African Plants, collected
by Zeyher, . . 121

South African Plants, of Dr
Krauss, . . . 372

Sphseria semi-orbis, (Tab. vj, 146

Stalagmitis Cambogioides,(Murr.)
Dr Wight on, . . 325

Swan River, its Productions, &c.
by Mr James Drummond,

343—372

Swan River Plants, described by
Mr Amott, (Tabs, xiii.— xvi.) 378

Swan River Vegetation, Sketch
of, by Lindley, noticed, 187

Swartz, Dr Olaf, Portrait of,
Frontispiece,

442 INDEX,

PACE PACE

Swartz, Dr Olaf, Memoir of, tanical Works noticed, and

with Portrait, . 382 Letter from do., . . 177

Swartz, Dr Olaf, Letters from, Webb, Otia Hispanica, noticed, 334

385—392 Welwitsch, visit to Teneriffe and

Azores, . . . 33, 119

Tea of Assam, Information re- Wight, Dr R., Illustrations of

specting, . . . 169 Indian Botany, noticed at 157

Wight, Dr R., Illustrations of
Unio Itineraria, mentioned, 29 Indian Botany, and do., Ico-

nes Plantarum Indiae Orient,,
Van Dieman's Land, Contribu- noticed, . . . . 437

tions towards a Flora of, by Wight, Dr R., on Laurus Cas-

Dr J. D. Hooker, R.N., sia.Cambogia Gutta, and Stal-

399—421 agmitis Cambogioides, 324

Verticordia grandiflora, (Tab.
xiv.), . . . 380 Xanthorrhaea of Swan River, 345

Walker, Mrs Col., her Tour in Zeyher's South African Plants,

Ceylon, . . 223—256 and Letter, . . 121

Webb, Mr P. Barker, hi* Bo-

END OF VOLUME II.

Glasmov :— Epwahd Khull, Printer to the University.